Velarized alveolar lateral approximant
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| Velarized alveolar lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| lˠ | |
| l̴ | |
| ɫ | |
| IPA Number | 209 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | lˠ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006C U+02E0 |
| X-SAMPA | 5 |
The velarized alveolar lateral approximant, also known as dark l, is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The regular symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨lˠ⟩, though the dedicated letter ⟨ɫ⟩ is perhaps more common.
Depending on language and dialect, this sound may instead be pharyngealized. Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so that dark l tends to be dental or denti-alveolar while clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.[1]
Features
Features of the velarized alveolar lateral approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is dental or alveolar, which means it is articulated with the tip (or, more rarely,[1] the blade) of the tongue against the upper, or more rarely lower teeth (dental), or against the alveolar ridge (alveolar).
- It has a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization, meaning that the back or root of the tongue approaches the soft palate (velum), or the back of the throat, respectively.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
- Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | [halla] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈhäɫä] | 'aunt' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[2] | الله ʼAllah | [ʔɑɫˈɫɑːh] | 'God' | Also transcribed as ⟨lˤ⟩. Many accents and dialects lack the sound and instead pronounce [l]. See Arabic phonology |
| Bashkir | ҡала ǩala | [ˈqɑˈɫɑ] | 'city' | ||
| Bulgarian | ъгъл ăgăl | [ˈɤ̞̈ɡɐɫ] | 'corner' | ||
| Catalan[3] | Eastern dialects | [cel·la] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈsɛɫːə] | 'cell' | Can be always dark in many dialects. See Catalan phonology |
| Western dialects | alt | [aɫ(t)] | 'tall' | ||
| Dutch[4][5] | [[[Dutch orthography|bal]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bɑɫ] | 'ball' | Postvocalic allophone of /l/. Can be always dark in some Netherlandic dialects. See Dutch phonology | |
| English[6] | Australian | [[[English orthography|peel]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [pʰiːɫ] | 'peel' | Can be always dark in North America, Australia and New Zealand. See English phonology |
| Canadian | |||||
| Dublin | |||||
| GA | |||||
| New Zealand | |||||
| RP | |||||
| South African | |||||
| Scottish | loch | [ɫɔx] | 'loch' | Can be always dark, except in some borrowings from Scottish Gaelic | |
| Greek | Northern dialects[7] | [[[Greek alphabet|μπάλα]] bálla] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbaɫa] | 'ball' | Allophone of /l/ before /a o u/. See Modern Greek phonology |
| Icelandic | sigldi | [sɪɫtɪ] | 'sailed' | Rare. See Icelandic phonology | |
| Irish | [[[Irish orthography|lá]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɫɑː] | 'day' | See Irish phonology | |
| Norwegian | Northern | spelle | [spæɫːe] | 'to play' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Ossetian | Алани Alani | 'Alania' | |||
| Scots | [fluir] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fɫyːr] | 'floor' | ||
| Serbo-Croatian[8][9] | лак / [[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|lak]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɫâ̠k] | 'easy' | May be syllabic; it contrasts with /ʎ/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| St’át’imcets | qaoḻ | [qáɫ] | 'bad' | ||
| Taos | [kīǣˈwǣɫmã̄] | 'be strong' | See Taos phonology | ||
| Turkish | [[[Turkish alphabet|kızıl]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kɯzɯɫ] | 'red' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Welsh | Northern dialects | [[[Welsh orthography|lol]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɫɔɫ] | 'nonsense' | |
| West Frisian | [lân] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɫɔːn] | 'land' | ||
- Dental or denti-alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belarusian[10] | Беларусь | [bʲɛɫ̪äˈrus̪ʲ] | 'Belarus' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Catalan | [mil dòlars] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [miɫ̪ ˈd̪ɔɫərs̺] | 'thousand dollars' | Allophone of /l/ before /t d/ in many dialects. See Catalan phonology | |
