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Voiced palatal nasal

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Voiced palatal nasal
ɲ
IPA Number118
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɲ
Unicode (hex)U+0272
X-SAMPAJ
Braille⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456)
Voiced alveolo-palatal nasal
n̠ʲ
ɲ̟
ȵ

The palatal nasal is a type of consonant, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɲ⟩,[1] a lowercase letter n with a leftward-pointing tail protruding from the bottom of the left stem of the letter. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J. The IPA symbol ⟨ɲ⟩ is similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ŋ⟩, the symbol for the velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem.

Palatal nasals are more common than the palatal stops, [c] and [ɟ].[2] In Spanish and languages whose writing systems are influenced by Spanish orthography, this sound is represented with the letter eñe (ñ); the same is true for Occitan, the source of the Portuguese digraph ene-agá (nh), used by languages whose writing systems are influenced by Portuguese orthography, such as Vietnamese; in Catalan, Hungarian and many African languages, as Swahili or Dinka, the digraph ny is used.

The alveolo-palatal nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some oral languages. There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound. If more precision is desired, it may be transcribed ⟨n̠ʲ⟩ or ⟨ɲ̟⟩; these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is a non-IPA letter ⟨ȵ⟩, used especially in Sinological circles.

The alveolo-palatal nasal is commonly described as palatal; it is often unclear whether a language has a true palatal or not. Many languages claimed to have a palatal nasal, such as Portuguese, actually have an alveolo-palatal nasal. This is likely true of several of the languages listed here. Some dialects of Irish as well as some non-standard dialects of Malayalam are reported to contrast alveolo-palatal and palatal nasals.[3][4]

There is also a post-palatal nasal (also called pre-velar, fronted velar etc.) in some languages.

