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List of conflicts in the Philippines

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This list of conflicts in the Philippines is a timeline of events that includes pre-colonial wars, Spanish–Moro conflict, Philippine revolts against Spain, battles, skirmishes, and other related items that have occurred in the Philippines' geographical area.[1]

List

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Precolonial period
Battle of Maynila (1365) Majapahit - Luzon conflict Maynila Majapahit
  • Majapahit Naval forces
Inconclusive
Unspecified and disputed battle[2] according to the Nagarakretagama.
Moro raid - Po-ni province (modern day Brunei-1369 AD) Sulu
  • Sulu forces
Majapahit Empire
  • Majapahit Fleet
Decisive Majapahit victory
  • Po-ni was left weaker
  • Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulu[3]
Tamil Rebellion (1400 CE.)
Visayan Nobles
Sri Lumay
Sri Alho
Sri Ukob
Chola Dynasty Successful escape of Sri Lumay

Establishment of the Rajahnate of Cebu[4][page needed]

Bruneian Invasion of Palawan - Expansion of Bruneian Empire (ca. 1477 CE.)
Bruneian Empire
  • Forces from Brunei

Sultanate of Sulu

  • Sulu forces
Brunei - Sulu victory

Southern and central Palawan is annexed by Brunei.[5]

Bruneian Invasion of Mindoro (c. 1500 C.E.) Ma-i Brunei Fall of Ma-i
Bruneian-Tundun War- Expansion of Brunei (c.1500 CE.) Tundun Brunei Defeat of Tundun
Foundation of Kota Selurong (Maynila), a vassal state of Kingdom of Brunei.[7][8]
Muslim Expansion of Mindanao- Battle of Malabang and the Battle of Lanao del Sur, 1475 AD. Sultanate of Maguindanao Lumads Maguindanao victory[9]
Visayan Coalition (1500 CE.)[10]
A Visayan Royal couple.
Madja-as victory
  • Failure to conquer the Visayan confederation.
  • Escape of the hostaged Visayan villagers and slaves.
Battle of Mactan (1521)
Kedatuan of Mactan Mactan victory
  • Death of Ferdinand Magellan
  • Departure of the Spanish expedition
Bool-Ternate War (1563) Kingdom of Bool Sultanate of Ternate Ternatean victory
  • Death of Datu Dailisan
  • 10,000 people in the Kingdom of Bool flee to Dapitan.[11]
Spanish colonial period
Spanish Conquest of Luzon and the Visayas
(1565-1571)
Maynila
Namayan
Tondo
Cainta
Madja-as
Spanish Empire
Battle of Manila (1574) Spain Spanish Empire Chinese pirates
Wokou
Spanish victory
  • Limahong retreated and abandoned his plans to invade Manila and instead settled in Pangasinan.
1582 Cagayan battles Spain Spanish Empire Wokou Spanish victory
  • Pirate activity became sparse
  • Establishment of the city of Nueva Segovia (now Lal-lo)
Battles of Playa Honda (1610-1624) Spain Spanish Empire Dutch Republic Spanish victory
Battles of La Naval de Manila (1646) Spain Spanish Empire Dutch Republic Spanish victory
Battle of Puerto de Cavite (1647) Spain Spanish Empire Dutch Republic Spanish victory
Spanish campaigns in Lanao (1637–1639 CE) Sultanates of Lanao
  • Sultans of Lanao
    • Datus of Lanao
Spanish Empire
  • Spanish Conquistadors
    • Hurtado-de Curcuera
    • Captain Francesco Atienza
    • Captain Pedro Bermudez de Castr
    • Pedro Fernandez del Rio
  • 500 Visayan soldiers
  • Failure of the conquest and Christianize the Maranao people.
Battle of Manila (1762)
(part of Seven Years' War)
Spain Spanish Empire  Great Britain Spanish defeat
  • Manila and Cavite was occupied by the British until 1764 when a treaty concluded the war.
Spanish Conquest of Mindanao
The Moros on their proas.
Sulu Sultanate

Maguindanao Sultanate
Sultanates of Lanao

 Spanish Empire
  • Maguindanao is confined into the interior of Mindanao.
  • Spain conquers portions of Mindanao and Jolo and imposes protectorate status over the Moros of Sulu.
  • Spain failed to completely subjugate Moros.
Philippine revolts against Spain
Dagami Revolt
(1565)
Rajahnate of Cebu Spanish Conquistadors Ceasefire
Tondo Conspiracy[15]
(1587)
Tondo
Maynila
Bulacan
Pampanga
Palawan
  • Maginoos
    • Agustin de Legazpi, Lakan of Tondo
    • Martin Pangan, datu of Tondo
    • Magat Salamat, datu of Tondo
    • Pitonggatan, datu of Tondo
    • Luis Amanicalao, datu of Tondo
    • Calao, datu of Tondo
    • Geronimo Bassi, datu of Tondo
    • Gabriel Tuambacar, datu of Tondo
    • Francisco Acta, datu of Tondo
    • Amarlangagui, datu of Tondo
    • Joan Banal, datu of Tondo
    • Alonso Lea, datu of Tondo
    • Esteban Taes, datu of Bulacan
    • Pedro Balinguit, datu of Pandacan
    • Agustín Manuguit, datu of Maysilo
    • Felipe Salalila, datu of Maysilo
    • Felipe Salonga, datu of Polo
    • Felipe Amarlangagui, datu of Catangalan
    • Omaghicon, datu of Navotas
    • Juan Basi, datu of Taguig
    • Daulat, datu of Castilla
    • Luis Balaya, datu of Bañgos
    • Dionisio Capolo (Kapulong), datu of Candaba
    • Amaghicon, datu of Cuyo
  • Dionisio Fernandez, Japanese Interpreter

