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List of tallest buildings

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by B137 (talk | contribs) at 04:58, 19 September 2023 (→See also: 100). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other tall constructions, see List of tallest structures and List of tallest buildings and structures.

The 828-metre (2,717 ft) tall Burj Khalifa in Dubai has been the tallest building since 2010.[1] The Burj Khalifa has been classified as megatall.[2]
A diagram showing the tallest buildings as of 2023

Tall buildings, such as skyscrapers, are intended here as enclosed structures with continuously occupiable floors and a height of at least 340 metres (1,120 ft). Such definition excludes non-building structures, such as towers.

History

Main article: History of the world's tallest buildings

Historically, the world's tallest man-made structure was the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, which held the position for over 3800 years[3] until the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in 1311. The Strasbourg Cathedral in France, completed in 1439, was the world's tallest building until 1874.

The first skyscraper was pioneered in Chicago with the 138 ft (42.1 m) Home Insurance Building in 1885. The United States would remain the location of the world's tallest building throughout the 20th century until 1998, when the Petronas Towers were completed. Since then, two other buildings have gained the title: Taipei 101 in 2004 and Burj Khalifa in 2010.[4] Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Middle East, China, and Southeast Asia have experienced booms in skyscraper construction.[5]

Ranking criteria and alternatives

The international non-profit organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) was formed in 1969 and announces the title of "The World's Tallest Building" and sets the standards by which buildings are measured. It maintains a list of the 100 tallest completed buildings in the world.[6] The organization currently ranks Burj Khalifa in Dubai as the tallest at 828 m (2,717 ft).[6] However, the CTBUH only recognizes buildings that are complete, and some buildings included within the lists in this article are not considered finished by the CTBUH.

In 1996, as a response to the dispute as to whether the Petronas Towers or the Sears Tower was taller,[7] the council listed and ranked buildings in four categories:[8]

  • height to structural or architectural top;
  • height to floor of highest occupied floor;
  • height to top of roof (removed as category in November 2009);[9] and
  • height to top of any part of the building.

All categories measure the building from the level of the lowest significant open-air pedestrian entrance.[10]

Spires are considered integral parts of the architectural design of buildings, changes to which would substantially change the appearance and design of the building, whereas antennas may be added or removed without such consequences. The Petronas Towers, with their spires, are thus ranked higher than the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) with its antennas, despite the Petronas Towers' lower roofs and lower highest point.[8]

Until 1996, the world's tallest building was defined by the height to the top of the tallest architectural element, including spires but not antennae.[8] In 1930, this definitional argument led to a rivalry between the Bank of Manhattan Building and the Chrysler Building. The Bank of Manhattan Building (i.e. 40 Wall Street) employed only a short spire, was 282.5 m (927 ft) tall, and had a much higher top occupied floor (the second category in the 1996 criteria for tallest building). In contrast, the Chrysler Building employed a very large 38.1 m (125 ft) spire secretly assembled inside the building to claim the title of world's tallest building with a total height of 318.9 m (1,046 ft), although it had a lower top occupied floor and a shorter height when both buildings' spires were excluded.

Upset by Chrysler's victory, Shreve & Lamb, the consulting architects of the Bank of Manhattan Building, wrote a newspaper article claiming that their building was actually the tallest, since it contained the world's highest usable floor, at 255 m (837 ft). They pointed out that the observation deck in the Bank of Manhattan Building was nearly 30 m (98 ft) above the top floor in the Chrysler Building, whose surpassing spire was strictly ornamental and inaccessible.[11]

The Burj Khalifa currently tops the list by some margin, regardless of which criterion is applied.[12][13]

Tallest buildings in the world

As of 25 November 2024, this list includes all 93 buildings (completed and architecturally topped out) that reach a height of 340 metres (1,120 ft) or more, as assessed by their highest architectural feature. The building is considered as architecturally topped out when it is under construction, structurally topped out, fully clad, and the highest finished architectural elements are in place.[10]

Of these buildings, almost half are in China. Six of the last seven buildings to have held the record as 'tallest building' are still found in the list, with the exception being the North Tower of the original World Trade Center at 417 metres (1,368 ft) after its destruction in the September 11 attacks of 2001. If the Twin Towers were never destroyed, and One World Trade Center was never built, the WTC towers would rank 35 and 36 on the list today.

