Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals
| Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals | |
|---|---|
| n | |
| IPA Number | 116 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | n |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006E |
| X-SAMPA | n |
| Braille |  |
The alveolar nasal is a type of consonantal sound used in numerous spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar nasals is ⟨n⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is n.
The vast majority of languages have either an alveolar or dental nasal. There are a few languages that lack either sound but have [m] (e.g. colloquial Samoan). There are some languages (e.g., Rotokas) that lack both [m] and [n].
Voiced alveolar nasal
Features
Features of the alveolar nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | нэфнэ | [nafna] | 'light' | ||
| Arabic | Standard | نار | [naːr] | 'fire' | See Arabic phonology |
| Basque | [[[Basque alphabet|ni]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ni] | 'I' | ||
| Catalan[1] | [[[Catalan orthography|nou]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈnɔw] | 'new' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Mandarin | [[[Chinese Characters|難]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-cmn-Hani (help) [[[Hanyu Pinyin|nán]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [nan˧˥] | 'difficult' | See Mandarin phonology |
| Czech | [[[Czech orthography|na]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [na] | 'on' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch[2] | [[[Dutch alphabet|nacht]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [nɑxt] | 'night' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | [[[English orthography|nice]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [naɪs] | 'nice' | See English phonology | |
| Finnish | [[[Finnish alphabet|annan]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɑnːɑn] | 'I give' | See Finnish phonology | |
| Georgian[3] | კანი | [ˈkʼɑni] | 'skin' | ||
| German | [Lanze] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈlant͡sə] | 'lance' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | [[[Greek alphabet|νάμα]] náma] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈnama] | 'communion wine' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | નહી | [nəhi] | 'no' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| Hawaiian[4] | [[[Hawaiian alphabet|naka]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [naka] | 'to shake' | See Hawaiian phonology | |
| Hebrew | נבון | [navon] | 'wise' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | [[[Devanāgarī|नया]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: deva not supported for code: hi (help) / نیا | [nəjaː] | 'new' | See Hindi–Urdu phonology | |
| Italian[5] | [[[Italian alphabet|nano]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈnäno] | 'dwarf' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese[6] | 反対 [hantai] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [hantai] | 'opposite' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Korean | [[[Hangul|나]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: kang for code: ko (help) [[[Revised Romanization of Korean|na]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [na] | 'I' | See Korean phonology | |
| Kyrgyz[7] | [[[Kyrgyz alphabet|банан]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [baˈnan] | 'banana' | ||
| Malay | [[[Malay alphabet|nasi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [näsi] | 'cooked rice' | ||
| Malayalam[8] | [[[Malayalam script|കന്നി]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: mlym not supported for code: ml (help) | [kənni] | 'virgin' | ||
| Maltese | [lenbuba] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [lenbuˈba] | 'truncheon' | ||
| Marathi | नख | [nəkʰ] | 'fingernail' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Ngwe | Mmockngie dialect | [nøɣə̀] | 'sun' | ||
| Norwegian | [[[Norwegian alphabet|mann]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mɑnː] | 'man' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Pirahã | [gíxai] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [níˈʔàì̯] | 'you' | ||
| Polish[9] | [[[Polish alphabet|poncz]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈpɔn̺t͡ʂ] | 'punch (drink)' | Allophone of /n/ [n̪] before /t͡ʂ d͡ʐ/. See Polish phonology | |
| Slovak | [[[Slovak alphabet|na]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [na] | 'on' | ||
| Spanish[10] | [[[Spanish orthography|nada]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈnäð̞ä] | 'nothing' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Tamil[11] | [[[Tamil script|நாடு]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: taml not supported for code: ta (help) | [naːɽɯ] | 'country' | See Tamil phonology | |
| Turkish | [[[Turkish alphabet|neden]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ne̞d̪æn] | 'reason' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Vietnamese[12] | [bạn đi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɓan˧ˀ˨ʔ ɗi] | 'you're going' | Occurs only before alveolar consonants. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | [nekke] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈnɛkə] | 'neck' | ||
| Yi | ꆅ [[[Yi script|na]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [na˧ ] | 'hurt' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[13] | nanɨɨ | [nanɨˀɨ] | 'lady' | contrasts with a fortis alveolar nasal that is not represented in the orthography. |
Voiceless alveolar nasal
| Voiceless alveolar nasal | |
|---|---|
| n̥ | |
| n̊ | |
| IPA Number | 116 402A |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | n_0 |
The voiceless alveolar nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨n̥⟩ and ⟨n̊⟩, combinations of the letter for the voiced alveolar nasal and a diacritic indicating voicelessness, either above or below the letter. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is n_0.
Features
Features of the voiceless alveolar nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burmese[14] | နှာ | [n̥à] | 'nose' | ||
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik[15] | [ceńa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tsəˈn̥a] | 'edge' | ||
| Estonian | [lasn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈlɑsn̥] | 'wooden peel' | ||
| Jalapa Mazatec[16] | [n̥ɛ] | 'falls' | Contrasts with a voiced and a laryngealized alveolar nasal. | ||
| Kildin Sami[17] | чоӊтэ | [tʃɔn̥te] | 'to turn' | ||
| Welsh[18] | [fy nhad] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [və n̥ad] | 'my father' | Occurs as the nasal mutation of /t/. See Welsh phonology | |
See also
References
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:139)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Okada (1991:94)
- ^ Kara (2003:11)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:165)
- ^ Rocławski (1976:136)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Keane (2004:111)
- ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:111)
- ^ Jacobson (1995:3)
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:107)
- ^ Kuruch (1985:529)
- ^ Jones (1984:51)
Bibliography
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jacobson, Steven (1995), A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik Eskimo Language, Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, ISBN 978-1-55500-050-9
- Jones, Glyn E. (1984), "The distinctive vowels and consonants of Welsh", in Martin J. Ball and Glyn E. Jones (ed.), Welsh Phonology: Selected Readings, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 40–64, ISBN 0-7083-0861-9
- Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003), Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3895868434
- Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
- Kuruch, Rimma (1985), Краткий грамматический очерк саамского языка (PDF) (in Russian), Moscow
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Rocławski, Bronisław (1976), Zarys fonologii, fonetyki, fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego, Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, pp. 130–181
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
