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* Meet a fundraising threshold, in which a candidate must receive donations from 65,000 unique donors, with at least 200 unique donors per state in at least 20 states.<ref name=politico>{{cite news|author=David Siders|title=DNC announces fundraising, polling thresholds for early debates|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/02/14/dnc-fundraising-polling-early-debates-1170182|work=[[Politico]]|accessdate=February 14, 2019|date=February 14, 2019}}</ref> Candidates who wish to qualify using the fundraising threshold must present evidence to the DNC of their eligibility using donor data collected by [[ActBlue]] or [[NGP VAN]].<ref name="DNC-qualify"/>
* Meet a fundraising threshold, in which a candidate must receive donations from 65,000 unique donors, with at least 200 unique donors per state in at least 20 states.<ref name=politico>{{cite news|author=David Siders|title=DNC announces fundraising, polling thresholds for early debates|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/02/14/dnc-fundraising-polling-early-debates-1170182|work=[[Politico]]|accessdate=February 14, 2019|date=February 14, 2019}}</ref> Candidates who wish to qualify using the fundraising threshold must present evidence to the DNC of their eligibility using donor data collected by [[ActBlue]] or [[NGP VAN]].<ref name="DNC-qualify"/>

Based on some applied method assumptions about how the above two criteria checks will be calculated in further details by DNC - while also only conducting a simplified check based on unverified data for the second criteria, a source claimed that 16 out of those 19 candidates it had been tracking data for, already had met minimum one of the two criteria as of April 25. There will however be no certainty about who and how many candidates have qualified, until DNC publish those names.<ref name="Qualified candidates">{{cite news|author=Geoffrey Skelley|title=16 Candidates Now Qualify For The First Democratic Primary Debates|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/16-candidates-now-qualify-for-the-first-democratic-primary-debates/|work=FiveThirtyEight|accessdate=April 26, 2019|date=April 26, 2019}}</ref>


Should more than 20 candidates meet the above qualification criteria for the first two debates, the debate entrants will be winnowed to 20 candidates by a set of [[tiebreak|tiebreaking rules]] "that gives primacy to candidates meeting both thresholds, followed by the highest polling average, followed by the most unique donors."<ref name="DNC-qualify"/> DNC have not yet decided the exact details of how these tiebreaking rules will be operated and calculated, but will communicate this at a later date.<ref name="tiebreaking rules">{{cite news|author=Zach Montellaro|title=The early Democratic primary debate conundrum|url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/morning-score/2019/04/12/the-early-democratic-primary-debate-conundrum-582217|work=[[Politico]]|accessdate=April 26, 2019|date=April 12, 2019}}</ref>
Should more than 20 candidates meet the above qualification criteria for the first two debates, the debate entrants will be winnowed to 20 candidates by a set of [[tiebreak|tiebreaking rules]] "that gives primacy to candidates meeting both thresholds, followed by the highest polling average, followed by the most unique donors."<ref name="DNC-qualify"/> DNC have not yet decided the exact details of how these tiebreaking rules will be operated and calculated, but will communicate this at a later date.<ref name="tiebreaking rules">{{cite news|author=Zach Montellaro|title=The early Democratic primary debate conundrum|url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/morning-score/2019/04/12/the-early-democratic-primary-debate-conundrum-582217|work=[[Politico]]|accessdate=April 26, 2019|date=April 12, 2019}}</ref>

Revision as of 11:18, 26 April 2019

Template:2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries

The 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries and caucuses will be a series of electoral contests organized by the Democratic Party to select at least 3,200 delegates to the Democratic National Convention (number is subject to change as possible bonus delegates and penalties are not yet included, and does not include an additional 565 un-elected superdelegates) and determine the Democratic nominee for President of the United States in the 2020 U.S. presidential election.[1] The elections will take place within all fifty U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and five U.S. territories. An extra 764 unpledged delegates or superdelegates, including party leaders and elected officials, (number is subject to change due to possible deaths, resignations, accessions or selection as a pledged candidate) will be appointed by the party leadership independently of the primary's electoral process. The convention will also approve the party's platform and vice-presidential nominee.