bold Denotes building that is or was once the tallest in the world
Rank Name Image Coordinates City Country Height[14] Floors Year Notes
m ft
1 Burj Khalifa 25°11′50″N 55°16′27″E / 25.19722°N 55.27417°E / 25.19722; 55.27417 Dubai  United Arab Emirates 828 2,717 163 (+ 2 below ground)[15] 2010
2 Merdeka 118 3°8′30″N 101°42′2″E / 3.14167°N 101.70056°E / 3.14167; 101.70056 Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 678.9 2,227 118 (+ 5 below ground)[16] 2023
3 Shanghai Tower 31°14′7.8″N 121°30′3.6″E / 31.235500°N 121.501000°E / 31.235500; 121.501000 Shanghai  China 632 2,073 128 (+ 5 below ground)[17] 2015
4 Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower 21°25′8″N 39°49′35″E / 21.41889°N 39.82639°E / 21.41889; 39.82639 Mecca  Saudi Arabia 601 1,972 120 (+ 3 below ground)[18] 2012
5 Ping An International Finance Centre 22°32′12″N 114°3′1″E / 22.53667°N 114.05028°E / 22.53667; 114.05028 Shenzhen  China 599.1 1,966 115 (+ 5 below ground)[19] 2017
6 Lotte World Tower 37°30′45″N 127°6′9″E / 37.51250°N 127.10250°E / 37.51250; 127.10250 Seoul  South Korea 554.5 1,819 123 (+ 6 below ground)[20] 2017
7 One World Trade Center 40°42′46.80″N 74°0′48.60″W / 40.7130000°N 74.0135000°W / 40.7130000; -74.0135000 New York City  United States 541.3 1,776 94 (+ 5 below ground)[21] 2014
8 Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre 23°7′13″N 113°19′14″E / 23.12028°N 113.32056°E / 23.12028; 113.32056 Guangzhou  China 530 1,739 111 (+ 5 below ground)[22] 2016
Tianjin CTF Finance Centre 39°1′16.97″N 117°41′54.46″E / 39.0213806°N 117.6984611°E / 39.0213806; 117.6984611 Tianjin 97 (+ 4 below ground)[23] 2019
10 China Zun 39°54′41.44″N 116°27′36.83″E / 39.9115111°N 116.4602306°E / 39.9115111; 116.4602306 Beijing 527.7 1,731 109 (+ 8 below ground)[24] 2018
11 Taipei 101 25°2′1.11″N 121°33′53.59″E / 25.0336417°N 121.5648861°E / 25.0336417; 121.5648861 Taipei  Taiwan 508 1,667 101 (+ 5 below ground)[25] 2004 [note 1]
12 Shanghai World Financial Center 31°14′12″N 121°30′10″E / 31.23667°N 121.50278°E / 31.23667; 121.50278 Shanghai  China 492 1,614 101 (+ 3 below ground)[26] 2008
13 International Commerce Centre 22°18′12.21″N 114°9′36.61″E / 22.3033917°N 114.1601694°E / 22.3033917; 114.1601694 Hong Kong 484 1,588 108 (+ 4 below ground)[27] 2010
14 Wuhan Greenland Center 30°35′5″N 114°18′52″E / 30.58472°N 114.31444°E / 30.58472; 114.31444 Wuhan 475.6 1,560 101 (+ 6 below ground)[28] 2023
15 Central Park Tower 40°45′58.8″N 73°58′51.4″W / 40.766333°N 73.980944°W / 40.766333; -73.980944 New York City  United States 472.4 1,550 98 (+ 4 below ground)[29] 2021
16 Lakhta Center 59°59′13.31″N 30°10′41.30″E / 59.9870306°N 30.1781389°E / 59.9870306; 30.1781389 Saint Petersburg  Russia 462 1,516 87 (+ 3 below ground)[30] 2019
17 Landmark 81 10°47′42″N 106°43′19″E / 10.79500°N 106.72194°E / 10.79500; 106.72194 Ho Chi Minh City  Vietnam 461.2 1,513 81 (+ 3 below ground)[31] 2018
18 International Land-Sea Center 29°33′11.34″N 106°30′49.41″E / 29.5531500°N 106.5137250°E / 29.5531500; 106.5137250 Chongqing  China 458.2 1,503 98 (+ 4 below ground) 2024
19 The Exchange 106 3°8′30.84″N 101°43′7.50″E / 3.1419000°N 101.7187500°E / 3.1419000; 101.7187500 Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 453.6 1,488 95 (+ 6 below ground)[32] 2019
20 Changsha IFS Tower T1 28°11′43.51″N 112°58′24.31″E / 28.1954194°N 112.9734194°E / 28.1954194; 112.9734194 Changsha  China 452.1 1,483 94 (+ 5 below ground)[33] 2018
21 Petronas Tower 1 3°9′27.3″N 101°42′41.1″E / 3.157583°N 101.711417°E / 3.157583; 101.711417 Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 451.9 1,483 88 (+ 5 below ground)[34][35] 1998 [note 2]
Petronas Tower 2 3°9′29.6″N 101°42′43.7″E / 3.158222°N 101.712139°E / 3.158222; 101.712139
23 Zifeng Tower 32°3′44.9″N 118°46′41.0″E / 32.062472°N 118.778056°E / 32.062472; 118.778056 Nanjing  China 450 1,476 89 (+ 5 below ground)[36] 2010
Suzhou IFS 31°19′26.8″N 120°42′46.1″E / 31.324111°N 120.712806°E / 31.324111; 120.712806 Suzhou 95 (+ 5 below ground)[37] 2019
25 Wuhan Center 30°35′47.94″N 114°14′22.81″E / 30.5966500°N 114.2396694°E / 30.5966500; 114.2396694 Wuhan 443.1 1,454 88 (+ 4 below ground)[38] 2019
26 Willis Tower 41°52′43.00″N 87°38′8.99″W / 41.8786111°N 87.6358306°W / 41.8786111; -87.6358306 Chicago  United States 442.1 1,450 108 (+ 3 below ground)[39] 1974 [note 3]
27 KK100 22°32′44.99″N 114°6′5.62″E / 22.5458306°N 114.1015611°E / 22.5458306; 114.1015611 Shenzhen  China 441.8 1,449 98 (+ 4 below ground)[40] 2011
28 Guangzhou International Finance Center 23°7′13.25″N 113°19′5.07″E / 23.1203472°N 113.3180750°E / 23.1203472; 113.3180750 Guangzhou 438.6 1,439 101 (+ 4 below ground)[41] 2010
29 111 West 57th Street 40°45′53.6″N 73°58′39.0″W / 40.764889°N 73.977500°W / 40.764889; -73.977500 New York City  United States 435.3 1,428 84 (+ 2 below ground)[42] 2021
