Mundari language: Difference between revisions
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| dia1 = Bhumij<br/>Hasada<br/>Naguri<br/>Tamaria<br/>Kera |
| dia1 = Bhumij<br/>Hasada<br/>Naguri<br/>Tamaria<br/>Kera |
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| script = Mundari Bani, others: [[Odia script|Odia]], [[Devanagari]], [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali]], [[Latin script|Latin]] |
| script = [[Mundari Bani]], others: [[Odia script|Odia]], [[Devanagari]], [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali]], [[Latin script|Latin]] |
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| iso3 = unr |
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[[File:MundariLanguageScript.jpg|thumb|Mundari Bani (Mundari script)]] |
[[File:MundariLanguageScript.jpg|thumb|Mundari Bani (Mundari script)]] |
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'''Mundari''' ('''Munɖari''') is a [[Munda languages|Munda language]] of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language family spoken by the [[Munda people|Munda]] and [[Bhumij]] tribes in eastern Indian states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]]. It is closely related to [[Santali language|Santali]]. Mundari Bani |
'''Mundari''' ('''Munɖari''') is a [[Munda languages|Munda language]] of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language family spoken by the [[Munda people|Munda]] and [[Bhumij]] tribes in eastern Indian states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]]. It is closely related to [[Santali language|Santali]]. The Mundari language is written with the [[Mundari Bani]] alphabet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/mundaribani.htm|title=Mundari Bani}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/15/bms-to-intensify-agitation-on-mundari-language-1147760918.html|title=BMS to intensify agitation on Mundari language|website=oneindia.com|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161108183956/http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2012-Vol-1-2.pdf "Adivasi. Volume 52. Number 1&2. June&December 2012".] Page 22</ref> It has also been written in the [[Devanagari]], [[Oriya script|Odia]], [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]], and [[Latin script|Latin]] writing systems. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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==Mundari Bani== |
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{{Infobox writing system |
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| name = Mundari Bani |
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| languages = Mundari |
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| type = [[Alphabet]] |
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| time = 1982 to present |
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| direction = Left to right |
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| region = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Odisha, Jharkhand West Bengal, Assam]] |
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| creator = [[Rohidas Singh Nag]] |
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| date = 1982 |
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| fam1= original invention |
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<!-- | lc1 = unx |
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| ld1 = Kili (called "Munda" in the census) |
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| glottorefname = Mundari |
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| iso3 = unr |
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| glotto = mund1320 |
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| sample = Mundari in Mundari Bani script.png |
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| imagesize = 200px |
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| caption = 'Mundari' in Mundari Bani Script}} |
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The '''Mundari Bani''' script, also known as '''Mundari Bani Hisir''' (Mundari: ''Bani'' 'alphabet', ''Hisir'' 'writing'), and sometimes as the '''Mundari alphabet''', is the official writing system for Mundari, an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language recognized as an official regional language in [[India]]. It has 27 letters and 5 diacritics, the forms of which are intended to evoke natural shapes. The script is written from left to right. |
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[[File:MundariLanguageScript.jpg|thumb|Mundari Bani (Mundari Script)]] |
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An [[alphabet]]ic script developed for the language by community elder and author [[Rohidas Singh Nag]] was published in late 1980, and has seen limited but increasing use in literature, education, and computing. [[Rohidas Singh Nag]] of Chandua, Salbani Village in [[Mayurbhanj]] district is the inventor of ''Mundari Bani''. |
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===History=== |
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Rohidas Singh Nag was born on 5.2.1934 in Salbani village, [[Mayurbhanj]] district of Odisha. It was in the year 1949 Rohidas Singh Nag studying at class –III invented Mundari script and wrote the alphabets on the wall of school with the help of clay. In the year 1953, Nag was a student of class –VIII invented 35 alphabets of Mundari script. Further, Nag simplified Mundari script and in the year 1980 total 27 alphabets were selected for use. |
