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Languages of Indonesia

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More than 700 living languages are spoken in Indonesia.[1] Most belong to the Austronesian language family, with a few Papuan languages also spoken. The official language is Indonesian (locally known as Bahasa Indonesia), a variant of Malay,[2] which was used in the archipelago, — borrowing heavily from local languages of Indonesia such as Javanese, Sundanese and Minangkabau. The Indonesian language is primarily used in commerce, administration, education and the media, but most Indonesians speak other languages, such as Javanese, as their first language.[1] Most books printed in Indonesia are written in the Indonesian language.[citation needed]

Since Indonesia only recognises a single official language, other languages are not recognised either at the national level or the regional level, thus making Javanese the most widely spoken language without official status, and Sundanese the second in the list (excluding Chinese dialects).

Languages by speakers

Main article: List of languages by number of native speakers in Indonesia
Several major ethno-linguistic groups of Indonesia
Largest languages in Indonesia[3]
(Figures indicate numbers of native speakers except for the national language, Indonesian)
Language Number (millions) Year surveyed Main areas where spoken
Indonesian/Malay 210 2010 throughout Indonesia
Javanese 84.3 2000 (census) Northern Banten, Northern West Java, Yogyakarta, Central Java and East Java
Sundanese 34.0 2000 (census) West Java, Banten
Madurese 13.6 2000 (census) Madura Island (East Java)
Minangkabau 5.5 2007 West Sumatra, Riau
Musi (Palembang Malay)[4] 3.9 2000 (census) South Sumatra
Manado Malay (Minahasan) 3.8 2001 Minahasa, North Sulawesi
Bugis 3.5 1991 South Sulawesi
Banjarese 3.5 2000 (census) South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan
Acehnese 3.5 2000 (census) Aceh
Balinese 3.3 2000 (census) Bali Island and Lombok Island
Betawi 2.7 1993 Jakarta
Sasak 2.1 1989 Lombok Island (West Nusa Tenggara)
Batak Toba 2.0 1991 North Sumatra
Ambonese Malay 1.9 1987 Maluku
Makassarese 1.6 1989 South Sulawesi
Batak Dairi 1.2 1991 North Sumatra
Batak Simalungun 1.2 2000 (census) North Sumatra
Batak Mandailing 1.1 2000 (census) North Sumatra
Hokkien Chinese 1.0 2000 North Sumatra, Riau, Riau Islands
Jambi Malay 1.0 2000 (census) Jambi
Mongondow 0.9 1989 North Sulawesi
Gorontalo 0.9 1989 Gorontalo (province)
Ngaju Dayak 0.9 2003 Southern Kalimantan
Nias 0.8 2000 (census) Nias Island, North Sumatra
Batak Angkola 0.7 1991 North Sumatra
North Moluccan Malay 0.7 2001 North Maluku
Min Nan Chinese 0.7 1982 Northern Sumatra, Riau, Riau Islands and West Kalimantan
Hakka Chinese 0.6 1982 Bangka Belitung, Riau Islands and West Kalimantan
Batak Karo 0.6 1991 North Sumatra
Uab Meto 0.6 1997 West Timor (East Nusa Tenggara)
Bima 0.5 1989 Sumbawa Island (West Nusa Tenggara)
Manggarai 0.5 1989 Flores Island (East Nusa Tenggara)
Toraja-Sa’dan 0.5 1990 South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi
Komering 0.5 2000 (census) South Sumatra
Tetum 0.4 2004 West Timor (East Nusa Tenggara)
Rejang 0.4 2000 (census) Bengkulu
Muna 0.3 1989 Southeast Sulawesi
Basa Semawa 0.3 1989 Sumbawa Island (West Nusa Tenggara)
Bangka 0.3 2000 (census) Bangka Island (Bangka Belitung)
Osing 0.3 2000 (census) East Java
Gayo 0.3 2000 (census) Aceh
Cantonese 0.3 2000 North Sumatera, Riau Islands, Jakarta
Tolaki 0.3 1991 Southeast Sulawesi
Lewotobi 0.3 2000 Flores Island (East Nusa Tenggara)
Tae’ 0.3 1992 South Sulawesi

Comparison chart

Indonesian languages

Below is a chart of several Indonesian languages. Most of them belong to Austronesian languages family. While there has been misunderstandings on which ones should be classified as language and which ones should be classified as dialect, the chart confirms that most have similarities, yet are not mutually comprehensible. These languages are arranged according to the numbers of native speakers.