Following the 2016 presidential elections, significant changes were proposed that would change the number and role of superdelegates in the nomination process.[2] Changes were enacted on August 25, 2018, which would allow superdelegates to vote on the first ballot at a convention only if it were uncontested.[3]

Background

After Hillary Clinton's loss in the previous election, the Democratic Party was seen as not having a clear leader.[4] There remained divisions in the party following the 2016 primaries which pitted Clinton against Bernie Sanders.[5][6] Between the 2016 election and the 2018 midterm elections, Senate Democrats have generally shifted to the political left in relation to college tuition, healthcare, and immigration.[7][8]

Soon after the 2016 general election, the division between Clinton and Sanders supporters was highlighted in the 2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election between Tom Perez and Keith Ellison.[9] Perez was elected Chairman and appointed Ellison as the Deputy Chair, a largely ceremonial role.[7][8] Several candidates began releasing serious policy proposals early in 2019 resulting in the "invisible primary" being more visible than in previous elections.

Reforms since 2016

On August 25, 2018, DNC members passed reforms to the Democratic Party's primary process in order to increase participation[10] and ensure transparency.[11] The reforms mandate that superdelegates refrain from voting on the first presidential nominating ballot unless a candidate has enough votes from pledged delegates (based on the outcomes of primaries and caucuses) that superdelegates would not overturn the will of the people. This does not preclude superdelegates from endorsing a candidate of their choosing. Caucuses are required to have absentee voting or to otherwise allow those who cannot participate in person to join in. State parties are encouraged to use a government-run primary and increase primaries' accessibility, including through same-day or automatic registration and same-day party switching.[10]

Candidates

Declared candidates

In addition to having filed with the Federal Election Commission to run for president in the Democratic Party primary in 2020 and having confirmed this by an official campaign announcement, the major candidates in this table below have either: (a) held public office; (b) been included in a minimum of five independent national polls; or (c) received substantial media coverage.[12][13][14][15][16][17]

Name Born Experience State Campaign
Announcement date
Ref.

Joe Biden
November 20, 1942
(age 81)
Scranton, Pennsylvania
Vice President of the United States (2009–2017)
U.S. Senator from Delaware (1973–2009)
Democratic candidate for president in 1988 and 2008

Delaware

Campaign
Campaign: April 25, 2019
[18]

Cory Booker
April 27, 1969
(age 55)
Washington, D.C.
U.S. Senator from New Jersey (2013–present)
Mayor of Newark, New Jersey (2006–2013)

New Jersey

Campaign
Campaign: February 1, 2019
FEC filing[19]
[20]

Pete Buttigieg
January 19, 1982
(age 42)
South Bend, Indiana
Mayor of South Bend, Indiana (2012–present)
Indiana

Campaign
Exploratory committee: January 23, 2019
Campaign: April 14, 2019

FEC filing[21]
[22]

Julián Castro
September 16, 1974
(age 49)
San Antonio, Texas
U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (2014–2017)
Mayor of San Antonio, Texas (2009–2014)

Texas

Campaign
Exploratory committee:
December 12, 2018
Campaign: January 12, 2019

FEC filing[23]
[24]

John Delaney
April 16, 1963
(age 61)
Wood-Ridge, New Jersey
U.S. Representative from MD-06 (2013–2019)
Maryland

Campaign
Campaign: July 28, 2017
FEC filing[25]
[26]

Tulsi Gabbard
April 12, 1981
(age 43)
Leloaloa, American Samoa
U.S. Representative from HI-02 (2013–present)
Hawaii

Campaign
Campaign: January 11, 2019
FEC filing[27]
[28]

Kirsten Gillibrand
December 9, 1966
(age 57)
Albany, New York
U.S. Senator from New York (2009–present)
U.S. Representative from NY-20 (2007–2009)

New York

Campaign
Exploratory committee:
January 15, 2019
Campaign: March 17, 2019

FEC filing[29]
[30]

Mike Gravel
May 13, 1930
(age 94)
Springfield, Massachusetts
U.S. Senator from Alaska (1969–1981)
Democratic and Libertarian candidate for president in 2008
Democratic candidate for vice president in 1972

California

Campaign
Exploratory committee:
March 19, 2019
Campaign: April 8, 2019

FEC filing[31]
[32]

