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Voiceless palatal plosive

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Voiceless palatal plosive
c
IPA number107
Encoding
Entity (decimal)c
Unicode (hex)U+0063
X-SAMPAc
Braille⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)

The voiceless palatal stop or voiceless palatal plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨c⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c.

If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal stop may be transcribed ⟨c̟⟩ or ⟨t̠ʲ⟩; these are essentially equivalent, because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is also a non-IPA letter ⟨ȶ⟩, used especially in Sinological circles.

It is common for the phonetic symbol ⟨c⟩ to be used to represent voiceless postalveolar affricate [t͡ʃ] or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction between stop and affricate is not contrastive.

There is also a voiceless post-palatal stop (also called pre-velar, fronted velar etc.) in some languages.

Features

Features of the voiceless palatal stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
  • Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate. The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar [k].
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian[1] [[[Albanian alphabet|shqip]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ʃcip] 'Albanian Language' Merged with [t͡ʃ] in Gheg Albanian for all speakers and in Tosk for some speakers.[2]
Aranda [example needed] — — Dento-alveolo-palatal and alveolar.[3]
Basque [[[Basque alphabet|ttantta]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [cäɲcä] 'droplet'
Blackfoot ᖳᖽᖾᖳᐡ/akikoan [aˈkicoan] 'girl' Allophone of /k/ after front vowels.
Bulgarian Banat dialect kaćétu [kacetu] 'as'
Catalan Eastern[4] [adquirir] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ət̪k̟iˈɾi(ɾ)] 'to acquire' Post-palatal.[4] Allophone of /k/ before front vowels.[4] See Catalan phonology
Majorcan[5] [mags] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈmacs] 'wizards' Simultaneous dento-alveolo-palatal and palatal.[3] Corresponds to /k/ in other varieties. See Catalan phonology
Chinese Taiwanese Hokkien [機車] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: Hani (help)/[[[Taiwanese Romanization System|ki-tshia]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ciː˧˧ t͡ɕʰia˥˥] 'motorcycle'
Corsican [[[Corsican alphabet|chjodu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈcoːdu] 'nail' Also present in the Gallurese dialect
Czech [čeština] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈtʃɛʃcɪna] 'Czech language' Alveolar and alveolo-palatal.[3] See Czech phonology
Dawsahak [cɛːˈnɐ] 'small'
Dinka [[[Dinka alphabet|car]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [car] 'black'
Dutch mietje [mic(j)ə] 'wimp'
Ega[6] [cá] 'understand'
English[7][8] [keen] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [k̟ʰiːn] 'keen' Post-palatal.[7][8] Allophone of /k/ before front vowels and /j/,[8] in Australia it may be (less commonly) palatal instead.[8] See English phonology and Australian English phonology
French[3] [[[French orthography|qui]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ci] 'who' (int.) Ranges from alveolar to palatal with more than one closure point. See French phonology
Friulian cjase [case] 'house'
Ganda caayi [caːji] 'tea'
Greek[9] Μακεδνός [mɐc̠e̞ˈðno̞s̠]ⓘ 'Makedon' Post-palatal.[9] See Modern Greek phonology
Gweno [ca] 'to come'
Hungarian[10] [[[Hungarian orthography|tyúk]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [cuːk] 'hen' Alveolo-palatal.[3] See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic [[[Icelandic orthography|gjóla]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [couːla] 'light wind' Alveolo-palatal.[3] See Icelandic phonology
Italian Standard[11] [chi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [k̟i]ⓘ 'who(m)' Post-palatal.[11] Allophone of /k/ before /i e ɛ j/.[11] See Italian phonology
Irish [[[Irish orthography|ceist]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [cɛʃtʲ] 'question' Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and palatal.[3] See Irish phonology
Khmer [[[Khmer Script|ចាប]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: kh (help) [caap] 'bird' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Kinyarwanda [ikintu] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [iciːntu] 'question'
Latvian [[[Latvian alphabet|ķirbis]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈcirbis] 'pumpkin'
Low German Plautdietsch [kjoakj] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [coac] 'church' Corresponds to [kʲ] in all other dialects.
Macedonian вреќа [ˈvrɛca] 'sack' See Macedonian phonology
Norwegian Northern and central dialects[12] [[[Norwegian alphabet|fett]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [fɛcː] 'fat' See Norwegian phonology
Occitan Limousin [tireta] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ciˈʀetɒ] 'drawer'
Auvergnat tirador [ciʀaˈdu] 'drawer'
Portuguese Some Fluminense speakers [pequi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [pi̥ˈci] 'pequi' Allophone of stressed /k/ after [i ~ ɪ] and before close front vowels (/i e ĩ ẽ/).
Some Brazilian speakers [[[Portuguese orthography|metido]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [miˈc̟idu] 'meddlesome', 'cocky' (m.) Corresponds to the affricate allophone of /t/ before /i/ that is common in Brazil).[13] See Portuguese phonology
Romanian[14] [[[Romanian alphabet|chin]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [cin] 'torture' Allophone of /k/ before /i/ and /e/. See Romanian phonology
Romansh Sursilvan[15] [notg] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [nɔc] 'night'
Sutsilvan[16] [tgàn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [caŋ] 'dog'
Surmiran[17] [vatgas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈvɑcɐs] 'cows'
Puter[18] [zücher] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈtsycər] 'sugar'
Vallader[19] [müs-chel] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈmyʃcəl] 'moss'
Slovak [[[Slovak orthography|deväť]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɟɛvæc] 'nine' Alveolar.[3]
Turkish [[[Turkish alphabet|köy]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [cʰœj] 'village' See Turkish phonology
Vietnamese[20] [[[Vietnamese alphabet|chị]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ci˧ˀ˨ʔ] 'elder sister' May be slightly affricated [t͡ɕ]. See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian [[[West Frisian language|tjems]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [cɛms] 'strainer'
Western Desert kutju [kucu] 'one'

See also

References

  1. ^ Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti (1982), p. 10.
  2. ^ Kolgjini (2004).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Recasens (2013), p. 11–13.
  4. ^ a b c Rafel (1999), p. 14.
  5. ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 1.
  6. ^ Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002), p. 100.
  7. ^ a b Lyons (1981), p. 76.
  8. ^ a b c d Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  9. ^ a b Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
  10. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
  11. ^ a b c Canepari (1992), p. 62.
  12. ^ Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
  13. ^ Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited
  14. ^ DEX Online : [1]
  15. ^ Menzli (1993), p. 92.
  16. ^ Liver (1999), pp. 53–54.
  17. ^ Liver (1999), pp. 56–57.
  18. ^ Liver (1999), pp. 59–60.
  19. ^ Liver (1999), pp. 63–64.
  20. ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

Bibliography

  • Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
  • Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X
  • Kolgjini, Julie M. (2004), Palatalization in Albanian: An acoustic investigation of stops and affricates (Ph.D.), The University of Texas at Arlington
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
  • Liver, Ricarda (1999), Rätoromanisch: Eine Einführung in das Bünderromanische, Gunter Narr Verlag, ISBN 3-8233-4973-2
  • Lyons, John (1981), Language and Linguistics: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-54088-9
  • Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
  • Menzli, Gierdi (1993), Cuors da romontsch sursilvan: Lecziuns 1–18, Ligia romontscha
  • Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter R. (1982), Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-1129-6
  • Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 84-7283-446-8
  • Recasens, Daniel (2013), "On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 1–22, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000199
  • Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878
  • Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla, Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
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