Jump to content

Smartphone

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by MadenssContinued (talk | contribs) at 16:25, 18 October 2014 (Discussing OS market shares in the introduction to smart phones seems silly - if someone doesn't know what a smart phone is, then what is the relevance to the reader?). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

"Smartphones" redirects here. For the song by Trey Songz, see SmartPhones (song).
Samsung Galaxy S5 - Android Smartphone (pictured: the camera and heart rate sensor)

A smartphone (or smart phone) is a mobile phone with more advanced computing capability and connectivity than basic feature phones.[1][2][3]Smartphones typically include the features of a phone with those of another popular consumer device, such as a personal digital assistant, a media player, a digital camera, and/or a GPS navigation unit. Later smartphones include all of those plus the features of a touchscreen computer, including web browsing, Wi-Fi, 3rd-party apps, motion sensor and mobile payment.

History

Early years

Devices that combined telephony and computing were first conceptualized by Theodore G. Paraskevakos in 1971 and patented in 1973, and were offered for sale beginning in 1993. He was the first to introduce the concepts of intelligence, data processing and visual display screens into telephones which gave rise to the "Smartphone." In 1971, Paraskevakos, working with Boeing in Huntsville, Alabama, demonstrated a transmitter and receiver that provided additional ways to communicate with remote equipment, however it did not yet have general purpose PDA applications in a wireless device typical of smartphones. They were installed at Peoples' Telephone Company in Leesburg, Alabama and were demonstrated to several telephone companies. The original and historic working models are still in the possession of Paraskevakos.[citation needed]

Forerunners

IBM Simon and charging base (1993[4])

The first mobile phone to incorporate PDA features was an IBM prototype developed in 1992 and demonstrated that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show. A refined version of the product was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator. The Simon was the first device that can be properly referred to as a "smartphone", even though that term was not yet coined.[5][6][7] In addition to its ability to make and receive cellular phone calls, Simon was also able to send and receive faxes and e-mails and included several other apps like address book, calendar, appointment scheduler, calculator, world time clock, and note pad through its touch screen display. Simon is the first smartphone to be incorporated with the features of a PDA[8]

The term "smart phone" appeared in print in 1995, for describing AT&T's "PhoneWriter(TM) Communicator" as a "smart phone".[9]

PDAs

In the late 1990s, many mobile phone users carried a separate dedicated PDA device, running early versions of operating systems such as Palm OS, BlackBerry OS or Windows CE/Pocket PC.[1] These operating systems would later evolve into mobile operating systems.

In 1996, Nokia released the Nokia 9000 which combined a PDA based on the GEOS V3.0 operating system from Geoworks with a digital cellular phone based on the Nokia 2110. The two devices were fixed together via a hinge in what became known as a clamshell design. When opened, the display was on the inside top surface and with a physical QWERTY keyboard on the bottom. The personal organizer provided e-mail, calendar, address book, calculator and notebook with text-based web browsing, and the ability to send and receive faxes. When the personal organizer was closed, it could be used as a digital cellular phone.

In June 1999, Qualcomm released a "CDMA Digital PCS Smartphone" with integrated Palm PDA and Internet connectivity, known as the "pdQ Smartphone".[10]

In early 2000, the Ericsson R380 was released by Ericsson Mobile Communications,[11] and was the first device marketed as a "smartphone".[12] It combined the functions of a mobile phone and a personal digital assistant (PDA), supported limited web browsing with a resistive touchscreen utilizing a stylus.[13]

In early 2001, Palm, Inc. introduced the Kyocera 6035, which combined a PDA with a mobile phone and operated on Verizon. It also supported limited web browsing.[14][15]

Smartphones before Android, iOS, and Blackberry, typically ran on Symbian, which was originally developed by Psion. It was the world's most widely used smartphone operating system until Q4 2010.

Mass adoption

In 1999, the Japanese firm NTT Docomo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country. These phones ran on i-mode, which provided data transmission speeds up to 9.6 kbit/s.[16] Unlike future generations of wireless services, NTT Docomo's i-mode used cHTML, a language which restricted some aspects of traditional HTML in favor of increasing data speed for the devices. Limited functionality, small screens and limited bandwidth allowed for phones to maximize the slower data speeds available.[17]

The rise of i-mode helped NTT Docomo accumulate an estimated 40 million subscribers by the end of 2001. It was also ranked first in market capitalization in Japan and second globally. This power would wane in the face of the rise of 3G and new phones with advanced wireless network capabilities.[18]

Outside of Japan smartphones were still a rare feature, although throughout the mid-2000s, devices based on Microsoft's Windows Mobile started to gain high popularity among businessmen and businesswomen in the U.S. The BlackBerry later gained mass adoption in the U.S., which in 2006 popularized the term CrackBerry due to its addictive nature.[19] The company first released its GSM BlackBerry 6210, BlackBerry 6220, & BlackBerry 6230 devices in 2003. Also released was the Blackberry 7730 which featured a color screen.[20] In 2006 and 2007, both operating systems were in a large lead in the North American market, although while BlackBerry was popular among both business people and young people, Windows Mobile was only popular in the former.

