Jump to content

Mundari language: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Tag: Reverted
Restored revision 1022575297 by DePiep (talk): Reverting undiscussed split
Line 17: Line 17:
| fam5=Mundaric
| fam5=Mundaric
| dia1 = Bhumij<br/>Hasada<br/>Naguri<br/>Tamaria<br/>Kera
| dia1 = Bhumij<br/>Hasada<br/>Naguri<br/>Tamaria<br/>Kera
| script = [[Mundari Bani]], others: [[Odia script|Odia]], [[Devanagari]], [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali]], [[Latin script|Latin]]
| script = Mundari Bani, others: [[Odia script|Odia]], [[Devanagari]], [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali]], [[Latin script|Latin]]
| iso3 = unr
| iso3 = unr
<!--
<!--
Line 33: Line 33:
}}
}}
[[File:MundariLanguageScript.jpg|thumb|Mundari Bani (Mundari script)]]
[[File:MundariLanguageScript.jpg|thumb|Mundari Bani (Mundari script)]]
'''Mundari''' ('''Munɖari''') is a [[Munda languages|Munda language]] of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language family spoken by the [[Munda people|Munda]] and [[Bhumij]] tribes in eastern Indian states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]]. It is closely related to [[Santali language|Santali]]. The Mundari language is written with the [[Mundari Bani]] alphabet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/mundaribani.htm|title=Mundari Bani}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/15/bms-to-intensify-agitation-on-mundari-language-1147760918.html|title=BMS to intensify agitation on Mundari language|website=oneindia.com|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161108183956/http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2012-Vol-1-2.pdf "Adivasi. Volume 52. Number 1&2. June&December 2012".] Page 22</ref> It has also been written in the [[Devanagari]], [[Oriya script|Odia]], [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]], and [[Latin script|Latin]] writing systems.
'''Mundari''' ('''Munɖari''') is a [[Munda languages|Munda language]] of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language family spoken by the [[Munda people|Munda]] and [[Bhumij]] tribes in eastern Indian states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]]. It is closely related to [[Santali language|Santali]]. Mundari Bani,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/mundaribani.htm|title=Mundari Bani}}</ref> a script specifically to write Mundari, was invented by [[Rohidas Singh Nag]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/15/bms-to-intensify-agitation-on-mundari-language-1147760918.html|title=BMS to intensify agitation on Mundari language|website=oneindia.com|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161108183956/http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2012-Vol-1-2.pdf "Adivasi. Volume 52. Number 1&2. June&December 2012".] Page 22</ref> It has also been written in the [[Devanagari]], [[Oriya script|Odia]], [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]], and [[Latin script|Latin]] writing systems.


==History==
==History==
Line 293: Line 293:
|Dayir||...||Branches of Tree
|Dayir||...||Branches of Tree
|}
|}

==Mundari Bani==
{{Infobox writing system
| name = Mundari Bani
| languages = Mundari
| type = [[Alphabet]]
| time = 1982 to present
| direction = Left to right
| region = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Odisha, Jharkhand West Bengal, Assam]]
| creator = [[Rohidas Singh Nag]]
| date = 1982
| fam1= original invention
<!-- | lc1 = unx
| ld1 = Kili (called "Munda" in the census)
| glottorefname = Mundari
| iso3 = unr
| glotto = mund1320
-->
| sample = Mundari in Mundari Bani script.png
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = 'Mundari' in Mundari Bani Script}}
The '''Mundari Bani''' script, also known as '''Mundari Bani Hisir''' (Mundari: ''Bani'' 'alphabet', ''Hisir'' 'writing'), and sometimes as the '''Mundari alphabet''', is the official writing system for Mundari, an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language recognized as an official regional language in [[India]]. It has 27 letters and 5 diacritics, the forms of which are intended to evoke natural shapes. The script is written from left to right.
[[File:MundariLanguageScript.jpg|thumb|Mundari Bani (Mundari Script)]]

An [[alphabet]]ic script developed for the language by community elder and author [[Rohidas Singh Nag]] was published in late 1980, and has seen limited but increasing use in literature, education, and computing. [[Rohidas Singh Nag]] of Chandua, Salbani Village in [[Mayurbhanj]] district is the inventor of ''Mundari Bani''.