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In 1980 [[Rohidas Singh Nag]] brought to the knowledge of the then [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] Shri [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik|J.B. Pattnaik]] on the development of Mundari script and submitted a memorandum to recognize Munda language constitutionally. In 1999 [[Rohidas Singh Nag]] with others submitted a memorandum to the then [[president of India]] and appealed for constitutional recognition of [[Munda language]]. Mundari Samaj Sanwar Jamda (A Social Organisation of Munda community), Poda Astia, [[Mayurbhanj]] has been demanding to incorporate [[Munda language]] in the eighth schedule of the constitution of India, to air [[Munda language]] through All India Radio, further to establish a department of [[Munda language]] at North [[Odisha]] University, Baripada for higher studies. He was the first General Secretary of Mundari Samaj Sanwar Jamda. Different social organisations have felicitated [[Rohidas Singh Nag]]. In 1996 Academy of Tribal Dialects and Culture (A Research Institute of S.T and S.C. Development Department, Government of Odisha) for his significant contribution to tribal language and culture of Odisha in general and Munda language and culture in Particular. In 2004 by Bharat Munda Samaj and in 2010 at Balangi Mahostava in Baripada, he was also felicitated.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2012-Vol-1-2.pdf | title = page no.96, Adivasi, A Journal of Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI)| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161108183956/http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2012-Vol-1-2.pdf| archive-date = 8 November 2016}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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*Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005a. Mundari: the myth of a language without word classes. In ''Linguistic Typology'' 9.3, pp. 351–390. |
*Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005a. Mundari: the myth of a language without word classes. In ''Linguistic Typology'' 9.3, pp. 351–390. |
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*Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005b. Mundari and argumentation in word-class analysis. In ''Linguistic Typology'' 9.3, pp. 442–457 |
*Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005b. Mundari and argumentation in word-class analysis. In ''Linguistic Typology'' 9.3, pp. 442–457 |
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*Hengeveld, Kees & Jan Rijkhoff. 2005. Mundari as a flexible language. In ''Linguistic Typology'' 9.3, pp. 406–431. |
*Hengeveld, Kees & Jan Rijkhoff. 2005. Mundari as a flexible language. In ''Linguistic Typology'' 9.3, pp. 406–431. |
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*Newberry, J. (2000). ''North Munda dialects: Mundari, Santali, Bhumia''. Victoria, B.C.: J. Newberry. {{ISBN|0-921599-68-4}} |
*Newberry, J. (2000). ''North Munda dialects: Mundari, Santali, Bhumia''. Victoria, B.C.: J. Newberry. {{ISBN|0-921599-68-4}} |
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===Texts=== |
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*{{cite book|author=Johann Hoffmann|title=Mundari grammar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280908|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1903|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press}} |
*{{cite book|author=Johann Hoffmann|title=Mundari grammar|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280908|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1903|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press}} |
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*{{cite book|author=J. C. Whitley|title=A Mundári Primer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrowAQAAMAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1873|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press}} |
*{{cite book|author=J. C. Whitley|title=A Mundári Primer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrowAQAAMAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1873|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press}} |
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*{{cite book|author=Carl Gustav Rudolph Eduard Alfred Nottrott|title=Grammatik der Kolh-Sprache|url=https://archive.org/details/grammatikderkolh00nottuoft|access-date=25 August 2012|place=Gütersloh|year=1882|publisher=Druck von C. Bertelsmann}} |
*{{cite book|author=Carl Gustav Rudolph Eduard Alfred Nottrott|title=Grammatik der Kolh-Sprache|url=https://archive.org/details/grammatikderkolh00nottuoft|access-date=25 August 2012|place=Gütersloh|year=1882|publisher=Druck von C. Bertelsmann}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Four gospels in Mundari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KekpAAAAYAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1881|publisher=Bible Society}} |
*{{cite book|title=Four gospels in Mundari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KekpAAAAYAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1881|publisher=Bible Society}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
Revision as of 11:10, 17 May 2021
Mundari | |
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मुंडारी, মুন্ডারি, ମୁଣ୍ଡାରୀ | |
![]() 'Mundari' in Mundari Bani script | |
Native to | India, Bangladesh, Nepal |
Ethnicity | Munda, Bhumij |
Native speakers | 1,661,656 (2011 census)[1] |
Austroasiatic
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Dialects |
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Mundari Bani, others: Odia, Devanagari, Bengali, Latin | |
Official status | |
Official language in | ![]()
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Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | unr |
Glottolog | mund1320 |
ELP | Bhumij |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/MundariLanguageScript.jpg/220px-MundariLanguageScript.jpg)
Mundari (Munɖari) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken by the Munda and Bhumij tribes in eastern Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal. It is closely related to Santali. The Mundari language is written with the Mundari Bani alphabet.[2][3][4] It has also been written in the Devanagari, Odia, Bengali, and Latin writing systems.