These successive waves of phone technology allowed users to email, fax and make traditional calls, making it a useful tool for business travelers. As the Blackberry gained customers, less sophisticated users were attracted to its many communication options.

In Europe, Windows Mobile was never a large player in the market, and BlackBerry didn't make a notable impact in the market until around 2008. Symbian was the most popular smartphone OS in Europe during the mid and late 2000s. This was largely led by Nokia, which has always been a popular brand outside of North America. Initially Nokia's Symbian devices were focused on business, the same way as Windows Mobile and BlackBerry devices at the time. From 2006 onwards, Nokia started to make entertainment-focused smartphones, which were popularized by the Nseries. The N95, for instance, had breakthrough multimedia features for its time, and marked the start of a broader market of smartphones within younger people, and not just business. In Asia (except Japan), the trend was similar to Europe's.

Another company that made a breakthrough was the Palm. Although originally PDAs, Palms later turned into business-focused smartphones, largely competing with BlackBerry and Windows Mobile in the U.S. market, and was less popular in Europe and Asia.

All leaders of the 2000s suffered following the release of the iPhone.

iPhone & Android

In 2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first mobile phones to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical for smartphones at the time.[21] 2008 saw the release of the first phone to use Android called the HTC Dream (also known as the T-Mobile G1).[22][23] Android is an open-source platform founded by Andy Rubin and backed by Google.[24][25] Although Android's adoption was relatively slow at first, it started to gain widespread popularity in 2010, and now dominates the market.

Both of these platforms led to the drop of the previous leading companies. Microsoft, for instance, started a new OS from scratch, in the form of Windows Phone, which is now the third largest OS. Nokia abandoned Symbian and partnered with Microsoft to use Windows Phone on its smartphones. Palm was bought by Hewlett-Packard, turned into webOS, and later demised. BlackBerry also made a new system from scratch, BlackBerry 10.

The iPhone also had a knock-on effect on smartphone form factors. Before 2007 it was common for devices to have a numeric keypad or QWERTY keyboard in either a candybar or sliding form factor. However, by 2010, there were no top-tier smartphones with numeric keypads. As of 2014, BlackBerry Limited – with a 0.6% share of the market in Q4 2013[26] – is the sole remaining brand of high-end smartphones with physical keyboards.

The future

In 2013, the Fairphone company launched its first "socially ethical" smartphone at the London Design Festival to address concerns regarding the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing.[27] In late 2013, QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed entirely around security, encryption and identity protection.[28] In December 2013, the world's first curved-OLED technology smartphones were introduced to the retail market with the sale of the Samsung Galaxy Round and LG G Flex models.[29]

Foldable OLED smartphones could be as much as a decade away because of the cost of producing them. There is a relatively high failure rate when producing these screens. As little as a speck of dust can ruin a screen during production. Creating a battery that can be folded is another hurdle.[30] Samsung fully foldable phones are expected around 2016 to 2017.[31]

A clear thin layer of crystal glass can be added to small screens like watches and smartphones that make them solar powered. Smartphones could gain 15% more battery life during a typical day. The first smartphones using this technology should arrive in 2015. This screen can also work to receive Li-Fi signals and so can the smartphone camera.[32] The cost of these screens per smartphone is between $2 and $3, much cheaper than most new technology.[33]

Near future smartphones might not have a traditional battery as their sole source of power. Instead, they may pull energy from radio, television, cellular or Wi-Fi signals.[34]

In early 2014, smartphones are beginning to use Quad HD (2K) 2560x1440 on 5.5" screens with up to 534 ppi on devices such as the LG G3 which is a significant improvement over Apple's retina display. Quad HD is used in advanced televisions and computer monitors, but with 110 ppi or less on such larger displays.[35]

In 2014, Wi-Fi will continue to become the primary network for smartphones. As these devices do more and more with data and Wi-Fi becomes more prevalent and easier to connect to, Wi-Fi First smartphones service will start to take off.[36][37][38]

Since 2013, water and dustproofing have made their way into mainstream high end smartphones instead of specialist models with the Sony Xperia Z continuing through the Sony Xperia Z2 and also from other manufacturers with the Samsung Galaxy S5.[39]