Kamala Harris
October 20, 1964
(age 59)
Oakland, California
U.S. Senator from California (2017–present)
Attorney General of California (2011–2017)

California

Campaign
Campaign: January 21, 2019
FEC filing[33]
[34]

John Hickenlooper
February 7, 1952
(age 72)
Narberth, Pennsylvania
Governor of Colorado (2011–2019)
Mayor of Denver, Colorado (2003–2011)

Colorado

Campaign
Campaign: March 4, 2019
FEC filing[35]
[36]

Jay Inslee
February 9, 1951
(age 73)
Seattle, Washington
Governor of Washington (2013–present)
U.S. Representative from WA-01 (1999–2012)
U.S. Representative from WA-04 (1993–1995)

Washington
File:Jay Inslee 2020 presidential campaign logo.svg
Campaign
Campaign: March 1, 2019
FEC filing[37]
[38]

Amy Klobuchar
May 25, 1960
(age 64)
Plymouth, Minnesota
U.S. Senator from Minnesota (2007–present)
Minnesota

Campaign
Campaign: February 10, 2019
FEC filing[39]
[40]

Wayne Messam
June 7, 1974
(age 50)
South Bay, Florida
Mayor of Miramar, Florida (2015–present)
Florida

Campaign
Exploratory committee:
March 13, 2019
Campaign: March 28, 2019

FEC filing[41]
[42]

Seth Moulton
October 24, 1978
(age 45)
Salem, Massachusetts
U.S. Representative from MA-06 (2015–present)
Massachusetts

Campaign
Campaign: April 22, 2019
[43]

Beto O'Rourke
September 26, 1972
(age 51)
El Paso, Texas
U.S. Representative from TX-16 (2013–2019)
Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate from Texas in 2018

Texas

Campaign
Campaign: March 14, 2019
FEC filing[44]
[45]

Tim Ryan
July 16, 1973
(age 51)
Niles, Ohio
U.S. Representative from OH-13 and OH-17 (2003–present)
Ohio

Campaign
Campaign: April 4, 2019
FEC filing[46]
[47]

Bernie Sanders
September 8, 1941
(age 82)
Brooklyn, New York
U.S. Senator from Vermont (2007–present)
U.S. Representative from VT-AL (1991–2007)
Mayor of Burlington, Vermont (1981–1989)
Democratic candidate for president in 2016

Vermont

Campaign
Campaign: February 19, 2019
FEC filing[48]
[49]

Eric Swalwell
November 16, 1980
(age 43)
Sac City, Iowa
U.S. Representative from CA-15 (2013–present)
Member of the Dublin, California City Council (2010–13)

California

Campaign
Campaign: April 8, 2019
FEC filing[50]
[51]

Elizabeth Warren
June 22, 1949
(age 75)
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (2013–present)
Special Advisor for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (2010–2011)
Chair of the Congressional Oversight Panel (2008–2010)

Massachusetts

Campaign
Exploratory committee:
December 31, 2018
Campaign: February 9, 2019

FEC filing[52]
[53]

Marianne Williamson
July 8, 1952
(age 72)
Houston, Texas
Author, lecturer, and activist
Independent candidate for U.S. Representative from CA-33 in 2014

California

Campaign
Exploratory committee:
November 15, 2018
Campaign: January 28, 2019

FEC filing[54]
[55]

Andrew Yang
January 13, 1975
(age 49)
Schenectady, New York
Entrepreneur and founder of Venture for America
New York

Campaign
Campaign: November 6, 2017
FEC filing[56]
[57]

Beside the 19 major candidates listed above (Biden and Moulton have not yet filed), more than 200 other candidates have filed with the Federal Election Commission to run for president in the Democratic Party primary.[58] Among the other candidates, notable ones (as defined by Wikipedia standards) include:

  • Michael E. Arth, artist, builder, architectural and urban designer, and political scientist
  • Harry Braun, renewable energy consultant and researcher
  • Ken Nwadike Jr., documentary filmmaker, motivational speaker, and peace activist
  • Robby Wells, former college football coach

Withdrawn candidates

The candidates in this section have withdrawn or suspended their campaigns.