English one two three four water person house dog coconut day new we (inclusive) what and
Kutainese satu due tige empat ranam urang rumah koyok nyiur hari beru etam apa dengan
Indonesian/ Malay satu dua tiga empat air orang rumah anjing kelapa hari baru kita apa dan
Javanese siji loro têlu[5] papat banyu uwòng[5] omah asu kambìl[5] dinå[5] anyar/énggal[5] adhéwé[5] åpå[5]/anu lan
Sundanese hiji dua tilu opat cai/ci jalma imah anjing kalapa poé anyar urang naon jeung
Madurese settong dhuwa' tello' empa' âên oreng roma pate' nyior are anyar sengko apa ban
Minangkabau cie' duo tigo ampe' aie urang rumah anjiang karambia hari baru awak apo jo
Palembang Malay sikok duo tigo empat banyu wong rumah anjing kelapo siang baru kito apo dan
Buginese seqdi dua tellu eppa je'ne' tau bola asu kaluku esso ma-baru idiq aga na
Banjarese asa dua talu ampat banyu urang rumah hadupan nyiur hari hanyar kita apa wan
Acehnese sa dua lhèë peuët ië ureuëng rumoh asèë u uroë ban geutanyoë peuë ngon
Balinese sa dadua telu patpat yèh anak umah cicing nyuh dina mara iraga apa muah
Betawi atu' due tige empat aer orang rumeh anjing kelape ari baru kite ape ame
Sasak sa/seke' due telu mpat aik dengan bale acong/basong kenyamen/nyioh jelo baru ite ape dait
Batak Toba sada dua tolu opat aek halak jabu biang harambiri ari ibbaru hita aha dohot
Ambonese Malay satu dua tiga ampa air orang ruma anjing kalapa hari baru katong apa dan
Makassarese se're rua tallu appa' je'ne' tau balla' kongkong kaluku allo beru ikatte apa na
Batak Mandailing sada dua tolu opat aek halak bagas asu arambir ari baru hita aha dohot
Mongondow inta' dua tolu opat tubig intau baloi ungku' cekut singgai mo-bagu kita onda bo
Manado Malay satu dua tiga ampa aer orang ruma anjing kalapa hari baru torang apa deng
Dayak Ngaju ije' due' telu' epat danum uluh huma' asu enyuh andau haru itah narai en
Lampung say ʁuwa telu ampat way jelema nuwa asu nyiwi ʁani ampai ʁam api jama
Tolaki o'aso o'ruo o'tolu o'omba iwoi toono laika odahu sanggore oleo wuohu inggito ohawo ronga
Nias sara dua tölu öfa idanö niha omo asu banio luo bohou ya'ita hadia ba

Challenge

Main article: List of endangered languages in Indonesia

There are 726 languages spoken across the Indonesian archipelago in 2009 (dropped from 742 languages in 2007), the largest multilingual population in the world only after Papua New Guinea. Indonesian Papua which adjacent with Papua New Guinea has the most languages in Indonesia.[6] Based on the EGIDS classification used by Ethnologue (formerly the Summer Institute of Linguistics), 63 languages are dying (shown in red on the bar chart, subdivided into Moribund and Nearly Extinct, or Dormant), which is defined as "The only fluent users (if any) are older than child-bearing age, so it is too late to restore natural intergenerational transmission through the home."[7]

Language education policy

Indonesia's Minister of Education and Culture Muhammad Nuh affirmed in January 2013 that the teaching of local languages as school subjects will be part of the national education curriculum. Nuh stated that much of the public worry about the teaching of local languages being left out of the curriculum is misplaced and that the new curriculum will be conveyed to them. [8]

Languages by family

Several prominent languages spoken in Indonesia sorted by language family are:

There are many additional small families and isolates among the Papuan languages.

Sign languages

Writing system

Like most writing systems in human history, Indonesia's are not rendered in native-invented systems, but devised by speakers of Tamil, Arabic, and Latin. Malay, for example, has a long history as a written language and has been rendered in Indic, Arabic, and Latin scripts. Javanese has been written in the Pallava script of South India, as well as their derivative (known as Kawi and Javanese), in an Arabic alphabet called pegon that incorporates Javanese sounds, and in the Latin script.

Chinese characters have never been used to write Indonesian languages, although Indonesian place-names, personal names, and names of trade goods appear in reports and histories written for China's imperial courts.[9]

List of writing systems

  • Latin - The official writing system of Indonesian, most Indonesian languages now adopt Latin script.
  • Kaganga - Historically used to write Rejangese, an Austronesian language from Bengkulu.
  • Rencong - A Brahmic-based script, formerly used by Malays before the arrival of Islam, which introduced the Jawi script.
  • Sundanese - A Brahmic-based script, use by Sundanese to write Sundanese language, although Sundanese also have a standard Latin orthography.
  • Jawi/Pegon - An Arabic-based script, once widely used throughout Indonesia, now in decline but still use by Malays, Minangkabau, Banjarese, Acehnese and Javanese (which has its own form of Arabic known as Pegon.)
  • Javanese - A Brahmic-based script use by the Javanese and related peoples, today the script is in rapid decline and largely supplanted by Latin.
  • Kawi script - The oldest known Brahmic writing system in Indonesia and the ancestor to all Brahmic based writing systems in Insular Southeast Asia.
  • Balinese - A Brahmic-based script use by the Balinese people to write Balinese, it is closely related to Javanese script.
  • Rejang - A Brahmic-based script use by the Rejang people of Bengkulu, Sumatra. It is closely related to Kerinci, Lampung and Rencong script.
  • Kerinci (Kaganga) - A Brahmic-based script use by the Kerincis to write their language.
  • Batak - A Brahmic-based script, use by the Batak people of North Sumatra.
  • Lontara - A Brahmic-based script, use by the Buginese in Sulawesi.
  • Lampungese - A Brahmic-based script, still use by Lampung people to write Lampung language, although they are in rapid decline. Lampung script is closely related to Rencong, Kerinci and Rejang script.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1) in Languages of Indonesia

English translation: 

(All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.)
  • Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia)

Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.