Mobile operating systems

Main article: Mobile operating system

Android

Main article: Android (operating system)
Android 4.4.2 home screen

Android is an open-source platform founded in October 2003 by Andy Rubin and backed by Google, along with major hardware and software developers (such as Intel, HTC, ARM, Motorola and Samsung) that form the Open Handset Alliance.[24][25] In October 2008, HTC released the HTC Dream, the first phone to use Android.[22][23] The software suite included on the phone consists of integration with Google's proprietary applications, such as Maps, Calendar, and Gmail, and a full HTML web browser. Android supports the execution of native applications and third-party apps which are available via Google Play, which launched in October 2008 as Android Market. By Q4 2010, Android became the best-selling smartphone platform.[40]

iOS

Main article: iOS
File:IPhone 2G PSD Mock.png
The original iPhone (2007)

In 2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first mobile phones to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad as typical for smartphones at the time.[21] In July 2008, Apple introduced its second generation iPhone with a much lower list price and 3G support. Simultaneously, they introduced the App Store, which allowed any iPhone to install third-party native applications. Featuring over 500 applications at launch,[41] the App Store eventually achieved 1 billion downloads in the first year, and 15 billion by 2011.[42][43]

Windows Phone

Main article: Windows Phone

In February 2010, Microsoft unveiled Windows Phone 7 with a User Interface inspired by Microsoft's "Metro Design Language", to replace Windows Mobile. Windows Phone 7 integrates with Microsoft services such as Microsoft SkyDrive, Office, Xbox and Bing, as well as non-Microsoft services such as Facebook, Twitter and Google accounts. This software platform runs the Microsoft Mobile smartphones, and has received some positive reception from the technology press and been praised for its uniqueness and differentiation.[44][45][46]

Firefox OS

Main article: Firefox OS

Firefox OS (originally called the boot to gecko project) was demonstrated by Mozilla in February 2012. It was designed to have a complete community based alternative system for mobile devices, using open standards and HTML5 applications. The first commercially available Firefox OS phones were ZTE Open and Alcatel One Touch Fire. As of 2014 more companies have partnered with Mozilla including Panasonic (which is making a smart TV with Firefox OS) and Sony.[47]

Sailfish OS

Main article: Sailfish OS

The Sailfish OS is based on the Linux kernel and Mer.[48] Additionally Sailfish OS includes a partially or completely proprietary multi-tasking user interface programmed by Jolla. This user interface differentiate Jolla smartphones from others.[49] Sailfish OS is intended to be a system made by many of the MeeGo team, which left Nokia to form Jolla, utilizing funding from Nokia's "Bridge" program which helps establish and support start-up companies formed by ex-Nokia employees.[50][51][52]

Tizen

Main article: Tizen

Tizen is a Linux-based operating system for devices, including smartphones, tablets, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) devices, smart TVs, laptops and smart cameras. Tizen is a project within the Linux Foundation and is governed by a Technical Steering Group (TSG) composed of Samsung and Intel among others. In April 2014, Samsung released the Samsung Gear 2 and the Gear 2 Neo, running Tizen.[53]

Ubuntu Touch

Main article: Ubuntu Touch

Ubuntu Touch (also known as Ubuntu Phone) is a mobile version of the Ubuntu operating system developed by Canonical UK Ltd and Ubuntu Community.[54] It is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers.

BlackBerry

Main article: BlackBerry
File:Blackberry Z10.jpg
BlackBerry Z10 from 2013

In 1999, RIM released its first BlackBerry devices, providing secure real-time push-email communications on wireless devices. Services such as BlackBerry Messenger provide the integration of all communications into a single inbox. There are 80 million active BlackBerry service subscribers and the 200 millionth BlackBerry smartphone was shipped in September 2012.[55] Most recently, RIM has undergone a platform transition, changing its name to BlackBerry and making new devices on a new platform named "BlackBerry 10."[56]

Symbian

Main article: Symbian

Symbian was originally developed by Psion as EPOC32. It was the world's most widely used smartphone operating system until Q4 2010, though the platform never gained popularity or widespread awareness in the U.S., as it did in Europe and Asia. The first Symbian phone, the touchscreen Ericsson R380 Smartphone, was released in 2000,[57][58] and was the first device marketed as a "smartphone".[59] It combined a PDA with a mobile phone.[60] In February 2011, Nokia announced that it would replace Symbian with Windows Phone as the operating system on all of its future smartphones, with the platform getting abandoned throughout the following few years.[61]

Windows Mobile

Main article: Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile was based on the Windows CE kernel and first appeared as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system. Throughout its lifespan, the operating system was available in both touchscreen and non-touchscreen formats. It was supplied with a suite of applications developed with the Microsoft Windows API and was designed to have features and appearance somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows. Third parties could develop software for Windows Mobile with no restrictions imposed by Microsoft. Software applications were eventually purchasable from Windows Marketplace for Mobile during the service's brief lifespan. Windows mobile was phased out in favor of Windows Phone.