30 One Vanderbilt 40°45′27″N 73°58′23″W / 40.75750°N 73.97306°W / 40.75750; -73.97306 427 1,401 62 (+ 4 below ground)[43] 2020
31 432 Park Avenue 40°45′42″N 73°58′19″W / 40.76167°N 73.97194°W / 40.76167; -73.97194 425.7 1,397 85 (+ 3 below ground)[44] 2015
32 Marina 101 25°5′20.33″N 55°8′55.07″E / 25.0889806°N 55.1486306°E / 25.0889806; 55.1486306 Dubai  United Arab Emirates 425 1,394 101 (+ 6 below ground)[45] 2017
33 Trump International Hotel and Tower 41°53′20.76″N 87°37′36.02″W / 41.8891000°N 87.6266722°W / 41.8891000; -87.6266722 Chicago  United States 423.2 1,388 98 (+ 2 below ground)[46] 2009
34 Dongguan International Trade Center 1 23°0′55″N 113°45′29″E / 23.01528°N 113.75806°E / 23.01528; 113.75806 Dongguan  China 422.6 1,386 85 (+ 3 below ground)[47] 2021
35 Jin Mao Tower 31°14′14″N 121°30′5″E / 31.23722°N 121.50139°E / 31.23722; 121.50139 Shanghai 420.5 1,380 88 (+ 3 below ground)[48] 1999
36 Princess Tower 25°5′19.05″N 55°8′48.69″E / 25.0886250°N 55.1468583°E / 25.0886250; 55.1468583 Dubai  United Arab Emirates 413.4 1,356 101 (+ 6 below ground)[49] 2012
37 Al Hamra Tower 29°22′43″N 47°59′34″E / 29.37861°N 47.99278°E / 29.37861; 47.99278 Kuwait City  Kuwait 412.6 1,354 80 (+ 3 below ground)[50] 2011
38 Two International Finance Centre 22°17′6″N 114°9′33″E / 22.28500°N 114.15917°E / 22.28500; 114.15917 Hong Kong  China 412 1,352 88 (+ 6 below ground)[51] 2003
39 Haeundae LCT The Sharp Landmark Tower 35°9′41″N 129°10′26″E / 35.16139°N 129.17389°E / 35.16139; 129.17389 Busan  South Korea 411.6 1,350 101 (+ 5 below ground)[52] 2019
40 Guangxi China Resources Tower 22°48′53.4″N 108°23′28.1″E / 22.814833°N 108.391139°E / 22.814833; 108.391139 Nanning  China 402.7 1,321 86 (+ 3 below ground)[53] 2020
41 Guiyang International Financial Center T1[54] 26°39′3.416″N 106°38′40.322″E / 26.65094889°N 106.64453389°E / 26.65094889; 106.64453389 Guiyang 401 1,316 79 (+ 5 below ground)[55] 2020
42 China Resources Tower 22°31′3.94″N 113°56′29.76″E / 22.5177611°N 113.9416000°E / 22.5177611; 113.9416000 Shenzhen 392.5 1,288 68 (+ 5 below ground)[56] 2018
43 23 Marina 25°5′23.32″N 55°9′2.20″E / 25.0898111°N 55.1506111°E / 25.0898111; 55.1506111 Dubai  United Arab Emirates 392.4 1,287 88 (+ 4 below ground)[57] 2012
44 CITIC Plaza 23°8′40″N 113°19′10″E / 23.14444°N 113.31944°E / 23.14444; 113.31944 Guangzhou  China 390.2 1,280 80 (+ 2 below ground)[58] 1996
45 Citymark Centre Shenzhen 388.3 1,274 70 (+ 7 below ground)[59] 2022
46 Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 22°33′31″N 114°3′58″E / 22.55861°N 114.06611°E / 22.55861; 114.06611 388.1 1,273 80 (+ 3 below ground)[60] 2020
47 30 Hudson Yards 40°45′31″N 73°59′55″W / 40.75861°N 73.99861°W / 40.75861; -73.99861 New York City  United States 387.1 1,270 73 (+ 1 below ground)[61] 2019
48 Public Investment Fund Tower 24°45′46″N 46°38′25″E / 24.76278°N 46.64028°E / 24.76278; 46.64028 Riyadh  Saudi Arabia 385 1,263 72 (+ 4 below ground) 2021
49 Shun Hing Square 22°32′43″N 114°6′21″E / 22.54528°N 114.10583°E / 22.54528; 114.10583 Shenzhen  China 384 1,260 69 (+ 3 below ground)[62] 1996
50 Eton Place Dalian Tower 1 38°55′3″N 121°37′28″E / 38.91750°N 121.62444°E / 38.91750; 121.62444 Dalian 383.2 1,257 80 (+ 4 below ground)[63] 2016
51 Autograph Tower 6°11′55″S 106°49′20″E / 6.19861°S 106.82222°E / -6.19861; 106.82222 Jakarta  Indonesia 382.9 1,256 75 (+ 6 below ground) 2022 [note 4]
52 Logan Century Center 1 22°48′42.2″N 108°23′41.2″E / 22.811722°N 108.394778°E / 22.811722; 108.394778 Nanning  China 381.3 1,251 82 (+ 4 below ground)[65] 2018
53 Burj Mohammed bin Rashid 24°29′17″N 54°21′23″E / 24.48806°N 54.35639°E / 24.48806; 54.35639 Abu Dhabi  United Arab Emirates 381.2 1,251 88 (+ 5 below ground)[66] 2014
54 Empire State Building 40°44′54″N 73°59′7″W / 40.74833°N 73.98528°W / 40.74833; -73.98528 New York City  United States 381 1,250 102 (+ 1 below ground)[67] 1931 [note 5]
55 Elite Residence 25°5′22.42″N 55°8′52.40″E / 25.0895611°N 55.1478889°E / 25.0895611; 55.1478889 Dubai  United Arab Emirates 380.5 1,248 87 (+ 4 below ground)[68] 2012
56 Riverview Plaza 30°36′38.8″N 114°18′12.9″E / 30.610778°N 114.303583°E / 30.610778; 114.303583 Wuhan  China 376 1,234 73 (+ 3 below ground)[69] 2021
57 Dabaihui Plaza 22°32′20″N 114°3′32″E / 22.53889°N 114.05889°E / 22.53889; 114.05889 Shenzhen 375.6 1,232 70 (+ 4 below ground) 2021
58 Central Plaza 22°16′48″N 114°10′25″E / 22.28000°N 114.17361°E / 22.28000; 114.17361 Hong Kong 373.9 1,227 78 (+ 3 below ground)[70] 1992
59 Federation Tower (East Tower) 55°44′59.5″N 37°32′16.0″E / 55.749861°N 37.537778°E / 55.749861; 37.537778 Moscow  Russia 373.7 1,226 93 (+ 4 below ground)[71] 2016
60 Dalian International Trade Center 38°55′10.6″N 121°37′58.8″E / 38.919611°N 121.633000°E / 38.919611; 121.633000 Dalian  China 370.2 1,215 86 (+ 7 below ground)[72] 2019