Supported by:

Spanish Empire Conspiracy failed
  • The uprising failed when they were betrayed to the Spanish authorities by Spanish Encomendero Pedro Sarmiento that pretended cooperation but turned traitor and Antonio Surabao (Susabau), datu of Calamianes.
  • The rebels were arrested, tried and found guilty of treason.
    • Executed and their properties wholly or partly confiscated are Agustín de Legazpi, Martín Pangan, Dionisio Fernandez, Omaghicon, Gerónimo Bassi, Felipe Salalila, Esteban Taes, and Magát Salamat.
    • Five leading members were exiled to Mexico: Pedro Balinguit, Pitonggatan, Felipe Salonga, Calao, and Agustín Manuguit. They were the very first natives of the Philippines to settle in New Spain (Mexico).
    • Exiled from their respective villages and fined were Felipe Amarlangagui, Daulat, Juan Basi, Dionisio Capolon, Luis Balaya, Luis Amanicalao, and five other Tondo chiefs namely Francisco Acta, Gabriel Tuambacar, Calao, Amarlangagui, and Joan Banál. Alonso Lea was acquitted. Still to be sentenced was Amaghicon.
Cagayan and Dingras Revolts Against the Tribute
(1589)
Ilocanos and Ibanag Spanish conquistadors Ceasefire
  • Rebels pardoned.
  • The tax system was reformed.
Magalat Revolt (1596) Datu Magalat of Cagayan Spanish and Filipino colonial troops
  • Pedro de Chaves
Revolutionary defeat
  • Death of Datu Magalat
Igorot Revolt (Cordillera 1601) Igorot clans and tribes Spanish conquistadors Ceasefire
  • The Spaniards were only able to gain nominal political and military control over them.
Sangley Rebellion (1603) Sangleys Spanish Empire Sangley defeat
Caquenga's Revolt (1607) Babaylan Caquenga Spanish Empire Rebellion failed
Bankaw revolt (1621-1622) Spanish Empire Rebels defeated
Sumuroy Revolt (1649-1650) Agustin Sumuroy
  • Don Juan Ponce
  • Don Pedro Caamug
  • David Dula y Goiti
Spanish Empire
  • Spanish and Filipino colonial troops
Revolutionary defeat
  • Agustin Sumuroy was killed by his own men.
Silang Revolt (1762–1763) Diego Silang
Gabriela Silang
Spanish Empire Spanish victory
  • Defeat of the Ilocanos.
  • Gabriela Silang was executed by Spanish authorities in Vigan on September 10, 1763.
Palmero Conspiracy (1828) Palmero brothers Spanish Empire Spanish victory
  • Conspiracy was discovered
  • Main conspirators exiled
Cavite Mutiny (1872) Filipino mutineers
  • Fernando La Madrid
Spanish Empire
  • Governor General Rafael Izquierdo
    • Sgt. Ferdinand La Madrid
Mutineer defeat
  • Aftermath of the mutiny, all Filipino soldiers were disarmed and later sent into exile in Mindanao.
  • Execution of Gomburza and other 44 mutineers.
Philippine Revolution
Philippine Revolution
(1896-1898)
Regular soldiers of the Philippine army stand at attention for the inspection.

Filipino revolutionaries exiled to Hong Kong. Sitting on Emilio Aguinaldo's right is Lt. Col. Miguel Primo de Rivera, nephew and aide-de-camp of Fernando Primo de Rivera and father of José Antonio Primo de Rivera. Standing behind Aguinaldo is Col. Gregorio del Pilar. Miguel was held hostage until Aguinaldo's indemnity was paid. Standing behind Miguel and to his right is Pedro Paterno.
1896-97

Sovereign Tagalog Nation
Katipunan
1897
Republic of Biak-na-Bato
1898
Filipino Revolutionaries
Supported by:
 United States

 Spain Peace treaty (1897)

Victory (1898)