Palm OS

Main article: Palm OS

In late 2001, Handspring launched their own Springboard GSM phone module with limIn. Early 2002, Handspring released the Palm OS Treo smartphone with both a touch screen and a full keyboard. The Treo had wireless web browsing, email, calendar, a contact organizer and mobile third-party applications that could be downloaded or synced with a computer.[62] Handspring was soon acquired by Palm, which released the Treo 600 and continued, though the series eventually took on Windows Mobile. After buying Palm, Inc, in 2011 Hewlett-Packard (HP) finally discontinued its smartphones and tablets production using webOS which is initial developed by Palm, Inc.[63]

Bada

Main article: Bada

The Bada operating system for smartphones was announced by Samsung in November 2009.[64][65] The first Bada-based phone was the Samsung Wave S8500, released in June 2010.[66][67][68] Samsung shipped 4.5 million phones running Bada in Q2 of 2011.[69] In 2013, Bada merged with a similar platform called Tizen.

Application stores

Main article: List of digital distribution platforms for mobile devices

The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized manufacturer-hosted online distribution for third-party applications (software, computer programs) focused on a single platform. Up until that point, smartphone application distribution depended on third-party sources providing applications for multiple platforms, such as GetJar, Handango, Handmark, and PocketGear.

Following the success of the App Store, other smartphone manufacturers launched application stores, such as Google's Android Market in October 2008 and RIM's BlackBerry App World in April 2009.

Market share

Smartphone usage

In the third quarter of 2012, one billion smartphones were in use worldwide.[70] Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for features phones in early 2013.[71] As of 2013, 65 percent U.S. mobile consumers own smartphones.[72] The European mobile device market as of 2013 is 860 million.[73] In China, smartphones represented more than half of all handset shipments in the second quarter of 2012.[74]

As of November 2011, 27% of all photographs were taken with camera-equipped smartphones.[75] A study conducted in September 2012 concluded that 4 out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop.[76] Another study conducted in June 2013 concluded that 56% of American adults now owned a smartphone of some kind. Android and iPhone owners account for half of the cell phone user population. Higher income adults and those under age 35 lead the way when it comes to smartphone ownership.[77]

Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion units in 2013 (up 38% from 2012's 725 million) while comprising a 55% share of the mobile phone market in 2013 (up from 42% in 2012).[78]

By manufacturer

Samsung smartphones with Android OS

In 2013, Samsung had 31.3 percent shipment market share, a slight increase from 30.3 percent in 2012, while Apple was at 15.3 percent, a decrease from 18.7 percent in 2012. Huawei, LG and Lenovo were at about 5 percent each, significantly better than 2012 figures, while others had about 40 percent, the same as the previous years figure. Only Apple lost market share, although their shipment volume still increased by 12.9 percent; the rest had significant increases in shipment volumes of 36 to 92 percent.[79] In Q1 of 2014, Samsung had a 31% share and Apple had 16%.[80]

By operating system

Main article: Mobile operating system

The market has been dominated by the Android operating system since 2010. Android's market share (measured by units shipment) rose from 33.2% in Q4 2011 to 78.1% of the market in Q4 2013. Apple managed to oscillate their market share between 15% to 20.9% during the same period. BlackBerry's market share fell from 14.3% in Q4 2011 to 0.6% in Q4 2013. MS Windows Mobile market share rose from 1.5% to 3% during the same time frame.[26]

As of the end of Q2 2014, Android was the most popular operating system, with a 84.7% market share, followed by iOS with 11.7%, Windows Phone with 2.5% and BlackBerry with 0.5%.[81]

Historical sales figures (in millions of units)

Year Android (Google) iOS (Apple) Windows Mobile/Phone (Microsoft) BlackBerry (former RIM) Symbian (Nokia) Palm/WebOS (Palm/HP) Bada (Samsung) Other
2007[82] 3.3 14.7 11.77 77.68 1.76
2008[82] 11.42 16.5 23.15 72.93 2.51
2009[83] 6.8 24.89 15.03 34.35 80.88 1.19
2010[84] 67.22 46.6 12.38 47.45 111.58
2011[85] 219.52 89.26 8.77 51.54 93.41 9.6 14.24
2012[86] 451.62 130.13 16.94 34.21 15.9 47.20
2013[86] 758.72 150.79 30.84 18.61 8.82
2014 q1[87] 229 43.7 6.2 3.4 .3
2014 q2[88] 255 7.4

