Voiced retroflex fricative
| Voiced retroflex fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʐ | |||
| IPA Number | 137 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʐ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0290 | ||
| X-SAMPA | z` | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
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The voiced retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʐ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z`. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a z (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant).
Some scholars transcribe the laminal variant of this sound as /ʒ/, even though it is not palatalized. In such cases the voiced palato-alveolar sibilant is transcribed /ʒʲ/.
Features
Features of the voiced retroflex fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).[clarification needed]
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [ʐ̺] and laminal [ʐ̻].
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | абжа | [ˈabʐa] | 'half' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | жъы | 'old' | Laminal. | ||
| Chinese | Mandarin | 肉/ròu | 'meat' | May also be a retroflex approximant [ɻ]. See Mandarin phonology | |
| Faroese | [renn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʐɛn] | 'run' | ||
| Italian | Marked accents of Emilia-Romagna[1] | [caso] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkäːʐo] | 'case' | Apical;[1] may be [z̺ʲ] or [ʒ] instead.[1] It corresponds to [z] in standard Italian. See Italian phonology |
| Mapudungun[2] | [[[Mapudungun alphabet|'rayen]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has malformed markup (help) | [ʐɜˈjën] | 'flower' | May be [ɻ] or [ɭ] instead.[2] | |
| Marrithiyel | Marri Tjevin dialect | [wiˈɲaʐu] | 'they are laughing' | Voicing is non-contrastive. | |
| Pashto | Southern dialect | تږى | [ˈtəʐai] | 'thirsty' | See Pashto phonology |
| Polish | Standard[3] | [[[Polish orthography|żona]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'wife' | Also represented by ⟨rz⟩ and when written so, it can be instead pronounced as the raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.[4] It is transcribed as /ʒ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology | |
| Southeastern Cuyavian dialects[5] | [[[Polish orthography|zapłacił]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʐäˈpwät͡ɕiw] | 'he paid' | Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /ʐ/ and /z/ into [z]. | |
| Suwałki dialect[6] | |||||
| Russian[3] | жена | 'wife' | See Russian phonology | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | жут / [žut] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʐûːt̪] | 'yellow' | Laminal. It may be palato-alveolar instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak[7] | [[[Slovak alphabet|žaba]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʐäbä] | 'frog' | ||
| Sorbian | Lower[8][9] | [Łužyca] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈwuʐɨt͡sa] | 'Lusatia' | |
| Some Upper Sorbian dialects[10][11] | [example needed] | Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to [ʒ] in standard language.[8] See Upper Sorbian phonology | |||
| Tilquiapan Zapotec[12] | ? | [ʐan] | 'bottom' | ||
| Torwali[13] | ? | [ʂuʐ] | 'straight' | ||
| Ubykh | [ʐa] | 'firewood' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Vietnamese | Southern dialects | [[[Vietnamese alphabet|rô]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʐow] | 'diamond' | See Vietnamese phonology |
| Yi | ꏜ [[[Yi script|ry]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʐʐ̩˧] | 'grass' | ||
See also
References
- ^ a b c Canepari (1992), p. 73.
- ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 90.
- ^ a b Hamann (2004:65)
- ^ http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58
- ^ http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17
- ^ http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ^ a b Šewc-Schuster (1984:40–41)
- ^ Zygis (2003:180–181, 190–191)
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984:41)
- ^ Zygis (2003:180)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
- ^ Lunsford (2001:16–20)
Bibliography
- Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Hamann, Silke (2004), "Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 53–67, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001604
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan" (PDF), M.A. thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
- Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
- Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives" (PDF), ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 3: 175–213