Candidate Born Experience State Campaign Ref

Richard Ojeda
September 25, 1970
(age 48)
Rochester, Minnesota
West Virginia State Senator (2016–2019)
Democratic nominee for U.S. Representative from WV-03 in 2018

West Virginia

Campaign
Announced: November 11, 2018
FEC filing[59]
Suspended: January 25, 2019

[60][61]

Individuals who have publicly expressed interest

Individuals in this section have expressed an interest in running for president within the last six months, as of April 2019. Some have formed leadership PACs that function as campaign committees.[62]

Declined to be candidates

These individuals have been the subject of speculation, but have publicly denied or recanted interest in running for president.

Debates

On December 20, 2018, Tom Perez, the chairman for the Democratic National Committee, announced the preliminary schedule for a series of official debates, set to begin in June 2019.[152]

On March 6, 2019, the Democratic National Committee announced that it would not partner with Fox News for any debates.[153] Fox News had last held a Democratic debate in 2003.[154]

Democratic primary debate schedule[155]
No. Date Time Place Sponsor(s) Participating candidates
1A June 26, 2019 TBD Miami NBC News, MSNBC, Telemundo[156] TBD
1B June 27, 2019 TBD Miami NBC News, MSNBC, Telemundo[156] TBD
2A July 30, 2019 TBD Detroit CNN[157] TBD
2B July 31, 2019 TBD Detroit CNN[157] TBD
3 August 2019 TBD TBD TBD TBD
4 September 2019 TBD TBD TBD TBD
5 October 2019 TBD TBD TBD TBD
6 November/December 2019 TBD TBD TBD TBD
7 January 2020 TBD TBD TBD TBD
8 January/February 2020 TBD TBD TBD TBD
9 February 2020 TBD TBD TBD TBD
10 February 2020 TBD TBD TBD TBD
11 March 2020 TBD TBD TBD TBD
12 April 2020 TBD TBD TBD TBD

First two debates

In order to qualify for the first two debates, debate entrants must either:

  • Meet a fundraising threshold, in which a candidate must receive donations from 65,000 unique donors, with at least 200 unique donors per state in at least 20 states.[158] Candidates who wish to qualify using the fundraising threshold must present evidence to the DNC of their eligibility using donor data collected by ActBlue or NGP VAN.[159]

Based on some applied method assumptions about how the above two criteria checks will be calculated in further details by DNC - while also only conducting a simplified check based on unverified data for the second criteria, a source claimed that 16 out of those 19 candidates it had been tracking data for, already had met minimum one of the two criteria as of April 25. There will however be no certainty about who and how many candidates have qualified, until DNC publish those names.[160]

Should more than 20 candidates meet the above qualification criteria for the first two debates, the debate entrants will be winnowed to 20 candidates by a set of tiebreaking rules "that gives primacy to candidates meeting both thresholds, followed by the highest polling average, followed by the most unique donors."[159] DNC have not yet decided the exact details of how these tiebreaking rules will be operated and calculated, but will communicate this at a later date.[161]

Each of the first two debates will take place during two consecutive nights, with a maximum of 10 candidates per night. For each of the two first debates, the DNC will draw lots among the candidates meeting either of the above thresholds to determine whether they will participate in the debate on the first or second night.[156][157]

Subsequent debates

According to DNC chairman Tom Perez, the qualification criteria for candidates to participate in the third debate and later debates are yet to be decided, but he expects them to evolve and become more strict to meet - resulting in fewer candidates qualifying for the subsequent debates. Qualification criteria for the third debate will be published by DNC "in ample time ahead of the third debate".[162][163]

Forums

In addition to the party-sponsored debates, several private organizations are hosting forums focusing on select issues and candidates.