Issues

Battery life

A high-capacity portable battery charger

Compared to current generation non-smartphones, smartphone's battery life has generally been poor which has become a significant drain on customer satisfaction.[89][90][91]

Environmental

Obtaining the resources required to create smartphones involves the mining of minerals such as coltan, which are toxic to humans and wildlife.[92] Other raw materials, such as oils, copper, plastics, and solvents, have the potential to contaminate both the soil and groundwater.[92] Smartphones also contain toxic chemicals such as lead, bromine, chlorine, mercury, and cadmium.[93]

The improper recycling of used smartphones damages the environment.[94] Mobile phones can contain dangerous chemicals such as antimony, cadmium, copper, lead, arsenic, nickel and zinc,[92] which can run off into surrounding water bodies or seep into soil contaminating wildlife and drinking water.[95]

Worker conditions

The capacitors in electronics use minerals mined in developing countries. Mines in Democratic Republic of the Congo, for example, have been associated with human rights and labor rights violations.[96] Workers, including children, have been forced to work at gunpoint while mining for smartphone materials.[96]

The electronics soldering in smartphones require tin, 30% of which comes from the Indonesian islands of Bangka and Belitung. The tin extraction process has been identified as environmentally destructive and, as of September 2013, children are employed in hazardous conditions to extract tin.[97]

Social

Main article: Smartphone addiction

A University of Southern California study found that the unprotected adolescent sexual activity was more common amongst owners of smartphones.[98] A study conducted by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's (RPI) Lighting Research Center (LRC) concluded that smartphones, or any backlit devices, can seriously affect sleep cycles.[99]

Main article: Smartphone wars

A "patent war" between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original Galaxy S Android phone copied the interface—and possibly the hardware—of Apple's iOS for the iPhone 3GS.

Main article: Mobile medical apps

With the raise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place, government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications. These concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives world wide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice.[100]

Security

Main articles: Mobile security, Malware, Mobile virus, and Media Transfer Protocol

Smartphone malware is more easily distributed through application stores that have minimal or no security mechanisms.[101][102] Often malware is hidden in pirated versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed through 3rd party app stores.[103][104] Malware risk also comes from what's known as an "update attack", where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install when they are notified that the app has been updated.[105]

One out of two robberies involve the theft of a mobile phone. An online petition urging that smartphone makers to install kill switches in their devices is underway.[106]

In order to minimize the chances of being a victim of theft of mobile devices, there have been several apps created to help those out that may be in a dangerous situation. There are now apps that may aid in personal security by providing immediate assistance.

Disturbing sleep

Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep due to the bright screen light affecting melatonin levels and sleep cycles.[107][108][109][110]

Other terms

"Phablet", a portmanteau of the words phone and tablet, describes smartphones with larger screens.[111][112]