Cry of Pugad Lawin (August 23, 1896) Katipunan  Spain
Battle of Pasong Tamo (August 28–29, 1896) Katipunan  Spain
  • Manuel Ros
Filipino defeat
  • Katipuneros retreat to Balara
  • Major revolts and uprisings began in other Provinces
Battle of Manila (1896) (Manila, Philippines August 29, 1896) Katipunan  Spain Filipino defeat
Battle of San Juan del Monte (August 30, 1896) Katipunan  Spain Spanish victory
  • Start of the revolution in Luzon
Battle of Noveleta (August 30, 1896) Katipunan  Spain Filipino victory
Battle of San Francisco de Malabon (August 31, 1896) Katipunan  Spain Filipino victory
  • Katipuneros capture San Francisco De Malabon
Kawit revolt (August 31, 1896) Katipunan  Spain Filipino victory
Battle of Imus (Imus, Cavite September 1–3, 1896)
Katipunan  Spain Filipino victory
Cry of Nueva Ecija (September 2–5, 1896) Katipunan  Spain Tactical Filipino victory
Strategic Spanish victory
  • Start of the Philippine Revolution in Central Luzon
Battles of Batangas (October 23, 1896) Katipunan  Spain Tactical Spanish victory
Battle of San Mateo and Montalban (November 7, 1896) Katipunan  Spain Tactical Spanish victory
  • Start of the revolution in Morong
Battle of Binakayan–Dalahican (November 9–11, 1896) Katipunan  Spain Filipino victory[17][18][19]'
Battle of Sambat (November 15–16, 1896) Katipunan
  • Severino Taino[21]
  • Francisco Abad 
 Spain Spanish victory
  • Defeat of Maluningning Katipunan Chapter
Battle of Pateros (December 31, 1896 – January 3, 1897) Katipunan  Spain Filipino tactical victory
Spanish strategic victory
Battle of Kakarong de Sili (January 1, 1897) Katipunan  Spain Spanish victory
  • Katipunan rebels wage guerrilla warfare in Bulacan province
  • Dissolution of the Kakarong Republic
Cry of Tarlac (January 24, 1897) Katipunan  Spain Filipino victory
Battle of Perez Dasmariñas (January 24, 1897) Katipunan  Spain Spanish victory
Battle of Zapote Bridge (February 17, 1897)
The Zapote Bridge (1897) by Vicente Dizon.
Katipunan  Spain Filipino victory
Retreat to Montalban (May 3, 1897 - June 14, 1897) Katipunan  Spain Tactical Spanish victory
Strategic Filipino victory
Raid on Paombong (September 3, 1897) Katipunan  Spain Tactical Filipino victory
Battle of Aliaga (September 4–5, 1897) Katipunan  Spain Filipino victory
Battle of Tres de Abril (April 3–8, 1898) Katipunan  Spain Spanish victory
Battle of Manila Bay (near Manila, Philippines May 1, 1898)
Contemporary colored print, showing USS Olympia in the left foreground, leading the U.S. Asiatic Squadron against the Spanish fleet off Cavite. A vignette portrait of Rear Admiral George Dewey is featured in the lower left.
 United States  Spain American Victory
Battle of Alapan (Imus, Cavite May 28, 1898) Filipino Revolutionaries  Spain
  • Leopoldo García Peña  Surrendered
Decisive Filipino victory
Battle of Tayabas (June 24 – August 15, 1898) Filipino Revolutionaries  Spain
  • Joaquin Pacheco Yanguas
Filipino victory
  • Filipino revolutionaries recapture Tayabas province
Mock Battle of Manila (Manila, Philippines August 13, 1898)
"Raising the American flag over Fort Santiago, Manila, on the evening of August 13, 1898." drawing from Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain.
 United States

Filipino Revolutionaries

 Spain American victory
Siege of Masbate (Masbate, Philippines - August 19, 1898) Filipino Revolutionaries  Spain
  • Don Luis Cubero
Filipino victory
  • Establishment of Masbate revolutionary government
Negros Revolution (Negros Island, Philippines - November 3, 1898 - November 24, 1898) Filipino Revolutionaries Spain Spanish Empire Decisive Filipino victory
Battle of Barrio Yoting (Pilar Capiz, Visayas - December 3, 1898)
the Katipuneros.
Filipino Revolutionaries  Spain
  • Spain Diego de los Rios
    Spain Juan Lopez y Herrero
Filipino victory
Siege of Baler (Baler, Aurora July 1, 1898 – June 2, 1899)
Filipino troops of Colonel Tecson in Baler, May 1899. Tecson is to the right of the cannon, Novicio to the left.
1898
Filipino Revolutionaries

1899
 República Filipina

  • Teodorico Novicio Luna
  • Calixto Villacorta
  • Cirilo Gómez
  • Simón Tecson
 Spain

 United States

Filipino victory[27]
Philippine–American War
Philippine–American War
February 4, 1899 – July 2, 1902
Moro Rebellion: 1899-1913
Filipino soldiers outside Manila in 1899.