===History===
Rohidas Singh Nag was born on 5.2.1934 in Salbani village, [[Mayurbhanj]] district of Odisha. It was in the year 1949 Rohidas Singh Nag studying at class –III invented Mundari script and wrote the alphabets on the wall of school with the help of clay. In the year 1953, Nag was a student of class –VIII invented 35 alphabets of Mundari script. Further, Nag simplified Mundari script and in the year 1980 total 27 alphabets were selected for use.
In 1980 [[Rohidas Singh Nag]] brought to the knowledge of the then [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] Shri [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik|J.B. Pattnaik]] on the development of Mundari script and submitted a memorandum to recognize Munda language constitutionally. In 1999 [[Rohidas Singh Nag]] with others submitted a memorandum to the then [[president of India]] and appealed for constitutional recognition of [[Munda language]]. Mundari Samaj Sanwar Jamda (A Social Organisation of Munda community), Poda Astia, [[Mayurbhanj]] has been demanding to incorporate [[Munda language]] in the eighth schedule of the constitution of India, to air [[Munda language]] through All India Radio, further to establish a department of [[Munda language]] at North [[Odisha]] University, Baripada for higher studies. He was the first General Secretary of Mundari Samaj Sanwar Jamda. Different social organisations have felicitated [[Rohidas Singh Nag]]. In 1996 Academy of Tribal Dialects and Culture (A Research Institute of S.T and S.C. Development Department, Government of Odisha) for his significant contribution to tribal language and culture of Odisha in general and Munda language and culture in Particular. In 2004 by Bharat Munda Samaj and in 2010 at Balangi Mahostava in Baripada, he was also felicitated.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2012-Vol-1-2.pdf | title = page no.96, Adivasi, A Journal of Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI)| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161108183956/http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2012-Vol-1-2.pdf| archive-date = 8 November 2016}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
⚫
*Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). 2008. ''The Munda languages''. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-32890-X}}.
⚫
*Osada Toshiki. 2008. "Mundari". In Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). ''The Munda languages'', 99–164. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-32890-X}}.
⚫
8.https://omniglot.com/writing/mundaribani.htm
⚫
9.https://omniglot.com/writing/mundari.htm


==Bibliography==
==Further reading==
*Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005a. Mundari: the myth of a language without word classes. In ''Linguistic Typology'' 9.3, pp.&nbsp;351–390.
*Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005a. Mundari: the myth of a language without word classes. In ''Linguistic Typology'' 9.3, pp.&nbsp;351–390.
*Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005b. Mundari and argumentation in word-class analysis. In ''Linguistic Typology'' 9.3, pp.&nbsp;442–457
*Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005b. Mundari and argumentation in word-class analysis. In ''Linguistic Typology'' 9.3, pp.&nbsp;442–457
*Hengeveld, Kees & Jan Rijkhoff. 2005. Mundari as a flexible language. In ''Linguistic Typology'' 9.3, pp.&nbsp;406–431.
*Hengeveld, Kees & Jan Rijkhoff. 2005. Mundari as a flexible language. In ''Linguistic Typology'' 9.3, pp.&nbsp;406–431.
*Newberry, J. (2000). ''North Munda dialects: Mundari, Santali, Bhumia''. Victoria, B.C.: J. Newberry. {{ISBN|0-921599-68-4}}
*Newberry, J. (2000). ''North Munda dialects: Mundari, Santali, Bhumia''. Victoria, B.C.: J. Newberry. {{ISBN|0-921599-68-4}}