"Superphone" is also used by some companies to market phones with unusually large screens and other expensive features.[113][114]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Smartphone". Phone Scoop. Retrieved 2011-12-15. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ "Feature Phone". Phone Scoop. Retrieved 2011-12-15. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  3. ^ Andrew Nusca (20 August 2009). "Smartphone vs. feature phone arms race heats up; which did you buy?". ZDNet. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  4. ^ "Watch The Incredible 70-Year Evolution Of The Cell Phone". Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  5. ^ Sager, Ira (2012-06-29). "Before IPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphone". Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 2012-06-30. Simon was the first smartphone. Twenty years ago, it envisioned our app-happy mobile lives, squeezing the features of a cell phone, pager, fax machine, and computer into an 18-ounce black brick.
  6. ^ Schneidawind, John (1992-11-23). "Poindexter putting finger on PC bugs; Big Blue unveiling". USA Today. p. 2B.
  7. ^ Connelly, Charlotte. "World's first 'smartphone' celebrates 20 years". BBC News. BBC News. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  8. ^ History of first touchscreen smartphone Spinfold.com
  9. ^ Savage, Pamela (January 1995). "Designing a GUI for Business Telephone users". Association of Computing Machinery. Retrieved 2014-09-13. ...It is at this point that early usability test participants met impasse. The switch connected to our "smart phone" is expecting the typical "dumb end-point"... AT&T's PhoneWriter was demonstrated at the 1993 Comdex Computer Show...
  10. ^ "Qualcomm s pdQ Smartphone". qualcomm.com. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  11. ^ "PDA Review: Ericsson R380 Smartphone". Geek.com. Retrieved 27 April 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  12. ^ "Ericsson Introduces The New R380e". Mobile Magazine. Retrieved 27 April 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  13. ^ "Ericsson R380 World Review & Rating". PCMag.com. Retrieved 27 April 2011. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  14. ^ "Kyocera QCP 6035 Smartphone Review". Palminfocenter.com. 2001-03-16. Retrieved 2011-09-07.
  15. ^ Segan, Sascha (2010-03-23). "Kyocera Launches First Smartphone In Years | News & Opinion". PCmag.com. Retrieved 2011-09-07.
  16. ^ Rose, Frank (Sep 2001). "Pocket Monster: How DoCoMo's wireless Internet service went from fad to phenom - and turned Japan into the first post-PC nation". Wired. 9 (9). Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  17. ^ Barnes, Stuart J, Huff, Sid L. (November 2003/Vol. 46, No. 1). Rising Sun: iMode and the Wireless Internet. Communications of the ACM. pp. 79–84. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Anwar, Sayid Tariq. "NTT DoCoMo and M-Commerce: A Case Study in Market Expansion and Global Strategy" (PDF). The American Graduate School of International Management. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
  19. ^ "Info Addicts Are All Thumbs: Crackberry Is the 2006 Word of the Year". PR Newswire. Nov 1, 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  20. ^ Halevy, Ron. "The History of RIM & the BlackBerry Smartphone, Part 3: The Evolution Of Color". Retrieved 16 February 2014.
  21. ^ a b "The iPhone is not a smartphone". Engadget.com. 9 January 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  22. ^ a b "T-Mobile G1 Hits the UK" (Press release). T-Mobile UK. 30 October 2008.
  23. ^ a b "T-Mobile G1 Event Round-up" (Press release). Talk Media Inc. US. 22 October 2008.
  24. ^ a b "Alliance Members". Open Handset Alliance. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  25. ^ a b The Android Atlas Cnet.com. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  26. ^ a b "IDC: Smartphone OS Market Share". Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  27. ^ George Monbiot (23 September 2013). "Why is Apple so shifty about how it makes the iPhone?". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  28. ^ Darrell Etherington (10 October 2013). "Quasar IV Encrypted Ninja Smartphone Goes Into Production, Despite Indiegogo Failure". TechCrunch. AOL Inc. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  29. ^ Ian King (16 December 2013). "Bendable smartphones aren't coming anytime soon". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  30. ^ Bendable smartphones aren't coming anytime soon, The Sydney Morning Herald, Ian King, 16 December 2013
  31. ^ Samsung Phone With Bended Display May Come This Year, LAPTOP, 11 February 2014, Lisa Eadicicco
  32. ^ An Internet of Light: Going Online with LEDs and the First Li-Fi Smartphone, Motherboard Beta, Brian Merchant
  33. ^ Your next phone may charge and receive data through this incredible screen, Digital Trends, 19 January 2014, Jeffrey Van Camp
  34. ^ Building a Better Battery, NY Times, 2 February 2014, BRIAN X. CHEN and NICK BILTON
  35. ^ Steve Dent (February 18, 2014). "Do you really need a 4K smartphone screen?".
  36. ^ [1], Wired, 8 January 2014, Alan Berrey
  37. ^ [2], LightReading, 30 December 2013, Sarah Reddy
  38. ^ [3], PC Mag, 16 October 2013, Stephanie Mlot