Wounded American soldiers at Santa Mesa, Manila in 1899
1899-1902
 República Filipina

Limited Foreign Support:
 Empire of Japan

1902-1906
Tagalog Republic

1899-1913
Sultanates of Lanao
 Maguindanao Sultanate
 Sulu Sultanate

1899-1902
 United States

1902-1913
 United States

Filipino defeat
Battle of Manila
(Manila, Philippines February 4–5, 1899)
U.S. soldiers of the First Nebraska volunteers, company B, near Manila in 1899.
 República Filipina  United States Filipino defeat
Battle of Caloocan
(Caloocan, Philippines February 10, 1899)
Maj. Gen. Arthur MacArthur observing the battle.
 República Filipina  United States Filipino defeat
Second Battle of Caloocan
(Caloocan, Philippines February 22–24, 1899)
Filipinos attack the barracks of the 13th Minnesota Volunteers.
 República Filipina  United States Filipino defeat
Battle of Balantang
(Balantang, Jaro, Iloilo, Philippines March 10, 1899)
 República Filipina
  • Pascual Magbanua
 United States Filipino victory
  • Filipino troops retaking Jaro from the Americans.
Capture of Malolos
(Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines March 25–31, 1899)
Filipino soldiers in Malolos
 República Filipina  United States Filipino defeat
  • Capture of the capital of Malolos, Bulacan.
Battle of Marilao River
(Marilao, Bulacan, Philippines March 27, 1899)
 República Filipina  United States Filipino defeat
Battle of Santa Cruz (1899)
(Santa Cruz, Laguna, Philippines April 9–10, 1899)
General Henry W. Lawton leading American forces at the Battle of Santa Cruz during the Laguna de Bay Campaign
 República Filipina  United States Filipino defeat
Battle of Pagsanjan
(Pagsanjan, Laguna, Philippines April 11, 1899)
 República Filipina  United States Filipino defeat
Battle of Paete
(Paete, Laguna, Philippines April 12, 1899)
General Lawton campaigning in the Philippines, 1899
 República Filipina  United States Filipino defeat
Battle of Quingua
(Quingua - now Plaridel, Bulacan, Philippines April 23, 1899)
Kurz & Allison print of the Battle of Quingua
 República Filipina  United States 1st Phase: Filipino victory

2nd Phase: Filipino defeat

  • Filipinos retreated to the North.
Battles of Bagbag and Pampanga Rivers
(Calumpit, Bulacan, Philippines April 25–27, 1899)
 República Filipina  United States Filipino defeat
Battle of Santo Tomas
(Santo Tomas, Pampanga, Philippines May 4, 1899)
1st Nebraska Volunteers advancing during the Battle of Santo Tomas
 República Filipina  United States Filipino defeat
Battle of Zapote River
(Las Piñas, Province of Manila, Philippines June 13, 1899)
The reconnected Zapote Bridge in 1899 being guarded by an American soldier after the battle on June 13, 1899. One span of the bridge was removed by the locals, substituted with a wooden span, which was burned down before the fighting.[31]
 República Filipina  United States Filipino defeat
Battle of Olongapo
(Olongapo, Zambales, Philippines September 18–23, 1899)
 República Filipina  United States Filipino defeat
Battle of San Jacinto (1899)
(San Jacinto, Pangasinan, Philippines November 11, 1899)
 República Filipina  United States Filipino defeat
Battle of Tirad Pass[32]
(Tirad Pass, Ilocos Sur, Philippines December 2, 1899)
Gen.Gregorio del Pilar and his troops, around 1898.
 República Filipina  United States Strategic Filipino victory
Tactical Filipino defeat
  • Death of General Gregorio del Pilar
  • Fall of the defence line
  • Filipino forces successfully delay the American advance
Battle of Paye
(San Mateo, Manila (now Rizal), Philippines December 19, 1899)
Death of Major-General Henry Lawton during the battle.
 República Filipina  United States Tactical Filipino victory
Strategic Filipino defeat
  • Death of General Henry Ware Lawton
  • American's 29th Battalion successfully crossed the river at 11 am
  • Filipino forces retreated from San Mateo.
Battle of Cagayan de Misamis
(Cagayan de Misamis (now Cagayan de Oro), Mindanao, Philippines April 7, 1900)
 República Filipina
  • Gen. Nicolas Capistrano
 United States
  • Col. Edward A. Godwin
Filipino defeat
Siege of Catubig
(Catubig, Philippines April 15–19, 1900)
 República Filipina
  • First Philippine Republic Domingo Rebadulla
 United States
  • United States J. T. Sweeney
Filipino victory
Battle of Agusan Hill
(Cagayan de Oro, Mindanao, Philippines May 14, 1900)
 República Filipina
  • First Philippine Republic Capt. Vicente Roa 
 United States
  • United States Capt. Walter B. Elliot
Filipino defeat
Battle of Makahambus Hill
(Cagayan de Oro, Mindanao, Philippines June 4, 1900)
 República Filipina  United States
  • United States Albert Laws
  • United States Thomas Millar
Filipino victory
Battle of Pulang Lupa
(Marinduque, Philippines September 13, 1900)
 República Filipina
  • Maximo Abad
 United States Filipino victory
Battle of Mabitac
(Mabitac, Laguna, Philippines September 17, 1900)
Gen. Juan Cailles.
 República Filipina  United States
  • Benjamin Cheatham Jr.
Filipino victory
Battle of Lonoy
(Lonoy, Jagna, Bohol, Philippines March 5, 1901)
 República Filipina  United States. Filipino defeat
Battle of Balangiga
(Balangiga, Samar, Philippines March September 28, 1901)
 República Filipina  United States