===Texts===
*{{cite book|author=Johann Hoffmann|title=Mundari grammar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280908|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1903|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press}}
*{{cite book|author=Johann Hoffmann|title=Mundari grammar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280908|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1903|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press}}
*{{cite book|author=J. C. Whitley|title=A Mundári Primer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrowAQAAMAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1873|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press}}
*{{cite book|author=J. C. Whitley|title=A Mundári Primer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrowAQAAMAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1873|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press}}
*{{cite book|author=Carl Gustav Rudolph Eduard Alfred Nottrott|title=Grammatik der Kolh-Sprache|url=https://archive.org/details/grammatikderkolh00nottuoft|access-date=25 August 2012|place=Gütersloh|year=1882|publisher=Druck von C. Bertelsmann}}
*{{cite book|author=Carl Gustav Rudolph Eduard Alfred Nottrott|title=Grammatik der Kolh-Sprache|url=https://archive.org/details/grammatikderkolh00nottuoft|access-date=25 August 2012|place=Gütersloh|year=1882|publisher=Druck von C. Bertelsmann}}
*{{cite book|title=Four gospels in Mundari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KekpAAAAYAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1881|publisher=Bible Society}}
*{{cite book|title=Four gospels in Mundari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KekpAAAAYAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1881|publisher=Bible Society}}
⚫
*Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). 2008. ''The Munda languages''. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-32890-X}}.
⚫
*Osada Toshiki. 2008. "Mundari". In Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). ''The Munda languages'', 99–164. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-32890-X}}.
⚫
* https://omniglot.com/writing/mundaribani.htm
⚫
* https://omniglot.com/writing/mundari.htm


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 15:30, 17 May 2021

For other uses, see Mundari (disambiguation).

Mundari
मुंडारी, মুন্ডারি, ମୁଣ୍ଡାରୀ
'Mundari' in Mundari Bani script
Native toIndia, Bangladesh, Nepal
EthnicityMunda, Bhumij
Native speakers
1,661,656 (2011 census)[1]
Austroasiatic
  • Munda
    • North
      • Kherwarian
        • Mundaric
          • Mundari
Dialects
  • Bhumij
    Hasada
    Naguri
    Tamaria
    Kera
Mundari Bani, others: Odia, Devanagari, Bengali, Latin
Official status
Official language in
 India
Language codes
ISO 639-3unr
Glottologmund1320
ELPBhumij
Mundari Bani (Mundari script)

Mundari (Munɖari) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken by the Munda and Bhumij tribes in eastern Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal. It is closely related to Santali. Mundari Bani,[2] a script specifically to write Mundari, was invented by Rohidas Singh Nag.[3][4] It has also been written in the Devanagari, Odia, Bengali, and Latin writing systems.

History

According to linguist Paul Sidwell (2018), Munda languages probably arrived on coast of Odisha from Indochina about 4000–3500 years ago and spread after Indo-Aryan migration to Odisha.[5]

Geographical distribution

Mundari is spoken in the Ranchi, Khunti, Seraikela Kharsawan and West Singhbhum, East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, and in the Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar, Baleshwar, Sundargarh district of Odisha by at least 1.1 million people.[6] Another 500,000, mainly in Odisha and Assam, are recorded in the census as speaking "Munda," potentially another name for Mundari.

Dialects

Toshiki Osada (2008:99), citing the Encyclopaedia Mundarica (vol. 1, p. 6), lists the following dialects of Mundari, which are spoken mostly in Jharkhand state.