| Lithuanian[11] | [[[Lithuanian alphabet|labas]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɫ̪äːbɐs] | 'hi' | Contrasts with [l̪ʲ]. | |
| Macedonian[12] | лук luk |
[ɫ̪uk] | 'onion' | Only before back vowels (/a o u/) and syllable-finally. See Macedonian phonology | |
| Norwegian | Southeastern[11] | tale | [ˈt̪ʰɑ̈ːɫ̪ə] | 'speech', 'to speak' | Allophone of /l/ after /ɑ ɑː ɔ oː/. See Norwegian phonology |
| Polish | Eastern dialects[13] | [[[Polish orthography|łapa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɫ̪äpä] | 'paw' | Corresponds to /w/ in standard Polish. See Polish phonology |
| Portuguese | European[14] | [[[Portuguese orthography|mil]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [miɫ̪] | 'one thousand' | Coda is now vocalized to [u̯ ~ ʊ̯] in most of Brazil (as in rural parts of Alto Minho and Madeira).[15] Can be always dark in most dialects, mainly before back/rounded and close/unrounded vowels. See Portuguese phonology |
| Most dialects[16] | [[[Portuguese orthography|Lituânia]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'Lithuania' | |||
| Older General Brazilian[17][18][19] | [[[Portuguese orthography|álcool]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈäɫ̪ko̞ɫ̪] | 'alcohol', 'ethanol' | ||
| Russian[20] | малый | [ˈmɑ̟ɫ̪ɨ̞j] | 'small' | Pharyngealized. See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic[21] | [Mallaig] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈmäʊɫ̪ækʲ] | 'Mallaig' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | столца / [[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|stolca]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [s̪t̪ǒ̞ːɫ̪t̪͡s̪a̠] | 'chair' (gen. sg.) | Allophone of /l/ before /t d s z t͡s/; may be syllabic. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Recasens & Espinosa (2005:4)
- ^ Watson (2002:16)
- ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005:1, 20)
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ^ Booij, Geert. 1999. The Phonology of Dutch. P.8
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999:73)
- ^ Northern Greek Dialects Portal for the Greek Language
- ^ Kordić 2006, p. 5.
- ^ Diana Archangeli, Jeff Berry. "Dark and light /l/s in Georgian" (PDF). University of Arizona. p. 5.
- ^ Padluzhny (1989:50-51)
- ^ a b Mathiassen (1996:23)
- ^ Lunt (1952:11–12)
- ^ Rocławski (1976:130)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:93)
- ^ MELO, Gladstone Chaves de. "A língua do Brasil". 4. Ed. Melhorada e aum., Rio de Janeiro: Padrão, 1981
- ^ Template:It icon Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese) – The influence of foreign accents on Italian language acquisition
- ^ Template:Pt icon The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 Page 36.
- ^ TEYSSIER, Paul. "História da Língua Portuguesa", Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa, pp. 81-83.
- ^ Bisol (2005:211)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:168)
- ^ Ó Dochartaigh (1997)
References
- Bisol, Leda (2005), "Introdução a estudos de fonologia do português brasileiro", editora EDIPUCRS (4th ed.), Porto Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul, ISBN 85-7430-529-4
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Kordić, Snježana (2006) [1st pub. 1997]. Serbo-Croatian. Languages of the World/Materials ; 148. Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa. p. 71. ISBN 3-89586-161-8. OCLC 37959860. OL 2863538W. [Grammar book]. Contents. Summary.
- Lunt, Horace G. (1952), Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language, Skopje
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Mathiassen, Terje (1996), A Short Grammar of Lithuanian, Slavica Publishers, Inc., p. 256, ISBN 0-89357-267-5
- Ó Dochartaigh, C. (1997), Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland I-V, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 1-85500-165-9
- Padluzhny, Ped (1989), Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, p. 335, ISBN 5-343-00292-7
- Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Essex: Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-21346-5
- Rocławski, Bronisław (1976), Zarys fonologii, fonetyki, fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego, Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, pp. 130–181
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press