Thomas W. Connell 

Filipino victory
Battle of Dolores River
(Samar, Philippines December 12, 1904)
Pulahan
  • Pedro de la Cruz
 United States American defeat
Moro rebellion
Battle of Bayang
(Malabang, South of Lanao Lake, Mindanao, Philippines May 2–3, 1902)
Battle of Bayang
Sultanates of Lanao
  • Sultan Pandapatan
 United States American victory
Hassan uprising
(Sulu, Mindanao, Philippines October 1903 – March 1904)
Sultanate of Sulu  United States
  • Col. H. Scott
American victory
Battle of Siranaya
(Siranaya, Mindanao, Philippines March 1904)
Sultanate of Maguindanao  United States American victory
Battle of Taraca
(Taraka, Lanao del Sur, Philippines April 1904)
Sultanates of Lanao  United States American victory
Battle of the Malalag River
(Malalag, Davao del Sur, Philippines October 22, 1905)
Sultanate of Maguindanao  United States American victory
First Battle of Bud Dajo
(Bud Dajo, Jolo Island, Philippines March 5–8, 1906)
U.S. soldiers pose with Moro dead after the battle
Sultanate of Sulu  United States American victory
Second Battle of Bud Dajo
(Bud Dajo, Jolo Island, Philippines December 18–26, 1911)
Sultanate of Sulu  United States American victory
Battle of Bud Bagsak
(Jolo Island, Philippines June 11–15, 1913)
"Knocking Out the Moros"
Sultanate of Sulu
  • Datu Amil  
  • Datu Sahipa
 United States American victory
  • Total annexation of the Philippines
Second World war
Japanese invasion of the Philippines
(1941-1942)
Japanese occupation of the Philippines
(1942-1944)
Allied liberation of the Philippines
(1944-1945)
Japanese Troops surrender to the 40th Infantry Division.
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
 United States

Co-belligerent:
Hukbalahap
 Japanese Empire Allied defeat (1941-1942)

Japanese occupation (1942-1945)

Allied victory (1944-1945)

Japanese invasion of Batan Island
(Batan Island, Philippines December 8, 1941)
A map of Luzon Island showing Japanese landings and advances from December 8, 1941, to January 8, 1942.
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
 United States
 Japanese Empire Allied defeat
Japanese invasion of Vigan
(Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Philippines December 10, 1941)
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
 United States
 Japanese Empire Allied defeat
Japanese invasion of Aparri
(Aparri, Cagayan, Philippines December 10, 1941)
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
 United States
 Japanese Empire Allied defeat
Japanese invasion of Legazpi
(Legazpi, Albay, Philippines December 12, 1941)
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
 United States
 Japanese Empire Allied Defeat
Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf
(Lingayen Gulf, Philippines December 21–23, 1941)
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
 United States
 Japanese Empire Allied defeat
Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay
(Lamon Bay, Philippines December 21–23, 1941)
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
 United States
 Japanese Empire Allied defeat
Battle of Bataan
(Bataan Peninsula near Manila Bay in Luzon Island, Philippines January 7 – April 9, 1942)
Japanese tank column advancing in the Bataan Peninsula of Luzon
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
 United States
 Japanese Empire Allied defeat
Battle of Corregidor
(Corregidor island in Manila Bay, Luzon Island, Philippines May 5–6, 1942)
Victorious Japanese troops atop the Hearn Battery, May 6, 1942.
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
 United States
 Japanese Empire
  • Empire of Japan Masaharu Homma
  • Empire of Japan Kureo Taniguchi
  • Empire of Japan Gempachi Sato
  • Empire of Japan Kizon Mikami
  • Empire of Japan Haruji Morita
  • Empire of Japan Col. Koike
  • Empire of Japan Col. Inoue
American defeat
Philippine resistance against Japan
(Philippines December 8, 1941 - August 15, 1945)
Propaganda poster depicting the Philippine resistance movement
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
 United States
Taiwan Chinese volunteers
Hukbalahap[b]
Moros[c]

 Japanese Empire
Allied victory
Battle of Leyte
(Leyte Island, Philippines October 17 – December 26, 1944)
General Douglas MacArthur and staff, accompanied by Philippine president Sergio Osmeña (left), land at Red Beach, Leyte, October 20, 1944.
 Philippines
 United States

Army:
United States Douglas MacArthur
United States Walter Krueger
United States Franklin C. Sibert
United States John R. Hodge
Navy:
United States Thomas C. Kinkaid
Army Air Force:
United States George C. Kenney
Civilian Government:
Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña
Guerrillas:
Commonwealth of the Philippines Ruperto Kangleón

 Japanese Empire

Army:
Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita
Empire of Japan Sōsaku Suzuki
Empire of Japan Shiro Makino [38]
Empire of Japan Tsunehiro Shirai [39]
Empire of Japan Yoshimi Adachi [40]
Empire of Japan Kyoji Tominaga[41]

Allied victory
Battle of Leyte Gulf
(Leyte Gulf, Philippines October 23–26, 1944)
The light aircraft carrier Princeton on fire, east of Luzon, on October 24, 1944
 United States