  39. ^ Rindu P Hestya (March 1, 2014). "Sony Xperia Z2 Ready to Compete With Samsung Galaxy S5".
  40. ^ "Android sales overtake iPhone in the US". Gigaom. 2 August 2010.
  41. ^ "iPhone 3G on Sale Tomorrow". Press Release. Apple Inc. 2008-07-10. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
  42. ^ "Apple's App Store Downloads Top 1.5 Billion in First Year". Press Release. Apple Inc. July 14, 2009. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  43. ^ "Apple's App Store Downloads Top 15 Billion". Press Release. Apple Inc. July 7, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  44. ^ "Windows Phone 7 Series is official, and Microsoft is playing to win". Engadget. 2010-02-15. Retrieved 2011-09-07.
  45. ^ Matt Buchanan (2010-02-15). "Windows Phone 7 Series: Everything Is Different Now". Gizmodo.com. Retrieved 2011-09-07.
  46. ^ Devin Coldewey (2010-02-15). "Windows Phone 7 Series: Our Take | TechCrunch". Crunchgear.com. Retrieved 2011-09-07.
  47. ^ Feb 26 2013 (2013-02-25). "Sony Mobile Plans to Release Firefox OS Devices by 2014". Mozilla Philippines. Retrieved 2014-06-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ "The Sailfish OS Wiki". The Sailfish OS Wiki. Retrieved 14 March 2013. {{cite web}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  49. ^ "Jolla OS Will Run Android Apps Says CEO Jussi Hurmola".
  50. ^ "Many former Nokia employees start businesses of their own", Helsingin Sanomat
  51. ^ Lunden, Ingrid. "Nokia Bridge: Nokia's Incubator Gives Departing Employees €25k And More To Pursue Ideas That Nokia Has Not". techcrunch.com. techcrunch.com. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  52. ^ Tung, Liam. "Inside Nokia Bridge: How Nokia funds ex-employees' new start-ups". zdnet.com. © 2013 CBS Interactive. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  53. ^ Techradar (2014-02-23). "Samsung's wrist reboot: Gear 2 and Gear 2 Neo unveiled". Techradar. Retrieved 2014-02-23.
  54. ^ Backed by Canonical | Ubuntu
  55. ^ 100 millionth BlackBerry smartphone shipped in June 2010
  56. ^ Kevin McLaughlin (December 17, 2009). "BlackBerry Users Call For RIM To Rethink Service". CRN.com. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  57. ^ "PDA Review: Ericsson R380 Smartphone". Geek.com. Retrieved 2011-12-15. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  58. ^ "Symbian Device – The OS Evolution" (PDF). Independent Symbian Blog. Retrieved 2011-12-15. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  59. ^ "Ericsson Introduces The New R380e". Mobile Magazine. Retrieved 2011-12-15. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  60. ^ Brown, Bruce. "Ericsson R380 World, Review & Rating". PCMag.com. Retrieved 2011-12-15. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  61. ^ "Nokia, Microsoft in pact to rival Apple, Google – Technology & Science". CBC.ca. Associated Press. 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  62. ^ Stephen H. Wildstrom (November 30, 2001). "Handspring's Breakthrough Hybrid". Businessweek.com. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
  63. ^ "HP To Stop Making webOS Smartphones, Might License the OS to Others". Retrieved November 26, 2013.
  64. ^ Ed Hansberry (11 November 2009). "Samsung Bailing on Windows Mobile". InformationWeek.
  65. ^ "Samsung to Discard Windows Phone". Telecoms Korea. 9 November 2009.
  66. ^ "Samsung Wave, first Bada smartphone hits the market". Bada. 24 May 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
  67. ^ "BadaWave". BadaWave. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
  68. ^ "Samsung Waves away a million". The Inquirer. 13 July 2010.
  69. ^ "Samsung Bada shipments up 355% to 4.5 million units in Q2 2011 | asymco news | PG.Biz". Pocket Gamer. Retrieved 2011-09-07.
  70. ^ Don Reisinger (17 October 2012). "Worldwide smartphone user base hits 1 billion". CNet. CBS Interactive, Inc. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  71. ^ "Smartphones now outsell 'dumb' phones". 3 News NZ. April 29, 2013.
  72. ^ Jon Fingas (February 11, 2014). "Two-thirds of Americans now have smartphones".
  73. ^ "European Mobile Market". telecoms market research. CMSinfo. 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
  74. ^ beyondbrics (2012-08-24). "Apple in China: not as cool as before". ft.com. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
  75. ^ Erica Ogg (22 December 2011). "Smartphones killing point-and-shoots, now take almost 1/3 of photos". GIGAOM. GIGAOM. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
  76. ^ Leena Rao (19 September 2012). "comScore: 4 Out Of 5 Smartphone Owners Use Device To Shop; Amazon Is The Most Popular Mobile Retailer". TechCrunch. AOL Inc. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
  77. ^ http://boletines.prisadigital.com/PIP_Smartphone_adoption_2013.pdf
  78. ^ "Worldwide Smartphone Shipments Top One Billion Units for the First Time, According to IDC". IDC. January 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-27.
  79. ^ Jon Fingas (January 28, 2014). "Smartphone sales may have topped 1 billion in 2013, depending on who you ask". Engadget.
  80. ^ Steven Millward (May 13, 2014). "Xiaomi breaks into global top 10 for smartphone shipments, kicks out HTC". Tech In Asia. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