Bhumij, listed in many sources as a separate language, may in fact be a variety of the Latar (Tamaria) dialect of Mundari. It is spoken across Jharkhand state and in Mayurbhanj district, Odisha (Anderson 2008:196). There may be around 50,000 Bhumij speakers, although the census records around 27,000.[7]

Phonology

The phonology of Mundari is similar to the surrounding closely related Austroasiatic languages but considerably different from either Indo-Aryan or Dravidian. Perhaps the most foreign phonological influence has been on the vowels. Whereas the branches of Austroasiatic in Southeast Asia are rich in vowel phonemes, Mundari has only five. The consonant inventory of Mundari is similar to other Austroasiatic languages with the exception of retroflex consonants, which seem to appear only in loanwords. (Osada 2008)

Vowels

Mundari has five vowel phonemes. All vowels have long and short as well as nasalized allophones, but neither length nor nasality are contrastive. All vowels in open monosyllables are quantitatively longer than those in closed syllables, and those following nasal consonants or /ɟ/ are nasalized. Vowels preceding or following /ɳ/ are also nasalized.

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

Consonants

Mundari's consonant inventory consists of 23 basic phonemes. The Naguri and Kera dialects include aspirated stops as additional phonemes, here enclosed in parentheses.

Labial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop voiceless p t̪ ʈ t͡ɕ k ʔ
aspirated (pʰ) (t̪ʰ) (ʈʰ) (t͡ɕʰ) (kʰ)
voiced b d̪ ɖ d͡ʑ g
Fricative s̪ h
Nasal m n̪ ɳ ɲ ŋ
Approximant w l ɽ j
Trill r

Counting

Mundari Transliteration Translation
मिसा Missa Once
बरसा Birsa Twice
अपिसा Apisa Thrice
उपनुसा Upnisa four times
मोंड़ेसा Mondesa Five times
तुरिसा Turisa Six times
ए'सा Eh sa Seven times
इरलसा Erklsa Eight Times
अरे-सा Are sa Nine times
गेलसा Gelsa Ten times
Gel Miyad ... Eleven
Gel Bariya ... Twelve
, Apiya ... Thirteen
, Upuna ... Fourteen
, Modeya ... Fifteen
, Turiya ... Sixteen
, Eya ... Seventeen
, Iriliya ... Eighteen
, Areya ... Nineteen
Mid Hisi ... Twenty
Hisi Miyad ... Twenty-one
Mid hisi Gel ... Thirty
Hisi Gel Miyad ... Thirty-one
Bar Hisi ... Forty
Bar Hisi Miyad ... Forty-one
Bar Hisi Gel ... Fifty
Aapi Hisi ... Sixty
Aapi Hisi Gel ... Seventy
Upun Hisi ... Eighty
Upun Hisi Gel ... Ninety
Mid Saaye ... One hundred
Bar Saaye ... Two hundred
Mid Hazar ... One thousand
Mid Lak ... One lakh

Relations

Mundari Transliteration Translation
ऐंन्गा Enga Mother
आपूम Apum Father
हग्गा Hagga Brother
मिस्सी Missi Sister
गुया Guya Sister/brother of sister/brother in law
गतिंग Gatin Friend
Hon koda ... Son
Hon Kudi ... Daughter

Verb

Mundari Transliteration Translation
रिकाएआ Rikā'ē'ā Does
ओलेआ Ol'ē'ā Write
जगरेआ Jagor'ē'ā Talk
पढ़वएआ Padv'ē'ā Read
लेलेआ Lel'ē'ā Look / see
सेनेआ Sen'ē'ā Come along with
नमेआ Nem'ē'ā Found
निरेआ Nir'ē'ā Run
सबेआ Sab'ē'ā Hold
लेका एआ Leka'ē'ā Count
मुकाएआ Muka'ē'ā Measure
रिका एआ Rika'ē'ā Cut
Hedem ... Sweet
Kete-e ... Hard
Lebe-e ... Soft
Singi ... Sun
Chandu-u ... Moon
Ipil ... Stars
Sirma ... Sky
Ote Dishum ... Earth
Rimil ... cloud
Hoyo ... Air/Wind
Gitil ... Sands
Dhudi ... Dust
Losod ... Muddy
Hodomo ... Body
Tasad ... Grass
Daru ... Tree
Sakam ... Leaf
Dayir ... Branches of Tree