 Japanese Empire

American victory
Battle off Samar
(East of Samar Island, Philippines October 25, 1944)
The escort carrier Gambier Bay, burning from earlier gunfire damage, is bracketed by a salvo from a Japanese cruiser (faintly visible in the background, center-right) shortly before sinking during the Battle off Samar.
 United States  Japanese Empire American victory
Battle of Ormoc Bay
(Camotes Sea, Philippines November 11 – December 21, 1944)
Leyte campaign, November–December 1944
 United States  Japanese Empire American victory
Battle of Mindoro
(Mindoro Island, Philippines December 13–16, 1944)
 United States  Japanese Empire American victory
Battle of Maguindanao
(Maguindanao, Philippines January to September 1945)
 United States
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
 Japanese Empire
 Second Philippine Republic
Allied victory
Invasion of Lingayen Gulf
(Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, Philippines January 3–13, 1945)
The U.S. Navy battleship USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) leading the battleship USS Colorado (BB-45) and the heavy cruiser USS Louisville (CA-28) to the shores of Lingayen.
 United States  Japanese Empire American victory
Battle of Luzon
(Luzon, Philippines January 9, 1945 – August 15, 1945)
Baleta Pass, near Baugio, Luzon.jpg
 United States
 Japanese Empire
Allied victory
  • Allies liberate the Luzon island group
Battle of Bessang Pass
(Ilocos Sur, Luzon, Philippines June 1–15, 1945)
 United States
Philippines Commonwealth of the Philippines
 Japanese Empire
 Second Philippine Republic
Allied victory
  • Allies liberate the Luzon island group
Raid at Cabanatuan
(Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, Philippines January 30, 1945)
Former Cabanatuan POWs in celebration, January 30, 1945
 United States
Philippines Commonwealth of the Philippines
 Japanese Empire Allied victory
  • Liberation of 552 Allied prisoners of war
Battle of Bataan (1945)
(Bataan Peninsula, Philippines January 31 – February 21, 1945)
 United States
Philippines Commonwealth of the Philippines
 Japanese Empire Allied victory
Battle of Manila (1945)
(Manila, Philippines February 3 – March 3, 1945)
An aerial view of the destroyed walled city of Intramuros taken in May 1945
 United States
Philippines Commonwealth of the Philippines
 Japanese Empire Allied victory
Battle of Corregidor (1945)
(Corregidor Island, Philippines February 16–26, 1945)
USS Claxton provides fire support during the Corregidor landings
 United States
Philippines Commonwealth of the Philippines
 Japanese Empire American victory
Battle of Baguio (1945)
(Baguio, Mountain Province, Luzon, Philippines February 21 – April 26, 1945)
 United States
Philippines Commonwealth of the Philippines
 Japanese Empire Allied victory
  • Allied forces liberate Baguio from Japanese occupiers
Raid on Los Baños
(Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines February 23, 1945)
Painting of a guerrilla armed with a bolo knife disarming a Japanese sentry of his rifle.
 United States
Philippines Commonwealth of the Philippines
  • United States Henry A. Burgress
  • United States Edward Lahti
  • United States John Ringler
  • United States Robert H. Soule
  • United States Joseph W. Gibbs
  • Philippines Gustavo Inglés
 Japanese Empire Allied victory
Invasion of Palawan
(Palawan island, Philippines February 28 – April 22, 1945)
 United States  Japanese Empire American victory
Battle of Mindanao
(Mindanao Island, Philippines March 10 – August 15, 1945)
LCM carries U.S. troops up the Mindanao River to Fort Pikit
 United States
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
 Japanese Empire Allied victory
Battle of Visayas
(Visayas region, Philippines March 18 – August 15, 1945)
U.S. soldiers during landings at Talisay Beach, Cebu Island, March 26, 1945.
 United States
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
 Japanese Empire Allied victory
Battle for Cebu City
(Downtown Cebu City, Cebu Island, Philippines March 26 – April 8, 1945)
US troops riding on an M7 Priest enter Cebu City
 United States
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
 Japanese Empire Allied victory
Battle of Davao
(Davao City, Davao Province, Mindanao island, Philippines April 27 to June 10, 1945)
 United States
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
 Japanese Empire Allied victory
Battle of Mayoyao Ridge
(Mayoyao, Mt. Province, Philippines July 26, 1945, to August 9, 1945)
Japanese surrender ceremonies at Baguio, Luzon, on September 3, 1945
 United States
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
 Japanese Empire
Allied victory
The Cold War
Hukbalahap Rebellion
(1942-1954)
1942–1946:
 United States

1946–1954:
Republic of the Philippines
Supported by:
 United States

1942–1945:
 Empire of Japan

1946–1954:
Communist Party

Alleged support:
 Soviet Union

First phase: Huk victory

Second Phase: Government victory

  • End of the Rebellion
  • Capture of Luis Taruc in 1954
  • Beginning of Communist insurgency in the Philippines in the 1960s
Contemporary Era
Moro insurgency
(March 29, 1969 – present)
Operation Enduring Freedom in the Philippines (January 15, 2002 – ongoing)
M101 howitzer was widely use as the artillery in the operation against the Moro insurgencies in Mindanao.
 Philippines

