Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative

Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative
Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative
ʑ
IPA number	183
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʑ
Unicode (hex)	U+0291
X-SAMPA	z\
Braille
Image

The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʑ⟩ ("z", plus the curl also found in its voiceless counterpart ⟨ɕ⟩), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z\. It is the sibilant equivalent of the voiced palatal fricative.

Features

Features of the voiced alveolo-palatal fricative:

Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
Its place of articulation is alveolo-palatal. This means that:
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, meaning that the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth in the area behind the alveolar ridge (the gum line).
- Its tongue shape is laminal, meaning that it is the tongue blade that contacts the roof of the mouth.
- It is heavily palatalized, meaning that the middle of the tongue is bowed and raised towards the hard palate.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		ажьа	[aˈʑa]	'hare'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe		жьау	[ʑaːw]	'shadow'
Catalan	Eastern^[1]	ajut	[ɐˈʑut̪]	'help' (n.)	See Catalan phonology
Catalan	All dialects	caixmir	[kä(ɪ̯)ʑˈmiɾ]	'Cashmere'	See Catalan phonology
Chinese	Jiangshan	十	[ʑyœʔ]	'ten'
Chinese	Taiwanese Hokkien	今仔日/kin-á-ji̍t	[kɪn˧a˥ʑɪt˥]	'today'
Czech		život	[ʑɪvot]	'life'	See Czech phonology
English	Ghana^[2]	vision	[ˈviʑin]	'vision'	Educated speakers may use [ʒ], which this phoneme corresponds to in other dialects.^[2]
Japanese		火事/kaji	[kaʑi]	'fire'	Found in free variation with [d͡ʑ] between vowels. See Japanese phonology
Kabardian		жьэ	[ʑa]	'mouth'
Lower Sorbian^[3]		źasety	[ʑäs̪ɛt̪ɨ]^[stress?]	'tenth'
Luxembourgish^[4]		héijen	[ˈhɜ̝ɪ̯ʑən]	'high'	Allophone of /ʁ/ after phonologically front vowels; some speakers merge it with [ʒ]. Occurs in only a few words.^[4] See Luxembourgish phonology
Pa Na		[ʑu˧˥]		'small'
Polish^[5]		źrebię	[ˈʑrɛbjɛ]^ⓘ	'foal'	Also denoted by the digraph ⟨zi⟩. See Polish phonology
Portuguese^[6]^[7]^[8]		magia	[maˈʑi.ɐ]	'magic'	Also described as palato-alveolar [ʒ].^[9]^[10] See Portuguese phonology
Romani	Kalderash^[11]	ʒal	[ʑal]	'he/she/it goes'	Realized as [d͡ʒ] in conservative dialects.
Romanian	Transylvanian dialects^[12]	geană	[ˈʑanə]	'eyelash'	Realized as [d͡ʒ] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian	Conservative Moscow Standard^[13]	позже	[poʑːe]	'later'	Somewhat obsolete in many words, in which most speakers realize it as hard [ʐː].^[13] Present only in a few words, usually written ⟨жж⟩ or ⟨зж⟩. See Russian phonology
Sema^[14]		aji	[à̠ʑì]	'blood'	Possible allophone of /ʒ/ before /i, e/; can be realized as [d͡ʑ ~ ʒ ~ d͡ʒ] instead.^[14]
Serbo-Croatian	Croatian^[15]	puž će	[pûːʑ t͡ɕe̞]	'the snail will'	Allophone of /ʒ/ before /t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ/.^[15] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Serbo-Croatian	Some speakers of Montenegrin	źenica	[ʑȇ̞nit̻͡s̪a̠]	'pupil'	Phonemically /zj/ or, in some cases, /z/.
Spanish	Paraguayan^[16]	carro	[ˈkaʑo]	'car'	Dialectal realization of /r/ and allophone of /ɾ/ after /t/.
Uzbek^[17]		^{[example needed]}
Xumi	Upper^[18]	[ʑɐ̝˦]		'beer, wine'
Yi		ꑳ/yi	[ʑi˧]	'tobacco'

Notes

^ Recasens & Espinosa (2007:145, 167)
^ ^a ^b Huber (2004:859)
^ Zygis (2003:180–181)
^ ^a ^b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
^ Jassem (2003:103)
^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000)
^ Silva (2003:32)
^ Guimarães (2004)
^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
^ Medina (2010)
^ Boretzky & Igla (1994:XVII)
^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
^ ^a ^b Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)
^ ^a ^b Teo (2014:23)
^ ^a ^b Landau et al. (1999:68)
^ "Catálogo de voces hispánicas: Paraguay, Asunción". Instituto Cervantes (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 January 2020.
^ Sjoberg (1963:11)
^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013:383)

References

Boretzky, Nobert; Igla, Birgit (1994), Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 3-447-03459-9
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
Guimarães, Daniela (2004), Seqüências de (Sibilante + Africada Alveopalatal) no Português Falado em Belo Horizonte (PDF), Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-07, retrieved 2014-04-04
Huber, Magnus (2004), "Ghanaian English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 842–865, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
Medina, Flávio (2010), Análise Acústica de Sequências de Fricativas Seguidas de [i] Produzidas por Japoneses Aprendizes de Português Brasileiro (PDF), Anais do IX Encontro do CELSUL Palhoça, SC, Palhoça: Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23, retrieved 2014-12-06
Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2007), "An electropalatographic and acoustic study of affricates and fricatives in two Catalan dialects" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 143–172, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002829, S2CID 14275190
Silva, Thaïs Cristófaro (2003), Fonética e Fonologia do Português: Roteiro de Estudos e Guia de Exercícios (7th ed.), São Paulo: Contexto, ISBN 85-7244-102-6
Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5
Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395
Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives" (PDF), ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 3: 175–213, doi:10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191

External links

List of languages with [ʑ] on PHOIBLE

[recasens-1] Recasens & Espinosa (2007:145, 167)

[huber-2] Huber (2004:859)

[3] Zygis (2003:180–181)

[FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201367–68-4] Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.

[5] Jassem (2003:103)

[6] Mateus & d'Andrade (2000)

[7] Silva (2003:32)

[8] Guimarães (2004)

[9] Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)

[10] Medina (2010)

[boig-11] Boretzky & Igla (1994:XVII)

[FOOTNOTEPop193830-12] Pop (1938), p. 30.

[yanbu-13] Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)

[teo-14] Teo (2014:23)

[Landau68-15] Landau et al. (1999:68)

[16] "Catálogo de voces hispánicas: Paraguay, Asunción". Instituto Cervantes (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 January 2020.

[17] Sjoberg (1963:11)

[18] Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013:383)

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Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links