Kalinga (province)

Kalinga
Province
Province of Kalinga
Flag Seal
Location in the Philippines
Coordinates: 17°45′N 121°15′E
Country	Philippines
Region	Cordillera Administrative Region
Founded	February 14, 1995
Capital	Tabuk
Government
• Type	Sangguniang Panlalawigan
• Governor	Jocel Baac (Liberal Party) (Sr. Felisa Pedro)
• Congressman	Allen Jesse Mangaoang (Liberal Party)
• Vice Governor	James Eduba(Nacionalista Party)
Area
• Total	3,231.25 km2 (1,247.59 sq mi)
• Rank	41st out of 81
Highest elevation (Mount Binuluan)	2,329 m (7,641 ft)
Population  (2020 census)
• Total	229,570
• Rank	71st out of 81
• Density	71/km2 (180/sq mi)
• Rank	78th out of 81
Divisions
• Independent cities	0
• Component cities	1 Tabuk
• Municipalities	7 Balbalan Lubuagan Pasil Pinukpuk Rizal Tanudan Tinglayan
• Barangays	152
• Districts	Lone district of Kalinga
Time zone	UTC+8 (PHT)
ZIP code	3800–3808
IDD : area code	+63 (0)74
ISO 3166 code	PH-KAL
Spoken languages	Kalinga Ilocano Gaddang Tagalog English
Website	www.kalinga.gov.ph

Kalinga (Ilocano: Probinsia ti Kalinga; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Kalinga) is a landlocked province in the Philippines situated within the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. The word Kalinga is from the ancient Luzon word "Lus-in", meaning to "to separate and burn to ashes" and consequently modified to be connected to the ancient name of Indian state of Odisha, a major Hindu and Buddhist state in ancient India.

Its capital is Tabuk and borders Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north.

Kalinga and Apayao are the result of the 1995 partitioning of the former province of Kalinga-Apayao; which was seen to better service the respective needs of the various indigenous peoples in the area.

Geography

The mountains of Kalinga in Lubuagan

Kalinga covers a total area of 3,231.25 square kilometres (1,247.59 sq mi) occupying the central section of the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. The province is bordered by Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north..

The topography of Kalinga province is rugged and sloping, with mountain peaks ranging from 1,500 to 2,500 metres (4,900 to 8,200 ft) in elevation. The province’s western side is characterised by sharp, crested, interlinking peaks of steep slopes, isolated flatlands, plateaus and valleys. The eastern lands are mainly of rolling and gradually sloping foothills.

Large swaths of the province's lowlands are open grassland suitable for pasture, while the highlands have extensive areas of tropical rainforest. In higher elevations to the west, particularly in the mountains of Balbalan, lie some of the most intact pine forests of Luzon island. Rizal and Tabuk with their flatlands are the biggest rice producers. Next in rice production are the mountainous area, and of note are the rice terraces of Balbalan, Lubuagan, Pasil, Pinukpuk, Tinglayan, and Tanudan.

Climate

The province experiences an average temperature ranging from 17 to 22 °C (63 to 72 °F) with Type 3 weather patterns. The dry season extends from November to April, while the rest of the year is considered the rainy season, the heaviest rains usually occurring from July to October.

Hydrology

The Chico River passing through Tinglayan

The province is drained mainly by the Chico River, with its headwaters in the Mountain Province and emptying into the Cagayan River. The Chico River has several tributaries: Bunog River in Tinglayan in the south; the Tanudan and Biga Rivers in the east; Pasil River in the central area; and Poswoy, Dao-angan, Mabaca and Saltan Rivers in the west.

Several small lakes can also be found in Kalinga.

Administrative divisions

Kalinga comprises one city and seven municipalities, all encompassed by a single legislative district.

Tabuk was proclaimed a component city in 2007, but in November 2008 the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled that its cityhood was unconstitutional. However, Tabuk had its city status reinstated by the Supreme Court on December 22, 2009.