61 Address Boulevard 25°12′3.28″N 55°16′34.43″E / 25.2009111°N 55.2762306°E / 25.2009111; 55.2762306 Dubai  United Arab Emirates 370 1,214 73 (+ 3 below ground)[73] 2017
62 Haitian Center Tower 2 36°3′23″N 120°21′53″E / 36.05639°N 120.36472°E / 36.05639; 120.36472 Qingdao  China 368.9 1,210 73 (+ 6 below ground)[74] 2021
63 Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A 32°1′33.74″N 118°44′5.57″E / 32.0260389°N 118.7348806°E / 32.0260389; 118.7348806 Nanjing 368.1 1,208 77 (+ 4 below ground)[75] 2019
64 Bank of China Tower 22°16′45″N 114°9′41″E / 22.27917°N 114.16139°E / 22.27917; 114.16139 Hong Kong 367 1,205 72 (+ 4 below ground)[76] 1990
65 Bank of America Tower 40°45′19.01″N 73°59′3.01″W / 40.7552806°N 73.9841694°W / 40.7552806; -73.9841694 New York City  United States 365.8 1,200 55 (+ 3 below ground)[77] 2009
66 St. Regis Chicago 41°53′0″N 87°36′58″W / 41.88333°N 87.61611°W / 41.88333; -87.61611 Chicago 362.9 1,191 92 (+ 5 below ground)[78] 2020
67 Almas Tower 25°4′7.79″N 55°8′28.07″E / 25.0688306°N 55.1411306°E / 25.0688306; 55.1411306 Dubai  United Arab Emirates 360 1,181 68 (+ 5 below ground)[79] 2008
68 Hanking Center 22°32′44″N 113°56′4″E / 22.54556°N 113.93444°E / 22.54556; 113.93444 Shenzhen  China 358.9 1,177 65 (+ 5 below ground)[80] 2018
69 Greenland Group Suzhou Center[81] 31°8′8.7″N 120°35′2.9″E / 31.135750°N 120.584139°E / 31.135750; 120.584139 Suzhou 358 1,175 77 (+ 3 below ground)[82] 2022
70 Gevora Hotel 25°12′45.07″N 55°16′36.52″E / 25.2125194°N 55.2768111°E / 25.2125194; 55.2768111 Dubai  United Arab Emirates 356.3 1,169 75 (+ 2 below ground)[83] 2017
71 Galaxy World Tower 1[84] 22°36′26.03″N 114°3′25.06″E / 22.6072306°N 114.0569611°E / 22.6072306; 114.0569611 Shenzhen  China 356 1,168 71 (+ 5 below ground) 2023
Galaxy World Tower 2[85] 22°36′26.6″N 114°3′20.9″E / 22.607389°N 114.055806°E / 22.607389; 114.055806
Il Primo Tower[86] 25°11′46″N 55°16′19″E / 25.19611°N 55.27194°E / 25.19611; 55.27194 Dubai  United Arab Emirates 356 1,168 79 2022
74 JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Tower 1 25°11′9.6″N 55°15′30.4″E / 25.186000°N 55.258444°E / 25.186000; 55.258444 355.4 1,166 82 (+ 2 below ground)[87][88] 2012
JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Tower 2 25°11′7.1″N 55°15′28.0″E / 25.185306°N 55.257778°E / 25.185306; 55.257778 2013
76 Emirates Office Tower 25°13′3″N 55°17′0″E / 25.21750°N 55.28333°E / 25.21750; 55.28333 354.6 1,163 54[89] 2000
77 Raffles City Chongqing T3N 29°34′5.6″N 106°35′1.5″E / 29.568222°N 106.583750°E / 29.568222; 106.583750 Chongqing  China 354.5 1,163 79 (+ 3 below ground)[90] 2019
Raffles City Chongqing T4N 74 (+ 3 below ground)[91]
79 OKO – South Tower 55°44′57.7″N 37°32′2.7″E / 55.749361°N 37.534083°E / 55.749361; 37.534083 Moscow  Russia 354.2 1,162 90 (+ 2 below ground)[92] 2015
80 The Marina Torch 25°5′16.73″N 55°8′50.75″E / 25.0879806°N 55.1474306°E / 25.0879806; 55.1474306 Dubai  United Arab Emirates 352 1,155 86 (+ 4 below ground)[93] 2011
81 Forum 66 Tower 1 41°47′58″N 123°25′39″E / 41.79944°N 123.42750°E / 41.79944; 123.42750 Shenyang  China 350.6 1,150 68 (+ 4 below ground)[94] 2015
82 The Pinnacle 23°7′40.1″N 113°19′4.8″E / 23.127806°N 113.318000°E / 23.127806; 113.318000 Guangzhou 350.3 1,149 60 (+ 6 below ground)[95] 2012
83 Xi'an Glory International Financial Center 34°11′40.92″N 108°52′40.30″E / 34.1947000°N 108.8778611°E / 34.1947000; 108.8778611 Xi'an 350 1,148 75 (+ 4 below ground)[96] 2021
84 Spring City 66 Kunming 349 1,145 61 (+ 4 below ground)[97] 2020
85 85 Sky Tower Kaoshiung  Taiwan 347.5 1,140 85 (+ 5 below ground)[98] 1997
86 Aon Center Chicago  United States 346.3 1,136 83 (+ 5 below ground)[99] 1973
87 The Center Hong Kong  China 346 1,135 73 (+ 3 below ground)[100] 1998
88 Neva Tower 2 Moscow  Russia 345 1,132 79 (+ 3 below ground)[101] 2020
89 875 North Michigan Avenue (formerly John Hancock Center) Chicago  United States 343.7 1,128 100 (+ 1 below ground)[102] 1969
90 Shimao Global Financial Center Changsha  China 343 1,125 74 (+ 4 below ground)[103] 2020
91 Four Seasons Place Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 342.5 1,124 75 (+ 4 below ground)[104] 2018
92 ADNOC Headquarters Abu Dhabi  United Arab Emirates 342 1,122 65 (+ 2 below ground)[105] 2015
93 One Shenzhen Bay Tower 7 Shenzhen  China 341.4 1,120 71 (+ 3 below ground)[106] 2018
List of tallest buildings is located in Earth
Burj KhalifaBurj Khalif
Burj KhalifaBurj Khalif
Merdeka 118
Merdeka 118
Shanghai Tower
Shanghai Tower
braj Al BaitAbraj Al Bait
braj Al BaitAbraj Al Bait
↖︎Ping An IFC
↖︎Ping An IFC
Lotte World Tower
Lotte World Tower
One WTC
One WTC
Guangzhou CTF FC↘︎
Guangzhou CTF FC↘︎
↙︎Tianjin CTF FC
↙︎Tianjin CTF FC
China Zun →
China Zun →
Taipei 101
Taipei 101
class=notpageimage|
Buildings taller than 500 m and their locations

