Stateless nation
![]() | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state[1] and is not the majority population in any nation state.[2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country).[3][4] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. Nations without state are classified as fourth-world nations.[5][6][7] Some of the stateless nations have a history of statehood, some were always a stateless nation, dominated by another nation.
The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'Écosse, une nation sans État about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. Devine.[8]
Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yakthung Limbu People residing in east of Nepal, includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) India and north-western part of Bangladesh as the Yakthung Limbuwan nation[9] and Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was invaded in 1951 by the People's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.[10][11] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians were once part of a multinational state of Yugoslavia; since the breakup of Yugoslavia many nation states were formed).
Stateless nations can have large populations; for example the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which make them one of the largest stateless nations.[12] Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, Cantabrians, Bercians, Catalans, Canarians, Castilians, Basques, Aragonese, Galicians, Asturians, Valencians and Andalusians within Spanish State, or the Brahui, Santhals, Assamese, Maithils and Balochs in South Asia, or Rohingya in Myanmar, and Kabyle people within Algeria in North Africa.[13] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same awareness of being a stateless nation. In Spain, only Basques and Catalans have claimed their right of self-determination, which in the Basque country gave rise to the militant movement ETA, and in the case of Catalonia, has led to multiple attempts to secede from Spain during the past four centuries, as an independent Catalan Republic.
As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states without being considered "stateless nations".
Nation-states and nations without states
The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in early modern Western Europe (18th century) and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national-statehood.[4]
Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation-states. The proportion was estimated to be 3 percent by Minahan. The rest are distributed in one or more states. Of the 192 member states of the United Nations in 2006, fewer than 20 are nation-states. Thus nation-states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.[4]
Consequences of colonialism and imperialism
During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland and this resulted in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and have since been described as stateless nations.[14] Some nations have been victims of "carve out" and their homeland was divided among several countries. Even today the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These often differ from cultural boundaries. This results in situations where people of the same language or culture are divided by national borders, for example New Guinea splits as West Papua (former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (former British colony).[15] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts.[16][17][18][19] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and become victims of atrocities such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, Exploitation of labour and natural resources.[20][21]
Nationalism and stateless nations
People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs or religion can turn into a nation by awakening of national consciousness.[22] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.[23] In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in Britain English nationalism, Scottish nationalism and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism.[24] Nationalism is often connected to separatism, because a nation achieves completeness through its independence.[25]
Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world.[26][27][28][29] Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.[30][31]
Not all peoples claim that they are nations or aspire to be states. Some see themselves as part of the multinational state and they believe that their interests are well represented in it. This is also associated with Pan-nationalism (Indian nationalism or Chinese nationalism).[32]
Claims of stateless nations
![]() | This section possibly contains original research. (October 2020) |
![]() |
![]() |
The following is a list of ethnic and national groups that has been described as stateless nations in reliable sources [which?]:
Formerly stateless nations
Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. Examples include Greeks before the Greek War of Independence,[98] Irish people before the Irish War of Independence[99] and the Jews until the 1948 Israeli declaration of independence.[100] During the breakup of the USSR and the breakup of Yugoslavia, several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state.[101]
See also
- Diaspora
- Ethnic nationalism
- European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
- Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
- List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
- List of federally recognized tribes
- List of First Nations peoples
- List of unrecognized tribes in the United States
- Multinational state
- Non-FIFA international football
- Self-determination
- Sovereignty
- Stateless person
- Stateless society
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Notes
References
- ^ Dictionary Of Public Administration, U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.
- ^ Frank L. Kidner; Maria Bucur; Ralph Mathisen; Sally McKee; Theodore R. Weeks (2013), Making Europe: The Story of the West, Volume II: Since 1550, Cengage Learning, p. 668, ISBN 978-1-285-50027-0
- ^ Osborne, Louise; Russell, Ruby (27 December 2015). "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'". Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ a b c Chouinard, Stéphanie (2016), "Stateless nations", in Karl Cordell; Stefan Wolff (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict, Routledge, pp. 54–66, ISBN 9781317518921
- ^ David Newman, Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity
- ^ Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective, Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.
- ^ Language in Geographic Context, Colin H. Williams, 39p.
- ^ Verdugo, Richard R.; Milne, Andrew (1 June 2016). National Identity: Theory and Research. IAP. p. 85. ISBN 9781681235257 – via Google Books.
- ^ The letters dispatched by the (Hangtumyahang) presidend Nir Kumar Sambahangphe Limbu of Yakthung Limbuwan National Council (YLNC) to the president of Nepal, Hon'ble Bidya Devi Bhandari, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the President of India, Hon'ble Ram Nath Kovind as a LETTER OF GRIEVANCES to release Yakthung Limbuwan as an Independent nation from Stateless nation in 19th June 2020.