Features

Features of the voiced palatal nasal:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
!Kung [example needed] — — Represented by ⟨ny⟩[5]
Albanian [[[Albanian alphabet|një]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɲə] 'one'
Aranda [example needed] — — Alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolo-palatal.[6]
Basque [andereño] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [än̪d̪e̞ɾe̞ɲo̞] 'teacher (f)'
Burmese[7] ညာ [ɲà] 'right(-hand side)' Contrasts with the voiceless palatal nasal /ɲ̥/.
Catalan[8] [[[Catalan orthography|any]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈaɲ̟] 'year' Alveolo-palatal or palatal.[6] See Catalan phonology
Chinese Wu 女人/gniugnin [ȵy˩˧ȵiȵ˥˨] 'woman' Alveolo-palatal
Czech [[[Czech orthography|kůň]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [kuːɲ] 'horse' May be intermediate between palatal and alveolo-palatal.[4] See Czech phonology
Dinka nyɔt [ɲɔt] 'very'
Dutch[9] [oranje] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [oˈrɑɲə] 'orange' Not all dialects. See Dutch phonology
French[10] [agneau] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [äˈɲo] 'lamb' Alveolo-palatal or palatal.[6] Merging with /nj/. See French phonology
Galician [viño] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈbiɲo] 'wine' Formerly approximant in some words (eg. vīnum > vĩo [ˈvĩj̃o] > viño).[11][12]
Greek [[[Greek alphabet|πρωτοχρονιά]]/prōtochroniá] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [pro̞to̞xro̞ˈɲ̟ɐ] 'New Year's Day' Alveolo-palatal.[13] See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian[14] [[[Hungarian orthography|anya]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɒɲɒ] 'mother' Alveolo-palatal with alveolar contact.[6] See Hungarian phonology
Italian Standard [bagno] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈbäɲːo] 'bath' Postalveolo-prepalatal.[15] See Italian phonology
Romanesco dialect [niente] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɲːɛn̪t̪e] 'nothing'
Irish[3] inné [əˈn̠ʲeː] 'yesterday' Irish contrasts alveolo-palatal /n̠ʲ/, palatal/palatovelar /ɲ/, velar /ŋ/ and, in some dialects, palatalized alveolar /nʲ/.[16][17][18][3] See Irish phonology
[a ngé] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [əˈɲeː] 'their goose'
Japanese[19] 庭/[[[Romanization of Japanese|niwa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [n̠ʲiwᵝa] 'garden' Alveolar or dento-alveolar.[6] See Japanese phonology
Korean [[[Hangul|고니]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: kang for code: ko (help)/[goni] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ko̞n̠ʲi] 'swan' Alveolo-palatal. See Korean phonology
Latvian [mākoņains] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [maːkuɔɲains] 'cloudy'
Macedonian [[[Macedonian alphabet|чешање]]/češanje] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈt͡ʃɛʃaɲɛ] 'itching'
Malagasy[6] [example needed] — — Palatal.
Malay [banyak] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bäɲäʔˈ] 'a lot'
Malayalam[20] ഞാന് [ɲäːn] 'I'
North Frisian Mooring [fliinj] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈfliːɲ] 'to fly'
Norwegian Northern[21] [[[Norwegian alphabet|mann]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [mɑɲː] 'man' See Norwegian phonology
Southern[21]
Occitan Northern [Polonha] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [puˈluɲo̞] 'Poland' Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolar or dento-alveolo-palatal.[6] See Occitan phonology
Southern
Gascon banh [baɲ] 'bath'
Polish[22] [[[Polish orthography|koń]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [kɔɲ̟]ⓘ 'horse' Alveolo-palatal. May be replaced by a nasal palatal approximant in coda position or before fricatives. See Polish phonology
Portuguese Many dialects[23] [[[Portuguese orthography|Sônia]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈsõn̠ʲɐ] 'Sonia' Possible realization of post-stressed /ni/ plus vowel.
Brazilian[23][24] [[[Portuguese orthography|sonha]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈsõɲɐ] 'it dreams' Central palatal, not the same that /ʎ/ which is pre-palatal.[25] May instead be approximant[11][12] in Brazil and Africa. See Portuguese phonology
European[26] [arranhar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɐʁɐ̃ˈn̠ʲaɾ] 'to scratch' Dento-alveolo-palatal.[6]
Quechua [[[Quechua alphabet|ñuqa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɲɔqɑ] 'I'
Romanian Transylvanian dialects[27] câine [ˈkɨɲe̞] 'dog' Alveolo-palatal.[27] corresponds to [n] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[28] [[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|seinn]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ʃeiɲ̟] 'sing' Alveolo-palatal. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian питање / [pitanje] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [pǐːt̪äːɲ̟e̞]ⓘ 'question' Alveolo-palatal. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak [pečeň] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈpɛt͡ʃɛɲ] 'liver' Alveolar.[6]
Spanish[29] [enseñar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ẽ̞nse̞ˈɲär] 'to teach' Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolar or dento-alveolo-palatal.[6] See Spanish phonology
Ukrainian тінь [t̪in̠ʲ] 'shadow' Alveolo-palatal. See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese [[[Vietnamese alphabet|nhà]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɲâː] 'house' "Laminoalveolar".[30] See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian [njonken] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɲoŋkən] 'next to'
Yanyuwa[31] [l̪uwaɲ̄u] 'strip of turtle fat' Post-palatal;[31] contrasts with post-velar nasal.[31]
Yi ꑌ/nyi [n̠ʲi˧] 'sit' Alveolo-palatal
Zulu inyoni [iɲ̟óːni] 'bird' Alveolo-palatal.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. xviii.
  2. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 163.
  3. ^ a b c Ní Chasaide (1999).
  4. ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 33.
  5. ^ Doke (1925), p. ?.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Recasens (2013), p. 11.
  7. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.
  8. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  9. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 46.
  10. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  11. ^ a b Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels
  12. ^ a b Mattos e Silva (1991), p. 73.
  13. ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
  14. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
  15. ^ Recasens et al. (1993), p. 222.
  16. ^ Quiggin (1906).
  17. ^ de Bhaldraithe (1966).
  18. ^ Mhac an Fhailigh (1968).
  19. ^ Okada (1991), p. 95.
  20. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  21. ^ a b Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
  22. ^ Jassem (2003), pp. 103–104.
  23. ^ a b Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português, p. 12.
  24. ^ Aragão (2009), p. 168.
  25. ^ Cagliari 1974, p. 77. Citation:Em português, o [ɲ] se aproxima mais do [ŋ] do que do [n]; por isso será classificado como "central" e não como pré-palatal. O [ʎ] em muitas línguas se realiza como "central"; em português, [ʎ] tende a [lj] e se realiza sempre na região prepalatal.
  26. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  27. ^ a b Pop (1938), p. 30.
  28. ^ Oftedal (1956), p. ?.
  29. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  30. ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 460.
  31. ^ a b c Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 34–35.

Bibliography

  • Aragão, Maria do Socorro Silva de (2009), Os estudos fonético-fonológicos nos estados da Paraíba e do Ceará (PDF) (in Portuguese) {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
  • Cagliari, Luiz Carlos (1974), A palatalização em portugues : uma investigação palatografica
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
  • Doke, Clement M. (1925), "An outline of the phonetics of the language of the ʗhũ: Bushman of the North-West Kalahari", Bantu Studies, 2: 129–166
  • de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1966), The Irish of Cois Fhairrge, Co. Galway (2nd ed.), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-51-0
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Mattos e Silva, Rosa (1991), O Português arcaico – fonologia, Contexto
  • Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968), The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-02-2
  • Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, ISBN 0-521-63751-1, retrieved 2009-01-21
  • Oftedal, M. (1956), The Gaelic of Leurbost, Oslo: Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
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