Alternative measurements

Height to pinnacle (highest point)

Tallest buildings by pinnacle height, including all masts, poles, antennae, etc. in 2014

This measurement disregards distinctions between architectural and non-architectural extensions, and simply measures to the highest point, irrespective of material or function of the highest element.[10]

This measurement is useful for air traffic obstacle determinations, and is also a wholly objective measure. However, this measurement includes extensions that are easily added, removed, and modified from a building and are independent of the overall structure.

This measurement only recently came into use, when the Petronas Towers passed the Sears Tower (now named Willis Tower) in height. The former was considered taller because its spires were considered architectural, while the latter's antennae were not. This led to the split of definitions, with the Sears Tower claiming the lead in this and the height-to-roof (now highest occupied floor) categories, and with the Petronas claiming the lead in the architectural height category.

If the World Trade Center towers were still standing, the North (1,368 feet (417 m)) and South Towers (1,362 feet (415.1 m)) would fall between numbers 35 and 36 on the current list (it can be assumed the rebuilt One World Trade Center would have never been built).

† Denotes building with pinnacle height higher than architectural
Rank Building City Country Height Floors Built
1 Burj Khalifa† Dubai  United Arab Emirates 829.8 m 2,722 ft 163 2010
2 Merdeka 118† Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 680.1 m 2,231 ft 118 2022
3 Shanghai Tower Shanghai  China 632 m 2,073 ft 128 2015
4 Abraj Al-Bait Towers Mecca  Saudi Arabia 601 m 1,971 ft 120 2012
5 Ping An Finance Center Shenzhen  China 599.1 m 1,965 ft 115 2016
6 Lotte World Tower† Seoul  South Korea 555.7 m 1,823 ft 123 2016
7 One World Trade Center† New York City  United States 546.2 m 1,792 ft 104 2014
8 Tianjin CTF Finance Centre† Tianjin  China 530.4 m 1,740 ft 98 2019
9 Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou  China 530 m 1,739 ft 111 2016
10 China Zun Beijing  China 528 m 1,732 ft 108 2018
11 Willis Tower† Chicago  United States 527 m 1,729 ft 108 1974
12 Taipei 101 Taipei  Taiwan 508 m 1,667 ft 101 2004
13 Shanghai World Financial Center† Shanghai  China 494.3 m 1,622 ft 101 2008
14 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong  China 484 m 1,588 ft 118 2010
15 Wuhan Greenland Center Wuhan  China 475.6 m 1,560 ft 97 2021
16 Central Park Tower New York City  United States 472.4 m 1,550 ft 98 2020
17 Landmark 81† Ho Chi Minh City  Vietnam 469.5 m 1,540 ft 81 2018
18 Lakhta Center St. Petersburg  Russia 462 m 1,516 ft 86 2019
19 International Land-Sea Center Chongqing  China 458.2 m 1,503 ft 98 2022
20 John Hancock Center† Chicago  United States 456.9 m 1,499 ft 100 1969
21 The Exchange 106 Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 453.6 m 1,488 ft 95 2019
22 Changsha IFS Tower T1 Changsha  China 452.1 m 1,483 ft 94 2018
23 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 451.9 m 1,483 ft 88 1998
23 Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 451.9 m 1,483 ft 88 1998
25 Zifeng Tower Nanjing  China 450 m 1,476 ft 89 2010
25 Suzhou IFS Suzhou  China 450 m 1,476 ft 98 2019
27 Empire State Building† New York City  United States 443.2 m 1,454 ft 102 1931
28 Kingkey 100 Shenzhen  China 441.8 m 1,449 ft 100 2011
29 Guangzhou International Finance Center Guangzhou  China 438.6 m 1,445 ft 103 2009
30 Wuhan Center Wuhan  China 438 m 1,437 ft 88 2019
31 111 West 57th Street New York City  United States 435.3 m 1,428 ft 82 2020
32 Dongguan International Trade Center 1 Dongguan  China 426.9 m 1,401 ft 88 2020
33 One Vanderbilt New York City  United States 427 m 1,401 ft 58 2020
34 432 Park Avenue New York City  United States 425.5 m 1,396 ft 85 2015
35 Marina 101 Dubai  United Arab Emirates 425 m 1,394 ft 101 2017
36 Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago  United States 423.2 m 1,388 ft 96 2009
37 Jin Mao Tower Shanghai  China 421 m 1,381 ft 88 1998
38 Princess Tower† Dubai  United Arab Emirates 414 m 1,358 ft 101 2012
39 Al Hamra Tower Kuwait City  Kuwait 412.6 m 1,354 ft 80 2010
40 Two International Finance Centre Hong Kong  China 412 m 1,352 ft 88 2003
41 Haeundae LCT The Sharp Landmark Tower Busan  South Korea 411.6 m 1,350 ft 101 2019
42 Guangxi China Resources Tower Nanning  China 402.7 m 1,321 ft 85 2019
43 Guiyang Financial Center Tower 1[54] Guiyang  China 401 m 1,316 ft 79 2021

Height to occupied floor

Tallest buildings by highest occupied floor in 2022.