- ^ Clark, Gregory, In fear of China, 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."
- ^ "The Legal Status of Tibet". Cultural Survival.
- ^ "Who are the Kurds?". TRT World.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, pp. 59–60, 79–80, 366–367
- ^ Redie Bereketeab, Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State
- ^ Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18, The Globalization of Political Violence: Globalization's Shadow
- ^ Cultural Analysis: Towards Cross-cultural Understanding (2006), Hans Gullestrup, 130p.
- ^ Ethnicity and Christian leadership in west African sub-region: proceedings of the conference of the fifteenth CIWA Theology Week held at the Catholic Institute of West Africa (2004), Port Harcourt, p.272
- ^ Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940–1943 (2013), H. James Burgwyn, Chapter V
- ^ Ethnic Groups in Conflict (2009), Karl Cordell, Stefan Wolff
- ^ Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict
- ^ Bruce E. Johansen, Resource Exploitation in Native North America: A Plague upon the Peoples
- ^ George W. White, Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe
- ^ Understanding National Identity by David McCrone, Frank Bechhofer, p.22
- ^ Unionist-Nationalism: Governing Urban Scotland, 1830–1860 by Graeme Morton, 1999
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C
- ^ Nationalism and Globalisation (2015), Stephen Tierney
- ^ The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination.
- ^ Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p.
- ^ "Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens". saisjournal.org.
- ^ The delegates were linked with the Scottish group ‘SNP Friends of Catalonia’, which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country's hopes of self-determination. "Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement". commonspace.scot.
- ^ The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona. The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. "EFA brings stateless nations even closer". European Free Alliance.
- ^ Ian Adams, Political Ideology Today p.73
- ^ India, Sri Lanka and the Tamil crisis, 1976-1994: an international perspective (1995), Alan J. Bullion, p.32.
- ^ Religious Nationalism: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook, Atalia Omer, Jason A. Springs (2013)
- ^ Kirişci, Kemal; Winrow, Gareth (1997), The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-state Ethnic Conflict, Rootledge
- ^ The World Factbook (Online ed.). Langley, Virginia: US Central Intelligence Agency. 2015. ISSN 1553-8133. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
- ^ "The Kurdish population". Institutkurde.org.
- ^ "Benue-Congo languages". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ^ John A. Shoup III, Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.237
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.178
- ^ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
- ^ The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA), the vanguard of national liberation struggle in Assam, was formed on 7th April 1979 to bear the historic responsibility of spearheading the armed democratic struggle with the ultimate aim of establishing an independent socialist sovereign Assam.
- ^ "About Uyghurs | Uyghur American Association". uyghuramerican.org.
- ^ Abbas Shiblak. "Stateless Palestinians" (PDF). FMR.
- ^ Syed Farooq Hasnat, Pakistan 2011 p.82
- ^ "The Kabyle People". Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ "Iran". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.13
- ^ Duany 2008, p. 8: Public and academic debates about whether Puerto Rico has its own national identity have always been fraught with strong political repercussions because of the Island's colonial relations, first with Spain and now with the United States. For decades, the main conceptual and political paradox in the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico has been the growing popularity of cultural nationalism, together with the weakness of the local movement to establish a separate nation-state. Culturally speaking, Puerto Rico now meets most of the objective and subjective characteristics of conventional views of the nation, among them a shared language, territory, and history. The Island also possesses many of the symbolic attributes of a nation, such as a national system of universities, museums, and other cultural institutions; a national tradition in literature and the visual arts; and even a national representation in international sports and beauty contests. Most important, the vast majority of Puerto Ricans imagine themselves as distinct from Americans as well as from other Latin American and Caribbean peoples (Morris 1997).
- ^ Keating, Michael (2001), Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Second ed.), Palgrave
- ^ a b c d Fiend, Julius (2012), Stateless Nations: Western European Regional Nationalisms and the Old Nations, Palgrave
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.402
- ^ a b Keating, Michael (2001), Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Second ed.), Palgrave
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.422
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K 2002 p.677
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World 2016 p.352
- ^ "Assessment for Lozi in Zambia". Minorities at Risk. Archived from the original on 2010-06-03. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ "Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España". La Vanguardia. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ Jeffrey Cole, Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.235
- ^ James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.1714
- ^ Acehnese. Encyclopædia Britannica. ©2016 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved on July 8, 2016.
- ^ Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, International Migration in Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2004, p.267
- ^ "UNPO: Assyria". Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ Jeffrey Cole, Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia 2011 p.38
- ^ Larry Clark. Turkmen Reference Grammar. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998; p. 11. ISBN 9783447040198
- ^ Fiend, Julius (2012), Stateless Nations: Western European Regional Nationalisms and the Old Nations, Palgrave
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z 2002 p.870
- ^ "Aragonese in Spain". joshuaproject.net.