History
According to linguist Paul Sidwell (2018), Munda languages probably arrived on coast of Odisha from Indochina about 4000–3500 years ago and spread after Indo-Aryan migration to Odisha.[5]
Geographical distribution
Mundari is spoken in the Ranchi, Khunti, Seraikela Kharsawan and West Singhbhum, East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, and in the Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar, Baleshwar, Sundargarh district of Odisha by at least 1.1 million people.[6] Another 500,000, mainly in Odisha and Assam, are recorded in the census as speaking "Munda," potentially another name for Mundari.
Dialects
Toshiki Osada (2008:99), citing the Encyclopaedia Mundarica (vol. 1, p. 6), lists the following dialects of Mundari, which are spoken mostly in Jharkhand state.
- Hasada ([hasa-daʔ]): east of the Ranchi-Chaibasa Road
- Naguri ([naguri]): west of the Ranchi-Chaibasa Road
- Tamaria ([tamaɽ-ia]) or Latar: Panchpargana area (Bundu, Tamar, Silli, Baranda, and Rahe)
- Kera ([keraʔ]): ethnic Oraon who live in the Ranchi city area
Bhumij, listed in many sources as a separate language, may in fact be a variety of the Latar (Tamaria) dialect of Mundari. It is spoken across Jharkhand state and in Mayurbhanj district, Odisha (Anderson 2008:196). There may be around 50,000 Bhumij speakers, although the census records around 27,000.[7]
Phonology
The phonology of Mundari is similar to the surrounding closely related Austroasiatic languages but considerably different from either Indo-Aryan or Dravidian. Perhaps the most foreign phonological influence has been on the vowels. Whereas the branches of Austroasiatic in Southeast Asia are rich in vowel phonemes, Mundari has only five. The consonant inventory of Mundari is similar to other Austroasiatic languages with the exception of retroflex consonants, which seem to appear only in loanwords. (Osada 2008)
Vowels
Mundari has five vowel phonemes. All vowels have long and short as well as nasalized allophones, but neither length nor nasality are contrastive. All vowels in open monosyllables are quantitatively longer than those in closed syllables, and those following nasal consonants or /ɟ/ are nasalized. Vowels preceding or following /ɳ/ are also nasalized.
Front | Central | Back | |
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Close | i | u | |
Mid | e | o | |
Open | a |
Consonants
Mundari's consonant inventory consists of 23 basic phonemes. The Naguri and Kera dialects include aspirated stops as additional phonemes, here enclosed in parentheses.
Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
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Stop | voiceless | p | t̪ | ʈ | t͡ɕ | k | ʔ |
aspirated | (pʰ) | (t̪ʰ) | (ʈʰ) | (t͡ɕʰ) | (kʰ) | ||
voiced | b | d̪ | ɖ | d͡ʑ | g | ||
Fricative | s̪ | h | |||||
Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Approximant | w | l | ɽ | j | |||
Trill | r |
Counting
Mundari | Transliteration | Translation |
---|---|---|
मिसा | Missa | Once |
बरसा | Birsa | Twice |
अपिसा | Apisa | Thrice |
उपनुसा | Upnisa | four times |
मोंड़ेसा | Mondesa | Five times |
तुरिसा | Turisa | Six times |
ए'सा | Eh sa | Seven times |
इरलसा | Erklsa | Eight Times |
अरे-सा | Are sa | Nine times |
गेलसा | Gelsa | Ten times |
Gel Miyad | ... | Eleven |
Gel Bariya | ... | Twelve |
, Apiya | ... | Thirteen |
, Upuna | ... | Fourteen |
, Modeya | ... | Fifteen |
, Turiya | ... | Sixteen |
, Eya | ... | Seventeen |
, Iriliya | ... | Eighteen |
, Areya | ... | Nineteen |
Mid Hisi | ... | Twenty |
Hisi Miyad | ... | Twenty-one |
Mid hisi Gel | ... | Thirty |
Hisi Gel Miyad | ... | Thirty-one |
Bar Hisi | ... | Forty |
Bar Hisi Miyad | ... | Forty-one |
Bar Hisi Gel | ... | Fifty |