This height is measured to the highest occupiable floor within the building.[10]

Rank Building City Country Height Floors Built
1 Burj Khalifa Dubai  United Arab Emirates 585.4 m (1,921 ft) 163 2010
2 Shanghai Tower Shanghai  China 583.4 m (1,914 ft) 128 2015
3 Ping An Finance Center Shenzhen  China 562.2 m (1,844 ft) 115 2016
4 China Zun Beijing  China 515.5 m (1,691 ft) 108 2018
5 Merdeka 118 Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 502.8 m (1,650 ft) 118 2023
6 Lotte World Tower Seoul  South Korea 497.6 m (1,633 ft) 123 2016
7 Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou  China 495.5 m (1,626 ft) 111 2016
8 Abraj Al-Bait Towers Mecca  Saudi Arabia 494.4 m (1,622 ft) 120 2012
9 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai  China 474 m (1,555 ft) 101 2008
10 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong  China 468.8 m (1,538 ft) 118 2010
11 Tianjin CTF Finance Centre Tianjin  China 439.4 m (1,442 ft) 97 2018
12 Taipei 101 Taipei  Taiwan 438 m (1,437 ft) 101 2004
13 Central Park Tower New York City  United States 431.8 m (1,417 ft) 98 2020
14 Changsha IFS Tower T1 Changsha  China 431 m (1,414 ft) 94 2017
15 International Land-Sea Center Chongqing  China 429.8 m (1,410 ft) 98 2022
16 KK100 Shenzhen  China 427.1 m (1,401 ft) 98 2011
17 Guangzhou International Finance Center Guangzhou  China 415.1 m (1,362 ft) 101 2010
18 Willis Tower Chicago  United States 412.7 m (1,354 ft) 108 1974

Height to roof

This list of tallest buildings by height to roof ranks completed skyscrapers by height to roof which reach a height of 300 metres (984 ft) or more. Only buildings with continuously occupiable floors are included, thus non-building structures including towers, are not included. Some assessments of the tallest building use 'height to roof' to determine tallest building, as 'architectural feature' is regarded as a subjective and an imprecise comparative measure. However, in November 2009, the CTBUH stopped using the roof height as the metric for tall buildings because modern tall buildings rarely have a part of the building that can categorically be deemed the roof.[107]

Rank Building City Country Height (m) Height (ft) Floors Built Reference
1 Burj Khalifa Dubai  UAE 739.4 m 2,426 ft 163 2010 [108]
2 Shanghai Tower Shanghai  China 587.4 m 2,073 ft 127 2015 [109]
3 Ping An Finance Center Shenzhen  China 562 m 1,821 ft 115 2016 [110]
4 Abraj Al-Bait Towers Mecca  Saudi Arabia 530.0 m 1,740 ft 120 2012 [citation needed]
5 Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou  China 530 m 1,739 ft 111 2016 [citation needed]
6 Tianjin CTF Finance Centre Tianjin  China 530 m 1,739 ft 97 2019
7 Merdeka 118 Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 520.9 m 1,709 ft 118 2022 [citation needed]
8 Lotte World Tower Seoul  South Korea 497.6 m 1,633 ft 123 2016 [citation needed]
9 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai  China 487.41 m 1,599 ft 101 2008 [111]
10 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong  Hong Kong 479.83 m 1,574 ft 118 2010 [112]
11 Central Park Tower New York City  United States 472.44 m 1,550 ft 131 2019 [113]
12 Taipei 101 Taipei  Taiwan 449.20 m 1,471 ft 101 2004 [114]
13 Willis Tower Chicago  United States 442.14 m 1,451 ft 108 1974 [115]
14 Kingkey 100 Shenzhen  China 442.0 m 1,449 ft 100 2011 [citation needed] -->
15 Guangzhou International Finance Center Guangzhou  China 432.00 m 1,417 ft 103 2009 [116]
16 432 Park Avenue New York City  United States 425.5 m 1,396 ft 96 2015 [citation needed] -->
17 One World Trade Center New York City  United States 417.0 m 1,368 ft 104 2014 [117]
18 International Finance Centre Hong Kong  Hong Kong 401.1 m 1,316 ft 88 2003 [118]
21 Princess Tower Dubai  UAE 392.0 m 1,286 ft 101 2012 [119]
22 Jin Mao Tower Shanghai  China 382.5 m 1,255 ft 88 1998 [120]
23 Zifeng Tower Nanjing  China 381.3 m 1,251 ft 89 2009 [121]
24 Empire State Building New York City  United States 381.0 m 1,250 ft 102 1931 [122]
25= Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 378.5 m 1,250 ft 88 1998 [123]
25= Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 378.5 m 1,250 ft 88 1998 [124]
26 Marina 101 Dubai  UAE 371.0 m 1,207 ft 80 2014 [citation needed]
27 Al Hamra Tower Kuwait City  Kuwait 368.0 m 1,207 ft 80 2011 [citation needed]
28 Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago  United States 357.8 m 1,174 ft 96 2009 [125]
29 Tuntex Sky Tower Kaohsiung  Taiwan 347.5 m 1,140 ft 85 1997 [126]
30 Aon Center Chicago  United States 346.25 m 1,136 ft 83 1973 [127]
31 John Hancock Center Chicago  United States 343.5 m 1,127 ft 100 1969
32 Mercury City Tower Moscow  Russia 339.0 m 1,112 ft 75 2012
33 China World Trade Center Tower 3 Beijing  China 333.0 m 1,093 ft 74 2008
34 Ryugyong Hotel Pyongyang  North Korea 330.0 m 1,083 ft 105 1992[C]
35 The Index Dubai  UAE 328.0 m 1,076 ft 80 2009
36 Shun Hing Square Shenzhen  China 324.8 m 1,066 ft 69 1996
37 Four Seasons Place KLCC Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 323 m 1,076 ft 74 2018 [citation needed]
38 CITIC Plaza Guangzhou  China 321.9 m 1,056 ft 80 1997
39 Nina Tower Hong Kong  Hong Kong 318.8 m 1,046 ft 80 2006
40 Rose Tower Dubai  UAE 315.0 m 1,033 ft 72 2008
41 Bank of China Tower Hong Kong  Hong Kong 315.0 m 1,033 ft 72 1990
42 Bank of America Plaza Atlanta  United States 311.8 m 1,023 ft 55 1992
43 Emirates Office Tower Dubai  UAE 311.0 m 1,020 ft 56 2000
44 U.S. Bank Tower Los Angeles  United States 310.3 m 1,018 ft 73 1989
45 Menara Telekom Kuala Lumpur  Malaysia 309.9 m 1,017 ft 55 2001
46 Almas Tower Dubai  UAE 310.0 m 1,017 ft 74 2008
47 The Shard London  United Kingdom 310.0 m 1,017 ft 72 2012
48 Central Plaza Hong Kong  Hong Kong 309.0 m 1,014 ft 78 1992
49 One57 New York City  United States 306m 1,005 ft 73 2014
50 The Address Downtown Burj Khalifa Dubai  UAE 306.0 m 1,004 ft 78 2008
51 JPMorgan Chase Tower Houston  United States 305.4 m 1,002 ft 75 1982
52 Northeast Asia Trade Tower Incheon  South Korea 305.1 m 1,001 ft 68 2010
53 Baiyoke Tower II Bangkok  Thailand 304.0 m 997 ft 85 1997
54 Wells Fargo Plaza Houston  United States 302.4 m 992 ft 71 1983
55 Kingdom Centre Riyadh  Saudi Arabia 302.0 m 991 ft 41 2002
56 Moscow Tower Moscow  Russia 302.0 m 989 ft 76 2010
57 We've the Zenith Busan  South Korea 301.0 m 988 ft 80 2011 -->