Supported by:
 United States

Moro National Liberation Front (until 1996)
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (until 2014)
Islamic State Abu Sayyaf
Other Islamist groups
Cessation of armed conflict between the Government and MNLF/MILF
  • Ongoing conflict between the Government and Jihadist groups — Abu Sayyaf, Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters, and others
Communist Insurgency (1969–present)  Philippines Communist Party of the Philippines Ongoing
1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt
(December 1–9, 1989)
 Philippines
 United States
Archdiocese of Manila
RAM Movement Government victory
  • Coup crushed by US intervention
  • Creation of the Davide Fact-Finding Commission
  • Arrest of Honasan and coup plotters, financiers and leaders but some were given amnesty later on
1990 Mindanao crisis
(October 4–6, 1990)
 Philippines Federal Republic of Mindanao
  • Col. Alexander Noble
Government victory
  • Arrest of Col. Alexander Noble
  • Disestablishment of the Federal Republic of Mindanao
Battle of Camp Abubakar
(July 9, 2000)
 Philippines Moro Islamic Liberation Front Government victory
Manila Peninsula siege
(November 29, 2007)
 Philippines Bagong Katipuneros (Magdalo Group) Government victory
Scarborough Shoal standoff
(April 8, 2012 (start date))
 Philippines  China Scarborough Shoal occupied by China
Zamboanga City crisis
(September 9–28, 2013)
The Zamboanga City Hall where the MNLF intended to hoist the Bangsamoro Republik flag.
 Philippines  Bangsamoro Republik
  • Bangsamoro Republik Nur Misuari
  • Bangsamoro Republik Ustadz Habier Malik
  • Bangsamoro Republik Asamin Hussin
  • Bangsamoro Republik Salip Idjal
  • Bangsamoro Republik Dasta Ismael 
  • Bangsamoro Republik Misba Balaji
  • Bangsamoro Republik Jul Lipae
Government victory
  • The Bangsamoro Republik ceases to exist, as it doesn't have de facto control of any territory.
  • All hostages recovered.
  • Dissolution of Bangsamoro Republik
  • Some "20 to 30" MNLF rebels, including Commander Habier Malik are still at-large.
  • Death of MNLF commander Dasta Ismael
Operation Darkhorse
(January 27, – February 2, 2014)
Philippines Philippines

Supported by:
Moro Islamic Liberation Front

Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters Government victory
  • Temporary stops in BIFF and government offensives.
Siege of Marawi
(May 23 – October 23, 2017)
A building in Marawi is set ablaze by airstrikes carried out by the Philippine Air Force.
 Philippines  Islamic State Government victory
  • Failure of the militants to establish a provincial ISIL territory (wilayat)
  • Isnilon Hapilon, Abu Sayyaf leader and ISIL Emir in Southeast Asia killed by the Philippine Army
  • All seven Maute brothers killed by the Philippine Army
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See also