- ^ "Eurominority – La solidarité avec le peuple palestinien". Archived from the original on 2006-06-23.
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations, James Minahan, pg. 1661
- ^ Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez (2011). Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe : Minority People in Search of Recognition. Y Lolfa Cyf. pp. 70. ISBN 978-1847713797.
- ^ "La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo – Cronaca – L'Unione Sarda.it". 11 January 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- ^ "The Amazing Ryukyu Culture". kcpwindowonjapan.com. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
- ^ a b James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z 2002 p.1915
- ^ Christopher Blomquist, A Primary Source Guide to Chile 2005 p.15
- ^ James B. Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K 2002 p.211
- ^ James Stuart Olson, The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary 1996 p.183
- ^ "Census 2011 – final results".
- ^ "Statistics" (PDF). portal.statistics.sk.
- ^ "The Institute for European Studies, Ethnological institute of UW" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-08-16.
- ^ "Kaschuben heute: Kultur-Sprache-Identität" (PDF) (in German). pp. 8–9. Retrieved 2016-01-03.
- ^ "Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula". Reuters.
- ^ Mariano Aguirre, Vers la fin du conflit au Sahara occidental, Espoirs de paix en Afrique du Nord Latine in: Le Monde diplomatique, Novembre 1997
- ^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009). "World Population Prospects, Table A.1" (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Sakha (Yakutia) Since the Fall of the Soviet Union". GeoCurrents. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
- ^ "Cham". Minority Rights Group.
- ^ Anaibin, Zoia Vasil'evna (1995-07-01). "The Contemporary Ethnic Situation in Tuva". Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 34 (1): 42–59. doi:10.2753/AAE1061-1959340142. ISSN 1061-1959.
- ^ "Sikkim Bhutia Lepcha Apex Committee (SIBLAC) :: Welcome". www.siblac.org.
- ^ Minahan, James (2002-05-30). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z [4 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 1731. ISBN 9780313076961.
- ^ The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010
- ^ "Итоги переписи населения Таджикистана 2000 года: национальный, возрастной, половой, семейный и образовательный составы". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
- ^ Hossain, Kamrul; Maruyama, Hiroshi (2016-01-02). "Japan's admission to the Arctic Council and commitment to the rights of its indigenous Ainu people". The Polar Journal. 6 (1): 169–187. doi:10.1080/2154896X.2016.1170998. ISSN 2154-896X. S2CID 156065978.
- ^ Schweitzer, Peter P.; Biesele, Megan; Hitchcock, Robert K. (2000). Hunters and Gatherers in the Modern World: Conflict, Resistance, and Self-determination. Berghahn Books. p. 206. ISBN 9781571811028.
- ^ "Rights declaration" (PDF). archives.cap.anu.edu.au.
- ^ Legrand, Christine (2013-01-15). "Easter Island issues Chile with independence threat". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
- ^ East, 101. "The Fight for Rapa Nui". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
{{cite web}}
:|first=
has numeric name (help) - ^ Romero, Simon (2012-10-06). "Slow-Burning Rebellion Against Chile on Easter Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
- ^ Triandafyllidou, A.; Paraskevopoulou, A. (2002). "When is the Greek Nation? The Role of Enemies and Minorities". Geopolitics. 7 (2): 75–98. doi:10.1080/714000936. S2CID 143865718.
- ^ McClure, J. Derrick; Szatek-Tudor, Karoline; Penna, Rosa E. (13 September 2010). "What Countrey's This? And Whither Are We Gone?": Papers presented at the Twelfth International Conference on the Literature of Region and Nation (Aberdeen University, 30th July – 2nd August 2008). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4438-2520-7.
- ^ McClimans, Alam and Melinda (2016). "Nation States and Stateless Nations". Keys to Understanding the Middle East. The Ohio State University.
- ^ Connolly, Christopher (2013). "Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union". Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law. 24 (1): 51–105. ISSN 1053-6736.
Sources
- Keating, Michael (2001), Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Second ed.), Palgrave
- Levinson, David, ed. (1998), Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, Phoenix, AZ: The Oryx Press, ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1
- Minahan, James, ed. (2002), Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World, Westport: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-31617-3
- Bodlore-Penlaez, Mikael, ed. (2011), Atlas of Stateless Nations in Europe, minority peoples in search of recognition, Ceredigion: Y Lolfa, ISBN 978-1-84771-379-7
- Duany, Jorge (2008). "Nation on the move: the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora". American Ethnologist. 27 (1). Wiley: 5–30. doi:10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.5. ISSN 0094-0496.