Buildings under construction

This is a list of buildings taller than 350 m that are currently under construction.[128] On-hold buildings whose construction was interrupted after it had reached a significantly advanced state are also listed.

Building Planned architectural height Floors Planned completion Country City Ref.
Jeddah Tower[note 6] 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 167+ ?  Saudi Arabia Jeddah [130]
Goldin Finance 117[note 7] 597 m (1,959 ft) 117 ?  China Tianjin
The Line 500 m (1,600 ft) ? ?  Saudi Arabia Neom [131]
Greenland Jinmao International Financial Center 499.8 m (1,640 ft) 102 2025  China Nanjing [132]
Suzhou Zhongnan Center 499.2 m (1,638 ft) 103 2025  China Suzhou [133]
HeXi Yuzui Tower A 498.8 m (1,636 ft) 84 2025  China Nanjing [134]
Greenland Centre 498 m (1,634 ft) 108 2025  China Xi'an [135]
Fuyuan Zhongshan 108 IFC 498 m (1,634 ft) 101 2029  China Zhongshan [136]
Tianfu Center 488.9 m (1,604 ft) 95 2026  China Chengdu [137]
Chushang Building 475 m (1,558 ft) 111 2025  China Wuhan [138]
Wuhan CTF Centre 475 m (1,558 ft) 84 2026  China Wuhan [139]
Fosun Bund Center T1 470 m (1,540 ft) ? ?  China Wuhan [140]
Suzhou Center North Tower 470 m (1,540 ft) ? 2024  China Suzhou [141]
Chengdu Greenland Tower 468 m (1,535 ft) 101 2024  China Chengdu [142]
Guohua Financial Center Tower 1 465 m (1,526 ft) 79 ?  China Wuhan [143]
Tianshan Gate of the World 450 m (1,480 ft) 106 2025  China Shijiazhuang [144]
China Resources Land Center 450 m (1,480 ft) 98 ?  China Dongguan [145]
One Bangkok 436.1 m (1,431 ft) 92 2025  Thailand Bangkok [146]
Greenland Shandong International Financial Center[note 7] 428 m (1,404 ft) 88 2023  China Jinan [147]
Greenland Center Tower 1 428 m (1,404 ft) ? ? Kunming [148]
Nanjing Financial City Tower 1 426 m (1,398 ft) 88 2024 Nanjing [149]
JPMorgan Chase Building 423 m (1,388 ft) 63 2025  United States New York City [150]
Ningbo Center Tower 1 409 m (1,342 ft) 80 2024  China Ningbo [151]
Dongfeng Plaza Landmark Tower 407 m (1,335 ft) 100 2024  China Kunming [152]
Wuhan Yangtze River Center Tower 400 m (1,300 ft) 82 2025  China Wuhan [153]
Mukaab 400 m (1,300 ft) ? 2030  Saudi Arabia Riyadh
Hangzhou West Railway Station Hub Tower 1 399.8 m (1,312 ft) 83 ?  China Hangzhou [154]
Shenzhen Bay Super Headquarters Base Tower C-1 394 m (1,293 ft) 78 2027  China Shenzhen [155]
Evergrande Center 393.9 m (1,292 ft) 71 2024  China Shenzhen [156]
Iconic Tower[note 7] 393.8 m (1,292 ft) 77 2023  Egypt Cairo [157]
Haiyun Plaza Tower 1 390 m (1,280 ft) 86 2024  China Rizhao [158]
Citymark Center[note 7] 388.3 m (1,274 ft) 70 2022  China Shenzhen
China Merchants Bank Headquarters Tower 1 387.4 m (1,271 ft) 74 ?  China Shenzhen [159]
Tour F 385.8 m (1,266 ft) 64 ?  Ivory Coast Abidjan [160]
Icon Towers 1 384 m (1,260 ft) 77 2029  Indonesia Jakarta [161]
Shekou Prince Bay Tower 380 m (1,250 ft) 70 ?  China Shenzhen [162]
Shenzhen Luohu Friendship Trading Centre 379.9 m (1,246 ft) 83 ?  China Shenzhen [163]
Greenland Star City Light Tower 379.9 m (1,246 ft) 83 2025  China Changsha [164]
Guangdong Business Center 375.5 m (1,232 ft) 60 2024  China Guangzhou [165]
China Merchants Prince Bay Tower 374 m (1,227 ft) 59 2028  China Shenzhen [166]
Ping An IFC 373 m (1,224 ft) ? ?  China Nanchang [167]
Shanghai International Trade Center Tower 1 370 m (1,210 ft) 67 2024  China Shanghai [168]
Lucheng Square 369 m (1,211 ft) 75 ?  China Wenzhou [169]
Taipei Twin Tower 1 369 m (1,211 ft) 74 2027  Taiwan Taipei
Hengli Global Operations Headquarters Tower 1 369 m (1,211 ft) ? 2024  China Suzhou [170]
Ciel Tower 365.5 m (1,199 ft) 81 2023  UAE Dubai [171]
Ping An Finance Center Tower 1[note 7] 360 m (1,180 ft) 74 2023  China Jinan [172]
Huiyun Center[note 7] 359.2 m (1,178 ft) 80 2022  China Shenzhen [173]
Fosun Bund Center T2 356 m (1,168 ft) ? ?  China Wuhan [174]
Shenzhen Bay Super Headquarters Base Tower C-2 355.7 m (1,167 ft) 68 2027  China Shenzhen [175]
Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Building 352 m (1,155 ft) 59 ?  Turkey Istanbul [176]
Guohong Center 350 m (1,150 ft) 71 2025  China Wenzhou [177]
Guowei ZY Plaza 350 m (1,150 ft) 62 ?  China Zhuhai [178]
China Resources Huafu Tower 350 m (1,150 ft) ? ?  China Shenzhen [179]
Global Port Tower 1 350 m (1,150 ft) ? 2024  China Lanzhou [180]
Global Port Tower 2 350 m (1,150 ft) ? 2024  China Lanzhou [181]
Poly Liangxi Plaza 350 m (1,150 ft) ? ?  China Foshan [182]