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References

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Notes
  1. ^ a b Two participants[who?] in the attack named the following persons as the chief organizers of the military operation:
    • Pedro Abayan, Mayor of Balangiga
    • Adronico Balais, Vice Mayor
    • Valeriano Abanador, Chief of Police
    • Mariano Valdenor, Assistant Chief of Police
    • Captain Eugenio Daza, Area Commander of General Vicente Lukban's forces for Southeastern Samar
    • Pedro Duran, a Sergeant under Diaz
    • Juan Salazar
    • Evangelista Gabornes, Councilor
    • Paulo Gavan Gacho
    Other sources showed that, while General Lukban viewed Daza as the overall commander, Daza acknowledged Abanador's operational command of the attack.[34]
  2. ^ Also attacked non-Huk guerrillas
  3. ^ Also attacked American & Christian Filipino guerrillas
  1. ^ Grace Estela C. Mateo. "The Philippines : A Story of a Nation" (PDF). Scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  2. ^ Day, Tony & Reynolds, Craig J. (2000). "Cosmologies, Truth Regimes, and the State in Southeast Asia". Modern Asian Studies. 34 (1). Cambridge University Press: 1–55. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00003589. JSTOR 313111. S2CID 145722369.
  3. ^ History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. 2009. p. 44. ISBN 978-99917-2-372-3.
  4. ^ Abellana, Jovito (1952). Aginid Bayok sa Atong Tawarik.
  5. ^ a b "Historical Timeline Of The Royal Sultanate Of Sulu Including Related Events Of Neighboring Peoplesby Josiah C". Seasite.niu.edu. August 30, 2000. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
  6. ^ "Ma-i / Ma-Yi- / Mindoro". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
  7. ^ *Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
  8. ^ del Mundo, Clodualdo (September 20, 1999). "Ako'y Si Ragam (I am Ragam)". Diwang Kayumanggi. Archived from the original on October 18, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
  9. ^ Halili 2004, The Natural Setting and its People, pp. 52–53.
  10. ^ "Iloilo History Part 1 - Research Center for Iloilo". Ilongo.weebly.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
  11. ^ "Significant battles in Bohol: Battle of the Bo-ol Kingdom". October 20, 2019.
  12. ^ Gardner, Robert (April 20, 1995). "Manila – A History". Philippine Journeys. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
  13. ^ General Archive of the Indies, Philippines, file 6, bunch 2, number 59. Letter from Gonzalo Ronquillo, Governor of the Philippines to the Viceroy of Mexico, June 1, 1582
  14. ^ Scott 1992, pp. 50–53, notes 24 and 25 on pp. 62–63.
  15. ^ "Forgotten heroes: Datus who first struck for independence". Manila Bulletin.
  16. ^ "Pio del Pilar & Matea Rodriguez - CENTRAL LUZON & NCR, Philippines Unsung Heroes". www.msc.edu.ph.
  17. ^ "Second Look at America". Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  18. ^ Halili 2004, pp. 145–146.
  19. ^ Quirino, Carlos (2004). The Young Aguinaldo, from Kawit to Biyak-na-Bato. Manila : Aguinaldo Centennial Year. p. 89.
  20. ^ Root, Elihu (1903). Annual reports of the War Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903: Report of the Chief of Engineers; Supplement to the report of the Chief of Engineers. United States War Department.
  21. ^ "Why Laguna deserves a ray of sun in the Philippine National Flag - Provincial Government of Laguna". www.laguna.gov.ph. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  22. ^ "Photo" (JPG). farm8.static.flickr.com.
  23. ^ "Marcela Marcelo died in battle of Pasong Santol March 21, 1897". The Kahimyang Project.
  24. ^ Alvarez, S.V. (1992). Recalling the Revolution. Madison: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison. p. 100. ISBN 9781881261056.
  25. ^ United States War Department (1903). Annual reports of the War Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903: Report of the Chief of Engineers; Supplement to the report of the Chief of Engineers. ISBN 9780332735498. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
  26. ^ Official Gazette of the Philippines. "The Philippine Flag". Official Gazette of the Philippines. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  27. ^ "6th Philippine-Spanish Friendship Day - Philstar.com". philstar.com.
  28. ^ Quirino, Carlos (1978). Alfredo Roces (ed.). Epic Stand in Baler. Filipino Heritage. Vol. 8. Lahing Pilipino Publishing Inc.
  29. ^ "The end of an empire – 1898: The Last Garrison of the Philippines". January 5, 2017.
  30. ^ "Lawton's Lake Expedition | Critics Rant". December 6, 2020.
  31. ^ U.S. War Dept. (1900), pg. 281
  32. ^ Jerry Keenan (2001), Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American & Philippine–American Wars, ABC-CLIO, p. 311, ISBN 978-1-57607-093-2
  33. ^ McNab, Chris (November 8, 2016). American Battles & Campaigns: A Chronicle from 1622-2010. Macmillan. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-250-10115-0. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  34. ^ Borrinaga, Rolando O. (2003). The Balangiga Conflict Revisited. New Day Publishers. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-971-10-1090-4.
  35. ^ Pamana. Cultural Center of the Philippines. 1971. p. 16.
  36. ^ Michael Salman (2001). The Embarrassment of Slavery: Controversies Over Bondage and Nationalism in the American Colonial Philippines. University of California Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-0-520-22077-5.
  37. ^ "MINDANAO, SULU and ARMM Unsung Heroes".
  38. ^ "Biography of Lieutenant-General Shiro Makino". www.generals.dk.
  39. ^ "Japanese Paratroop Operations in WW II". www.j-aircraft.com.
  40. ^ "Biography of Major-General Yoshimi Adachi – (安達由巳) – (あだち よしみ) – (Adachi Yoshiki) – (安達由己) – (あだち よしき) (1883–1944), Japan". www.generals.dk.
  41. ^ Prefer, Nathan N. (2012). Leyte, 1944: The Soldiers' Battle. Havertown, PA: Casemate Publishers. p. 39. ISBN 9781612001555.
  42. ^ Escuadrón 201, a Mexican fighter–bomber squadron that participated during the last phase of the battle.
  43. ^ "Maj. Gen. Percy W. Clarkson". U.S. Army Pacific. United States Army. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
  44. ^ "37th Infantry Division". U.S. Army Center of Military History. U.S. Army. May 20, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Bibliography
  • Villahermosa, Gilberto N. (2009), Honor and Fidelity: The 65th Infantry in Korea, 1950-1953, Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, retrieved November 9, 2010
  • Chae, Han Kook; Chung, Suk Kyun; Yang, Yong Cho (2001), Yang, Hee Wan; Lim, Won Hyok; Sims, Thomas Lee; Sims, Laura Marie; Kim, Chong Gu; Millett, Allan R. (eds.), The Korean War, vol. II, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 978-0-8032-7795-3
  • Chinese Military Science Academy (2000), History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea (抗美援朝战争史) (in Chinese), vol. II, Beijing: Chinese Military Science Academy Publishing House, ISBN 7-80137-390-1
  • Hu, Guang Zheng (胡光正); Ma, Shan Ying (马善营) (1987), Chinese People's Volunteer Army Order of Battle (中国人民志愿军序列) (in Chinese), Beijing: Chinese People's Liberation Army Publishing House, OCLC 298945765
  • War History Compilation Committee (1977), The History of the United Nations Forces in the Korean War, vol. 6, Seoul: Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense, OCLC 769331231
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