Voiced bilabial plosive
| Voiced bilabial plosive | |
|---|---|
| b | |
| IPA number | 102 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | b |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0062 |
| X-SAMPA | b |
| Braille |  |
The voiced bilabial stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨b⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is b. The voiced bilabial stop occurs in English, and it is the sound denoted by the letter ⟨b⟩ in boy. Many Indian languages, such as Hindustani, have a two-way[clarification needed] contrast between breathy voiced /bʱ/ and plain /b/.
Features
Features of the voiced bilabial stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Varieties
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| b | plain b |
| bʷ | labialised |
| b̜ʷ | semi-labialised |
| b̹ʷ | strongly labialised |
| bʲ | palatalised |
| bʱ | breathy voiced |
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | бгъу | 'nine' | |||
| Arabic | Standard[1] | كتب | [ˈkatabɐ] | 'he wrote' | See Arabic phonology |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [baba] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [baːba] | 'father' | ||
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | բարի | 'kind' | ||
| Basque | [[[Basque alphabet|bero]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [beɾo] | 'hot' | ||
| Bengali | বলো | [bɔlo] | 'say!' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Catalan[3] | [[[Catalan orthography|bèstia]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbɛstiə] | 'beast' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Southern Min | 閩 | [ban] | 'Fujian province' | Only in colloquial speech. |
| Wu | 皮 | [bi] | 'skin' | ||
| Xiang | 浮 | [bau] | 'to float' | ||
| Czech | [[[Czech orthography|bota]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbota] | 'boot' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch[4] | [[[Dutch orthography|boer]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [buːr] | 'farmer' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | [[[English orthography|aback]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [əˈbæk] | 'aback' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | [[[Esperanto orthography| batalo ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [baˈtalo] | 'war' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| French[5] | [[[French orthography|boue]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bu] | 'mud' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[6] | ბავშვი | [ˈbavʃvi] | 'child' | ||
| German | [[[German orthography|Bub]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [buːp] | 'boy' | See Standard German phonology | |
| Greek | [[[Greek alphabet|μπόχα]]/bócha] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbo̞xa] | 'reek' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | બક્રી | [bəkri] | 'goat' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| Hebrew | בית | [bajit] | 'house' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindi | [[[Devanāgarī|बाल]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: deva not supported for code: hi (help) | [bɑːl] | 'hair' | Contrasts with aspirated version ⟨भ⟩. See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | [[[Hungarian orthography|baba]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbɒbɒ] | 'baby' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[7] | [[[Italian alphabet|bile]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbile] | 'rage' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese[8] | 番/[[[Romanization of Japanese|ban]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [baɴ] | '(one's) turn' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | бгъуы | 'nine' | |||
| Korean | 차비/[[[Romanization of Korean|chabi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ɕʰɐbi] | 'fare' | See Korean phonology | |
| Luxembourgish[9] | [geblosen] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡɵ̞ˈbloːzɵ̞n] | 'blown' | More often voiceless [p].[9] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Macedonian | убав | [ˈubav] | 'beautiful' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | [[[Malay alphabet|baru]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bäru] | 'new' | ||
| Maltese | [[[Maltese alphabet|għatba]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [aːtˈba] | 'threshold' | ||
| Marathi | बटाटा | [bəˈʈaːʈaː] | 'potato' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Norwegian | [[[Norwegian alphabet|bål]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbɔːl] | 'bonfire' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Persian | [[[Persian orthography|خوب]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [xub] | 'good' | See Persian phonology | |
| Pirahã | [pibaóí] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈpìbàóí̯] | 'parent' | ||
| Polish[10] | [[[Polish orthography|bas]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'bass' | See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[11] | [[[Portuguese orthography|bato]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbatʊ] | 'I strike' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਬਿੱਲੀ | [bɪlːi] | 'cat' | ||
| Romanian[12] | [[[Romanian alphabet|bou]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bow] | 'bull' | See Romanian phonology. | |
| Russian[13] | рыба | [ˈrɨbə] | 'fish' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |
| Slovak | [[[Slovak alphabet|byť]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bic] | 'to be' | ||
| Spanish[14] | [[[Spanish orthography|invertir]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ĩmbe̞rˈtir] | 'to invest' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | [[[Swedish alphabet|bra]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbɾɑː] | 'good' | May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology | |
| Turkish | [[[Turkish alphabet|bulut]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbuɫut̪] | 'cloud' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian | брат | [ˈbrɑt̪] | 'brother' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Urdu | بال | [bɑːl] | 'hair' | Contrasts with aspirated version(بھ). See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| West Frisian | [bak] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bak] | 'tray' | ||
| Yi | ꁧ/[[[Yi script|bbo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bo˧] | 'mountain' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[15] | bald | [bal͡d] | 'few' | |
See also
References
- ^ Thelwall (1990:37)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Okada (1991:94)
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ DEX Online : [1]
- ^ Padgett (2003:42)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
Bibliography
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266