Mundari Bani

Mundari Bani
'Mundari' in Mundari Bani Script
Script type
CreatorRohidas Singh Nag
Created1982
Time period
1982 to present
DirectionLeft to right
RegionIndia, Bangladesh, Nepal, Odisha, Jharkhand West Bengal, Assam
LanguagesMundari
Related scripts
Parent systems
original invention
  • Mundari Bani
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Mundari Bani script, also known as Mundari Bani Hisir (Mundari: Bani 'alphabet', Hisir 'writing'), and sometimes as the Mundari alphabet, is the official writing system for Mundari, an Austroasiatic language recognized as an official regional language in India. It has 27 letters and 5 diacritics, the forms of which are intended to evoke natural shapes. The script is written from left to right.

Mundari Bani (Mundari Script)

An alphabetic script developed for the language by community elder and author Rohidas Singh Nag was published in late 1980, and has seen limited but increasing use in literature, education, and computing. Rohidas Singh Nag of Chandua, Salbani Village in Mayurbhanj district is the inventor of Mundari Bani.

History

Rohidas Singh Nag was born on 5.2.1934 in Salbani village, Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. It was in the year 1949 Rohidas Singh Nag studying at class –III invented Mundari script and wrote the alphabets on the wall of school with the help of clay. In the year 1953, Nag was a student of class –VIII invented 35 alphabets of Mundari script. Further, Nag simplified Mundari script and in the year 1980 total 27 alphabets were selected for use. In 1980 Rohidas Singh Nag brought to the knowledge of the then Chief Minister of Odisha Shri J.B. Pattnaik on the development of Mundari script and submitted a memorandum to recognize Munda language constitutionally. In 1999 Rohidas Singh Nag with others submitted a memorandum to the then president of India and appealed for constitutional recognition of Munda language. Mundari Samaj Sanwar Jamda (A Social Organisation of Munda community), Poda Astia, Mayurbhanj has been demanding to incorporate Munda language in the eighth schedule of the constitution of India, to air Munda language through All India Radio, further to establish a department of Munda language at North Odisha University, Baripada for higher studies. He was the first General Secretary of Mundari Samaj Sanwar Jamda. Different social organisations have felicitated Rohidas Singh Nag. In 1996 Academy of Tribal Dialects and Culture (A Research Institute of S.T and S.C. Development Department, Government of Odisha) for his significant contribution to tribal language and culture of Odisha in general and Munda language and culture in Particular. In 2004 by Bharat Munda Samaj and in 2010 at Balangi Mahostava in Baripada, he was also felicitated.”[8]

References

  1. ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  2. ^ "Mundari Bani".
  3. ^ "BMS to intensify agitation on Mundari language". oneindia.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  4. ^ "Adivasi. Volume 52. Number 1&2. June&December 2012". Page 22
  5. ^ Sidwell, Paul. 2018. "Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018". Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, May 22, 2018.
  6. ^ "Mundari". ethnologue.
  7. ^ "Keeping Munda in mind". Pune Mirror. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  8. ^ "page no.96, Adivasi, A Journal of Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2016.
  • Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). 2008. The Munda languages. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.
  • Osada Toshiki. 2008. "Mundari". In Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). The Munda languages, 99–164. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.

8.https://omniglot.com/writing/mundaribani.htm 9.https://omniglot.com/writing/mundari.htm

Further reading

  • Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005a. Mundari: the myth of a language without word classes. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 351–390.
  • Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005b. Mundari and argumentation in word-class analysis. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 442–457
  • Hengeveld, Kees & Jan Rijkhoff. 2005. Mundari as a flexible language. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 406–431.
  • Newberry, J. (2000). North Munda dialects: Mundari, Santali, Bhumia. Victoria, B.C.: J. Newberry. ISBN 0-921599-68-4

Texts

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mundari_language&oldid=1023650798"