  Forum completed
Name Issues Date Place Sponsors Participants Ref
Heartland Forum Economic issues affecting rural Americans March 30, 2019 Buena Vista University,
Storm Lake, Iowa
Open Markets Institute Action
HuffPost
Storm Lake Times
Iowa Farmers Union
Castro, Delaney, Klobuchar, Ryan, Warren [164][165]
We the People Membership Summit Democracy reform April 1, 2019 Warner Theatre,
Washington, D.C.
Center for Popular Democracy Action
Communications Workers of America
Planned Parenthood Action Fund
Service Employees International Union
SEIU 32BJ
Sierra Club
Booker, Castro, Gillibrand, Inslee, Klobuchar, O'Rourke, Sanders, Warren [166][167]
She the People Presidential Forum Issues affecting women of color April 24, 2019 Texas Southern University,
Houston, Texas
She the People Booker, Castro, Gabbard, Harris, Klobuchar, O'Rourke, Sanders, Warren [168][169]
National Forum on Wages and Working People: Creating an Economy that Works for All Economic issues affecting low-income Americans April 27, 2019 Las Vegas, Nevada Service Employees International Union

Center for American Progress Action Fund

Castro, Harris, Hickenlooper, Klobuchar, O'Rourke, Warren [170][171]
Asian American Pacific Islanders Progressive Democratic Presidential Forum Issues affecting Asian Pacific Americans September 8, 2019 Orange County, California AAPI Victory Fund
Asian Americans Rising
TBD [172][173]
N/A LGBT rights October 10, 2019 University of California, Los Angeles,
Los Angeles, California
Human Rights Campaign
University of California, Los Angeles
[174]

Timeline

Overview

Active
campaign
Exploratory
committee
Withdrawn
candidate
Midterm
elections
Iowa
caucuses
Super
Tuesday
Democratic
convention

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2017

John Delaney was the first major candidate to announce his campaign, two and a half years before the 2020 Iowa caucus.

2018

2019

Sen. Kamala Harris launched her bid on January 21, 2019.
Sen. Elizabeth Warren launched her bid on February 9, 2019
Sen. Bernie Sanders launched his second campaign on February 19, 2019.
Beto O'Rourke launched his bid on March 14, 2019.

2020

Democratic primary and caucus calendar by currently scheduled date
  February
  March 3 (Super Tuesday)
  March 7–8
  March 10
  March 17
  April 4–7
  April 28
  May
  June
  No scheduled 2020 date

The following anticipated primary and caucus dates are subject to change depending on legislation passed before the scheduled primary dates.[202]

As of April 2019, primaries and caucuses for the following states and territories are not yet scheduled, with 2016 dates in parentheses: American Samoa (March 1), Kansas (March 5), Northern Mariana Islands (March 12), Guam (May 7), Virgin Islands (June 4) caucuses; Georgia (March 1), Nebraska (March 5), New York (April 19) primaries. The New York primary is scheduled for February 4 for procedural reasons, but its date is expected to be amended,[202] with the Democratic draft delegate selection plan proposing April 28 as the date for the primary.[203]

National convention

The 2020 Democratic National Convention is scheduled to take place in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on July 13–16, 2020.[204][205][206]

In addition to Milwaukee, the DNC also considered bids from three other cities: Houston, Texas;[207] Miami Beach, Florida[208]; and Denver, Colorado. Denver, though, was immediately withdrawn from consideration by representatives for the city, who cited scheduling conflicts.[209]

Endorsements

Primary election polling

Campaign finance

This is an overview of the money used by each campaign as it is reported to the Federal Election Commission (FEC) and released on April 15, 2019. Totals raised include loans from the candidate and transfers from other campaign committees.