	City or municipality		Population			±% p.a.	Area		Density		Brgy.
			(2015)		(2010)		km2	sq mi	/km2	/sq mi
	Balbalan		5.7%	12,195	12,082	+0.18%	542.69	209.53	22	57	14
	Lubuagan		4.1%	8,733	9,369	−1.33%	234.20	90.43	37	96	9
	Pasil		4.5%	9,644	9,626	+0.04%	189.00	72.97	51	130	14
	Pinukpuk		15.1%	32,026	29,596	+1.51%	743.56	287.09	43	110	23
	Rizal		8.0%	17,038	15,942	+1.27%	231.00	89.19	74	190	14
	Tabuk	†	52.0%	110,642	103,912	+1.20%	700.25	270.37	160	410	42
	Tanudan		4.5%	9,534	8,529	+2.14%	307.55	118.75	31	80	16
	Tinglayan		6.1%	12,868	12,557	+0.47%	283.00	109.27	45	120	20
	Total			212,680	201,613	+1.02%	3,231.25	1,247.59	66	170	152
		†  Provincial capital and component city					Municipality

Barangays

The 7 municipalities and 1 city of the province comprise a total of 152 barangays, with Bulanao in Tabuk City as the most populous in 2010, and Anggacan Sur in Tanudan as the least. If cities are excluded, Pinukpuk Junction in Pinukpuk municipality has the highest population.

Further information: List of barangays in Kalinga

Demographics

Population census of Kalinga

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1918 27,467 —     1939 31,320 +0.63% 1948 36,777 +1.80% 1960 59,927 +4.15% 1970 86,597 +3.75% 1975 102,110 +3.36% 1980 114,382 +2.29%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1990 137,055 +1.83% 1995 154,145 +2.23% 2000 174,023 +2.63% 2007 182,326 +0.64% 2010 201,613 +3.73% 2015 212,680 +1.02%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

The population of Kalinga in the 2020 census was 229,570 people, with a density of 71 inhabitants per square kilometre or 180 inhabitants per square mile.

Population by ethnicity (2000)
Ethnicity				Number
Kalinga			111,774 (64.37%)
Ilocano			41,633 (23.98%)
Kankanaey			4,421 (2.55%)
Ibontoc			2,804 (1.61%)
Tagalog			2,227 (1.28%)
Applai			1,730 (1.00%)
Others			8,115 (4.67%)
Not Reported			930 (0.54%)
Other foreign ethnicity			4 (0.002%)

On the 2000 census survey, Kalinga people comprised 64.37% (111,774) of the total provincial population of 173,638. Ilocanos came in second at 23.98% (41,633), while other ethnic groups in the province were the Kankanaey at 2.55% (4,421), Bontoc at 1.61% (2,804), Tagalog at 1.28% (2,227) and Applai at 1% (1,730).

The primary language spoken is Kalinga, including its dialects of Balangao, Butbut, Limos, Lower Tanudan, Lubuagan, Mabaka, Madukayang, Southern Kalingan, and Upper Tanudan. Gaddang, as well as Ilocano, Tagalog, and English are also spoken in as lingua francas with varying degrees of proficiency.

Culture

100-year old Apo Whang Od, the embodiment of Kalinga tattoo artistry.

A student from Tinglayan, vested in traditional garb and holding a handcrafted weapon first produced during the Second World War; traditional Kalinga cloth is draped over Orthodox icons in the manner of Russian nabozhnyks.

There are many sub-tribes in the province. The strong sense of tribal membership and filial loyalty results in frequent tribal unrest and occasional outright war. Due to the mountainous terrain and warrior-culture of the people, the Kalinga were able to preserve their culture despite centuries of occupation in the lowlands by the Spaniards, Americans, and the Japanese. Unbeknownst to many, the last stand of President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1901 took place in Lubuagan, which he proclaimed the seat of government, and where the Aguinaldo Museum commemorates the event.

The Kalinga people are highlanders and the most extensive rice farmers of the Cordillera peoples, having been blessed with some of the most suitable land for both wet and dry rice farming. Like the Ifugao, the Kalinga are prolific terrace builders. The Kalinga are also skilled craftsmen, well-versed in basketry, loom weaving, metalsmithing, and pottery, the last centred in the lower Chico River Valley.

External links

• Media related to Kalinga (province) at Wikimedia Commons
• Geographic data related to Kalinga (province) at OpenStreetMap