  • Javanese (Boso Jowo)

Sabên wong kalairake kaṇṭi mardika lan darbe martabat lan hak-hak kang paḍa. Kabeh pinaringan akal lan kalbu sarta kaajab pasrawungan anggone mêmitran siji lan sijine kaṇṭi jiwa sumadulur

  • Rejangese (Baso Jang)

Manusio kutə yo lahia mərdeka ngən punyo hak dik samo. Manusio nəlie Tuhan aka ngən atie, kərno o kəlak nə itə bəkuat do dik luyən nak ləm raso səpasuak

  • Bengkulu Malay (Bahaso Melayu Bengkulu)

Segalo orang dilahirkan merdeka kek punyo martabat kek hak-hak yang samo. Tobonyo dikasi akal kek hati nurani supayo bekawan dalam raso cak orang besanak

  • Malay (Bahasa Melayu)

Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan.

  • Minangkabau (Baso Minangkabau)

Sadonyo manusia dilahiakan mardeka dan punyo martabat sarato hak-hak nan samo. Mareka dikaruniai aka jo hati nurani, supayo satu samo lain bagaul sarupo urang badunsanak.

  • Buginese (Basa Ugi)

Sininna rupa tau ri jajiangngi rilinoe nappunnai manengngi riasengnge alebbireng . Nappunai riasengnge akkaleng, nappunai riasengnge ati marennni na sibole bolena pada sipakatau pada massalasureng.

  • Balinese (Basa Bali)

Sami manusane sane nyruwadi wantah merdeka tur maduwe kautamaan lan hak-hak sane pateh. Sami kalugrain papineh lan idep tur mangdane pada masawitra melarapan semangat pakulawargaan.

  • Sundanese (Basa Sunda)

Sakumna jalma gubrag ka alam dunya teh sifatna merdika jeung boga martabat katut hak-hak anu sarua. Maranehna dibere akal jeung hate nurani, campur-gaul jeung sasamana aya dina sumanget duduluran.

  • Madurese (Basa Madura)

Sadajana oreng lahir mardika e sarenge drajat klaban hak-hak se dha-padha. Sadajana eparenge akal sareng nurani ban kodu areng-sareng akanca kadi taretan.

  • Acehnese (Bahsa Acèh)

Bandum ureuëng lahé deungon meurdéhka, dan deungon martabat dan hak njang saban. Ngon akai geuseumiké, ngon haté geumeurasa, bandum geutanjoë lagèë sjèëdara. Hak dan keumuliaan.

  • Tetum (Lia-Tetun)

Ema hotu hotu moris hanesan ho dignidade ho direitu. Sira hotu iha hanoin, konsiensia n'e duni tenki hare malu hanesan espiritu maun-alin.

  • Dawan (Uab Metô)

Atoni ma bife ok-okê mahonis kamafutû ma nmuî upan ma hak namnés. Sin napein tenab ma nekmeü ma sin musti nabai es nok es onlê olif-tataf.

Kanan mansian mahonis merdeka ma nok upan ma hak papmesê. Sin naheun nok tenab ma nekmeû ma sin es nok es musti nfain onlê olif-tataf.

  • Banjar (Bahasa Banjar)

Sabarataan manusia diranakakan bibas mardika wan ba'isi martabat lawan jua ba'isi hak-hak nang sama. Bubuhannya sabarataan dibari'i akal wan jua pangrasa hati nurani, supaya samunyaan urang antara sa'ikung lawan sa'ikung bapatutan nangkaya urang badangsanakan.

  • Lampung (Bahasa Lampung)

Unyin Jelema dilaheʁko merdeka jama wat pi'il ʁik hak sai gokgoh. Tiyan dikaruniako akal jama hati nurani maʁai unggal tiyan dapok nengah nyampoʁ dilom semangat muaʁiyan.

References

  1. ^ a b Lewis, M. Paul (2009). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition". SIL International. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  2. ^ Sneddon, James (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its history and role in modern society. Sydney: University of South Wales Press Ltd.
  3. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=ID
  4. ^ Muhadjir. 2000. Bahasa Betawi:sejarah dan perkembangannya. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. p. 13.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Piwulang Basa Jawa Pepak, S.B. Pramono, hal 148, 2013
  6. ^ "90 Persen Bahasa Ibu di Dunia Terancam Punah". 27 June 2012.
  7. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID/status
  8. ^ http://m.antaranews.com/berita/351761/pelajaran-bahasa-daerah-tetap-ada
  9. ^ Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 29. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
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