  Withdrawn candidate
Candidate Campaign committee to date (as of March 31)
Raised Ind. contrib. % <$200 Spent COH Debt
Joe Biden did not file
Cory Booker[210] $7,923,204.28 $5,044,390.15 15.97% $1,792,193.85 $6,131,010.43 $51,989.35
Pete Buttigieg[211] $7,091,224.39 $7,086,154.62 64.02% $685,294.77 $6,405,929.62 $0.00
Julian Castro[212] $1,321,028.83 $1,306,328.83 30.20% $643,374.11 $677,654.72 $19,284.83
John Delaney[213] $18,301,622.83 $1,681,310.19 6.96% $7,781,888.48 $10,567,864.85 $17,443,250.00
Tulsi Gabbard[214] $4,495,769.56 $1,949,074.92 54.75% $1,706,543.60 $2,789,225.96 $0.00
Kirsten Gillibrand[215] $12,601,580.23 $2,997,884.10 16.68% $2,433,078.05 $10,168,502.18 $0.00
Mike Gravel did not file
Kamala Harris[216] $13,243,550.83 $12,024,121.55 36.77% $4,285,426.01 $8,958,124.82 $65,000.00
John Hickenlooper[217] $2,020,682.57 $2,014,099.37 9.97% $685,513.84 $1,335,168.73 $0.00
Jay Inslee[218] $2,256,655.41 $2,255,455.41 34.00% $843,774.67 $1,412,880.74 $365,194.64
Amy Klobuchar[219] $8,832,322.42 $5,232,375.87 34.60% $1,849,949.25 $6,982,373.17 $0.00
Wayne Messam[220] $43,531.62 $43,531.62 26.58% $1,701.24 $41,830.38 $0.00
Seth Moulton did not file
Beto O'Rourke[221] $9,373,261.40 $9,369,861.40 59.15% $2,511,055.63 $6,862,205.77 $0.00
Tim Ryan did not file
Bernie Sanders[222] $20,688,027.24 $18,186,300.21 84.03% $5,026,076.88 $15,661,950.36 $0.00
Eric Swalwell did not file
Elizabeth Warren[223] $16,482,752.41 $6,016,435.38 70.30% $5,267,561.53 $11,215,190.88 $0.00
Marianne Williamson[224] $1,546,975.06 $1,544,697.39 60.39% $997,471.13 $549,503.93 $105,016.54
Andrew Yang[225] $2,387,536.53 $2,385,475.46 63.64% $1,286,812.67 $1,151,701.93 $0.00
Richard Ojeda[226] $119,477.74 $77,476.27 62.91% $117,475.76 $2,001.98 $44,372.93

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d This individual is not a member of the Democratic Party, but has been the subject of speculation or expressed interest in running under this party.
  2. ^ Schultz is considering running for president as an Independent candidate.

References

  1. ^ "The Green Papers". Retrieved March 6, 2019.
  2. ^ a b "DNC advances changes to presidential nominating process". USA TODAY. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  3. ^ Siders, David; Korecki, Natasha (August 25, 2018). "Democrats strip superdelegates of power in picking presidential nominee". Politico. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  4. ^ Easley, Jonathan (March 31, 2017). "For Democrats, no clear leader". The Hill. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  5. ^ Vyse, Graham (April 28, 2017). "The 2020 Democratic primary is going to be the all-out brawl the party needs". The New Republic. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  6. ^ Edsall, Thomas B. (September 7, 2017). "The Struggle Between Clinton and Sanders Is Not Over". The New York Times. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
  7. ^ a b Schor, Elana (December 30, 2017). "Dem senators fight to out-liberal one another ahead of 2020". Politico. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  8. ^ a b Miller, Ryan W. (June 29, 2018). "New York's Kirsten Gillibrand, Bill de Blasio echo progressive calls to 'abolish ICE'". USA Today. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
  9. ^ Abramson, Jill; Aronoff, Kate; Camacho, Daniel José (February 27, 2017). "After the divisive Democratic National Committee chair election, what's next?". The Guardian. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  10. ^ a b "DNC Passes Historic Reforms to the Presidential Nominating Process". Democrats.org. Democratic Party. August 25, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  11. ^ O'Malley Dillon, Jen; Cohen, Larry (October 2018). "Report of the Unity Reform Commission" (PDF). Democrats.org. Democratic Party. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  12. ^ Burns, Alexander; Flegenheimer, Matt; Lee, Jasmine C.; Lerer, Lisa; Martin, Jonathan (January 21, 2019). "Who's Running for President in 2020?". The New York Times. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  13. ^ Scherer, Michael; Uhrmacher, Kevin; Schaul, Kevin (May 14, 2018). "Who is hoping to challenge Trump for president in 2020?". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  14. ^ Krishnakumar, Priya; Hook, Janet (January 13, 2019). "Who's running for president and who's not". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  15. ^ Klahr, Renee; Sadiq, Alena; Montanaro, Domenico; Hurt, Alyson (January 31, 2019). "Which Democrats Are Running In 2020 — And Which Still Might". NPR. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  16. ^ de Vries, Karl; Kelly, Caroline (January 21, 2019). "Here are the Democrats who have said they're running for president". CNN. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  17. ^ "2020 presidential election: Track which candidates are running". Axios. January 11, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
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