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Voiceless palatal fricative

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Voiceless palatal fricative
ç
IPA Number138
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ç
Unicode (hex)U+00E7
X-SAMPAC

The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ç, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is C. The symbol ç is the letter c with a cedilla, as used to spell French words, such as façade, although the sound represented by the letter ç in French and English orthography is not a voiceless palatal fricative but /s/, the voiceless alveolar fricative.

Palatal fricatives are rare phonemes, and only 5% of the world's languages have /ç/ as a phoneme.[1] However, it also tends to occur as an allophone of [x] or [h] in the vicinity of front vowels, and many English dialects are no exception.

Features

Features of the voiceless palatal fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Azerbaijani[2] some dialects [[[Azeri alphabet|çörək]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [tʃœˈɾæç] 'bread' Allophone of /c/.
Berber Kabyle ḵil [çil] 'to measure'
Dutch [[[Dutch orthography|acht]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɑçt] 'eight' Common in southern dialects such as all of Dutch-speaking Belgium some southern Dutch provinces.[3] See Dutch phonology
English [[[English orthography|hue]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [çjuː] or [çuː][citation needed] 'hue' Allophone of /h/. See English phonology
Finnish [[[Finnish alphabet|vihko]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈʋiçko̞] 'notebook' Allophone of /h/. See Finnish phonology
German [[[German orthography|dicht]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [dɪçt] 'dense' See German phonology
Greek [[[Greek alphabet|χιόνι]]/khyóni] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈço̞ni] 'snow' See Modern Greek phonology
Haida [[[Latin alphabet|xíl]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [çɪ́l] 'leaf'
Hungarian[4] [[[Hungarian phonology|kapj]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈkɒpç] 'get (imperative)' Allophone of /j/ between a voiceless obstruent and a word boundary. See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic [[[Icelandic orthography|hérna]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [çɛrtna] 'here' See Icelandic phonology
Irish [[[Irish orthography|a Sheáin]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ə çaːnʲ] 'John (Voc.)' See Irish phonology
Korean [[[Hangul|힘]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: kang for code: ko (help)/[[[Revised Romanization of Korean|him]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [çim] 'strength' Allophone of /h/. See Korean phonology
Japanese[5] 人/[[[Romanization of Japanese|hito]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [çito] 'person' Allophone of /h/ before /i/. See Japanese phonology
Norwegian [[[Norwegian alphabet|kyss]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [çʏsː] 'kiss' See Norwegian phonology
Pashto Ghilzai and Wardak dialects[6] پښه [pça] 'foot'
Polish [[[Polish orthography|hiacynt]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [çat͡sɨnt] 'hyacinth' See Polish phonology
Scottish Gaelic[7] [[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|eich]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [eç] 'horses'
Xârâcùù[8] ? [çɛɡɛ] 'stone'

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–68)
  2. ^ Damirchizadeh (1972:96)
  3. ^ Pieter van Reenen (2000). "De harde en de zachte g, de spelling gh versus g voor voorklinker in het veertiende-eeuwse Middelnederlands" (PDF). Taal en Tongval, 52(Thema nr.), 159-181 (in Dutch). Retrieved 2009-05-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Siptár & Törkenczy (2007:205)
  5. ^ Okada (1991:95)
  6. ^ Michael M.T. Henderson, Four Varieties of Pashto
  7. ^ Oftedal, M. (1956) The Gaelic of Leurbost. Olso. Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap.
  8. ^ Tryon (1995)

References

  • Damirchizadeh, A (1972), Modern Azerbaijani Language: Phonetics, Orthoepy and Orthography, Maarif Publ
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian, The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
  • Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–97
  • Siptár, Péter; Törkenczy, Miklós (2007), The Phonology of Hungarian, The Phonology of the World's Languages, Oxford University Press
  • Tryon, Darrell T. (1995), Comparative Austronesian Dictionary, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-110-12729-6
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