  81. ^ "Smartphone OS Market Share, Q2 2014". Retrieved September 27, 2014.
  82. ^ a b Gartner Says Worldwide Smartphone Sales Reached Its Lowest Growth Rate With 3.7 Per Cent Increase in Fourth Quarter of 2008. Gartner.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-09.
  83. ^ Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales to End Users Grew 8 Per Cent in Fourth Quarter 2009; Market Remained Flat in 2009. Gartner.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-09.
  84. ^ Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Device Sales to End Users Reached 1.6 Billion Units in 2010; Smartphone Sales Grew 72 Percent in 2010. Gartner.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-09.
  85. ^ "Quarterly Device Sales In 2011" (Infographic). Mobile Statistics. Mobile Statistics. 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  86. ^ a b Gartner Says Annual Smartphone Sales Surpassed Sales of Feature Phones for the First Time in 2013. Gartner.com. Retrieved on 2014-07-24.
  87. ^ Cite error: The named reference http://communities-dominate.blogs.com/brands/2014/06/final-q1-smartphone-market-shares-top-10-brands-os-platforms-and-installed-base.html was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  88. ^ Cite error: The named reference http://www.idc.com/prodserv/smartphone-os-market-share.jsp was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  89. ^ "J.D. Power and Associates Reports: Smartphone Battery Life has Become a Significant Drain on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty". Retrieved 11 September 2014.
  90. ^ ZDNet - The secret behind poor smartphone battery life
  91. ^ Time - Peak Battery: Why Smartphone Battery Life Still Stinks, and Will for Years
  92. ^ a b c Ebersole, R 2003, 'Recycle Cell Phones, Reduce Toxic Trash', National Wildlife (World Edition), 41, 4, p. 14, Science Reference Center, EBSCOhost, retrieved 14 August 2013.
  93. ^ 'Mobile phones a pollution risk'2007, New Scientist, 194, 2600, p. 23, Science Reference Center, EBSCOhost, retrieved 14 August 2013.
  94. ^ "Cellphones: a pollution risk environment" 2007, Science news and science jobs from New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19426006.500-cellphones-a-pollution-risk.html. Retrieved on 14 August 2013.
  95. ^ Wall, Tim. (October 5, 2012) "Cellphones toxic to humans and Earth". http://news.discovery.com/earth/cell-phones-toxic-121005.html. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  96. ^ a b “Coltan: a new blood mineral”. (2010, December 10). CBC.ca– Technology and Science. http://www.cbc.ca/new s /technology/story/2010/12/10/coltan-faq.html. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  97. ^ "Mobile industry tackles tin problems after Friends of the Earth campaign" (Press release). Friends of the Earth. Friends of the Earth Trust/Limited. 31 July 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  98. ^ "SMARTPHONES make TEENS have SEX with STRANGERS."
  99. ^ Colaner, Seth (27 August 2012). "our Tablet and Smartphone Could Be Ruining Your Sleep". Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  100. ^ Yetisen, A. K., Martinez-Hurtado, J. L., et al (2014). The regulation of mobile medical applications. Lab on a Chip, 14(5), 833-840. dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3LC51235E
  101. ^ Mobile Malware Development Continues To Rise, Android Leads The Way.
  102. ^ Mylonas Alexios; Tsoumas Bill; Dritsas Stelios; Gritzalis Dimitris (2011). 8th International Conference on Trust, Privacy & Security in Digital Business (TRUSTBUS-2011). Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. pp. 49–61.
  103. ^ "The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived". Android Police. March 6, 2011. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  104. ^ Perez, Sarah (2009-02-12). "Android Vulnerability So Dangerous, Owners Warned Not to Use Phone's Web Browser". Readwriteweb.com. Retrieved 2011-08-08.
  105. ^ "Lookout, Retrevo warn of growing Android malware epidemic, note Apple's iOS is far safer". Appleinsider.com. 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
  106. ^ Aldax, Mike "Plea Urges Anti-Theft Phone Tech" San Francisco Examiner Friday, June 7, 2013 Page 5:
  107. ^ Luisa Dillner. "Should I keep my smartphone and tablet out of my bedroom? | Life and style". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-06-17.
  108. ^ "Are smartphones disrupting your sleep?". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2014-06-17.
  109. ^ Mahesh Sharma. "Switching off your smartphone at night makes you more productive". Smh.com.au. Retrieved 2014-06-17.
  110. ^ One of the best biological cues we have to [tell] what time of day it is, is light. And it turns out that blue light in particular is very effective at basically predicting when morning is,” Brian Zoltowski from the American Chemical Society [4]
  111. ^ "Is the Market Ready for a Phablet?", Forbes, 7 February 2012, retrieved 2012-08-15
  112. ^ Enter the Phablet: A History of Phone-Tablet Hybrids, pcmag.com, Sasha Segan, February 13, 2012
  113. ^ What Makes a Smartphone a Superphone? Mashable.com
  114. ^ Superphone vs smartphone: what's the difference? Techradar.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smartphone&oldid=630122510"