List by continent

The following list shows the tallest completed buildings located on each continent listed by greatest to least height (click on name of continent for continent-specific list):

Continent Building Height Floor count Completed Country City
Asia Burj Khalifa 828 m (2,717 ft) 163 2010  United Arab Emirates Dubai
North America One World Trade Center 541.3 m (1,776 ft) 94 2014  United States New York City
Europe Lakhta Center 462 m (1,516 ft) 86 2018  Russia Saint Petersburg
Africa Iconic Tower[citation needed] 393.8 m (1,292 ft) 77 2023  Egypt New Administrative Capital
Oceania Q1 323 m (1,060 ft) 78 2005  Australia Gold Coast
South America Gran Torre Santiago[183] 300 m (980 ft) 64 2012  Chile Santiago
Antarctica Long Duration Balloon (LDB) Payload Preparation Buildings[184][185] 15 m (49 ft) 1 2005 - McMurdo Station

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The world's tallest building from 2004 to 2010
  2. ^ World's tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004
  3. ^ Formerly known, and still commonly referred to, as the Sears Tower; world's tallest building from 1974 to 1998
  4. ^ Tallest building in the Southern Hemisphere[64]
  5. ^ World's tallest building from 1931 to 1972
  6. ^ Marked as under Construction by CTBUH, on-hold according to other sources[129]
  7. ^ a b c d e f Structurally Topped Out

References

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  124. ^ "Petronas Tower 2". Emporis. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021.
  125. ^ "Trump International Hotel & Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015.
  126. ^ "Tuntex Sky Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  127. ^ "Aon Center". Emporis. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016.
  128. ^ "All Global Buildings". CTBUH. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  129. ^ "Jeddah Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021.
  130. ^ "Kingdom Tower in Saudi Arabia Will Soon Be the World's Tallest Building". Mashable.com. 19 April 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  131. ^ Monteros, Mario Espinosa de los (26 July 2022). "First views of 'The Line', the 170-kilometer Saudi skyscraper". Diario AS. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  132. ^ "Greenland Jinmao International Financial Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  133. ^ "Suzhou Zhongnan Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  134. ^ "HeXi Yuzui Tower A". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  135. ^ "Greenland Centre". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  136. ^ "Fuyuan Zhongshan 108 IFC". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  137. ^ "Tianfu Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  138. ^ "Chushang Building". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  139. ^ "Wuhan CTF Finance Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  140. ^ "Fosun Bund Center T1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  141. ^ "Suzhou Center North Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  142. ^ "Chengdu Greenland Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  143. ^ "Guohua Financial Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  144. ^ "Tianshan Gate of the World Plots 27 and 28". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  145. ^ "China Resources Land Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  146. ^ "One Bangkok O4H4". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  147. ^ "Shandong IFC". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  148. ^ "Greenland Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  149. ^ "Nanjing Financial City Phase II Plot C Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  150. ^ "JPMorgan Chase World Headquarters". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  151. ^ "Ningbo Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  152. ^ "Dongfeng Plaza Landmark Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  153. ^ "Wuhan Yangtze River Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  154. ^ "Hangzhou West Railway Station Hub Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  155. ^ "Shenzhen Bay Super Headquarters Base Tower C-1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  156. ^ "Evergrande Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  157. ^ "Iconic Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  158. ^ "Haiyun Plaza Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  159. ^ "China Merchants Bank Headquarters Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  160. ^ "Tour F". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  161. ^ icon tower
  162. ^ "Shekou Prince Bay Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  163. ^ "Shenzhen Luohu Friendship Trading Centre". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  164. ^ "Greenland Star Light Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  165. ^ "Guangdong Business Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  166. ^ "China Merchants Prince Bay Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  167. ^ "Ping An IFC". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  168. ^ "Xujiahui Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  169. ^ "Lucheng Square". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  170. ^ "Hengli Global Operations Headquarters Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  171. ^ "Ciel Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  172. ^ "Ping An Finance Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  173. ^ "Huiyun Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  174. ^ "Fosun Bund Center T2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  175. ^ "Shenzhen Bay Super Headquarters Base Tower C-2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  176. ^ "Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  177. ^ "Guohong Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  178. ^ "Guowei ZY Plaza". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  179. ^ "China Resources Huafu Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  180. ^ "Global Port Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  181. ^ "Global Port Tower 2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  182. ^ "Poly Liangxi Plaza". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
  183. ^ "Costanera Center es oficialmente el edificio más alto de Latinoámerica". La Segunda. 14 February 2012.
  184. ^ Jones, W. Vernon. "Report on the Balloon Program" Archived 7 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, NASA Astrophysics Subcommittee Meeting. 16 April 2013.
  185. ^ Pacheco, Luis Eduardo. "McMurdo Station, Antarctica – Stratospheric balloon launches". stratocat.com.ar. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
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