Aapi Hisi | ... | Sixty |
Aapi Hisi Gel | ... | Seventy |
Upun Hisi | ... | Eighty |
Upun Hisi Gel | ... | Ninety |
Mid Saaye | ... | One hundred |
Bar Saaye | ... | Two hundred |
Mid Hazar | ... | One thousand |
Mid Lak | ... | One lakh |
Relations
Mundari | Transliteration | Translation |
---|---|---|
ऐंन्गा | Enga | Mother |
आपूम | Apum | Father |
हग्गा | Hagga | Brother |
मिस्सी | Missi | Sister |
गुया | Guya | Sister/brother of sister/brother in law |
गतिंग | Gatin | Friend |
Hon koda | ... | Son |
Hon Kudi | ... | Daughter |
Verb
Mundari | Transliteration | Translation |
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रिकाएआ | Rikā'ē'ā | Does |
ओलेआ | Ol'ē'ā | Write |
जगरेआ | Jagor'ē'ā | Talk |
पढ़वएआ | Padv'ē'ā | Read |
लेलेआ | Lel'ē'ā | Look / see |
सेनेआ | Sen'ē'ā | Come along with |
नमेआ | Nem'ē'ā | Found |
निरेआ | Nir'ē'ā | Run |
सबेआ | Sab'ē'ā | Hold |
लेका एआ | Leka'ē'ā | Count |
मुकाएआ | Muka'ē'ā | Measure |
रिका एआ | Rika'ē'ā | Cut |
Hedem | ... | Sweet |
Kete-e | ... | Hard |
Lebe-e | ... | Soft |
Singi | ... | Sun |
Chandu-u | ... | Moon |
Ipil | ... | Stars |
Sirma | ... | Sky |
Ote Dishum | ... | Earth |
Rimil | ... | cloud |
Hoyo | ... | Air/Wind |
Gitil | ... | Sands |
Dhudi | ... | Dust |
Losod | ... | Muddy |
Hodomo | ... | Body |
Tasad | ... | Grass |
Daru | ... | Tree |
Sakam | ... | Leaf |
Dayir | ... | Branches of Tree |
References
- ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- ^ "Mundari Bani".
- ^ "BMS to intensify agitation on Mundari language". oneindia.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
- ^ "Adivasi. Volume 52. Number 1&2. June&December 2012". Page 22
- ^ Sidwell, Paul. 2018. "Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018". Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, May 22, 2018.
- ^ "Mundari". ethnologue.
- ^ "Keeping Munda in mind". Pune Mirror. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Bibliography
- Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005a. Mundari: the myth of a language without word classes. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 351–390.
- Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005b. Mundari and argumentation in word-class analysis. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 442–457
- Hengeveld, Kees & Jan Rijkhoff. 2005. Mundari as a flexible language. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 406–431.
- Newberry, J. (2000). North Munda dialects: Mundari, Santali, Bhumia. Victoria, B.C.: J. Newberry. ISBN 0-921599-68-4
- Johann Hoffmann (1903). Mundari grammar. Bengal Secretariat Press. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- J. C. Whitley (1873). A Mundári Primer. Bengal Secretariat Press. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- Carl Gustav Rudolph Eduard Alfred Nottrott (1882). Grammatik der Kolh-Sprache. Gütersloh: Druck von C. Bertelsmann. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- Four gospels in Mundari. Bible Society. 1881. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). 2008. The Munda languages. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.
- Osada Toshiki. 2008. "Mundari". In Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). The Munda languages, 99–164. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.
8.https://omniglot.com/writing/mundaribani.htm 9.https://omniglot.com/writing/mundari.htm
External links
- Mundari Bibliography at Department of Linguistics, University of Osnabrueck, Germany
- Detailed language map of eastern Nepal, see language #68 in green along eastern border
- http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
- http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AA-C@view Mundari language in RWAAI Digital Archive