Voiced uvular trill
| Voiced uvular trill | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʀ | |||
| IPA Number | 123 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʀ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0280 | ||
| X-SAMPA | R\ | ||
| |||
The uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʀ⟩, a small capital ar. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R.
Within Europe, the uvular trill seems to have originated in Standard French around the seventeenth century, spreading to standard varieties of German, Danish, as well as in parts of Dutch, Norwegian and Swedish; it is also present in other areas of Europe, but it's not all that clear if such pronunciations are due to French influence.[1] In most cases, varieties have shifted this to a Voiced uvular fricative ([ʁ]). See guttural R for more information.
Features
Features of the uvular trill:
- Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates.
- Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan[2] | Some northern dialects | [[[Catalan orthography|córrer]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkoʀe] | 'to run' | See Catalan phonology |
| French[3] | [[[French orthography|carré]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kaʀe] | 'square' | Dialectal. More commonly a fricative [ʁ]. See French phonology | |
| Dutch | Northern | [[[Dutch orthography|rond]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʀɔnt] | 'round' | Common in Randstad, Zuid-Holland and some dialects of Overijssel and other provinces. See Dutch phonology |
| Southern | Some dialects of North Brabant and Limburg. See Dutch phonology | ||||
| English | Northumbrian dialect[4] | [[[English orthography|red]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʀed] | 'red' | Dialectal "Northumbrian burr", mostly found in eastern Northumberland, declining. See English phonology |
| German | Standard[5] | [[[German orthography|Rübe]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʀyːbə] | 'turnip' | In free variation with a voiced uvular fricative. See German phonology |
| Hebrew | ירוק | [jaˈʀok] | 'green' | May also be a fricative or approximant. See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Occitan | Southern Auvergnat | [[[Latin alphabet|garçon]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡaʀˈsu] | 'son' | |
| Eastern dialects | garric | [ɡaʀi] | 'oak' | contrasts with alveolar trill ([ɡari] 'cured') | |
| Southeastern Limousin | filh | [fʲiʀ] | 'son' | ||
| Provençal | parts | [paʀ] | 'parts' | ||
| Portuguese | European | [[[Portuguese orthography|carro]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkaʀu] | 'car' | See Portuguese phonology |
| Romani | Some dialects | [[[Romani orthography|rom]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʀom] | 'man' | Corresponds to /r/ in other dialects. |
| Sioux | Lakota[6][7] | ǧí | [ʀí] | 'it's brown' | Allophone of /ʁ/ before /i/. |
| Swedish | Southern Dialects | [[[Swedish orthography|räv]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʀɛv] | 'fox' | See Swedish phonology |
See also
References
- ^ Trudgill (1974:221), citing Moulton (1952), Ewert (1963), and Martinet (1969)
- ^ Wheeler (2005:24)
- ^ Grevisse & Goosse (2008:22–36)
- ^ http://www.northumbriana.org.uk/langsoc/about.htm
- ^ Hall (1993:89)
- ^ Rood & Taylor (1996)
- ^ Lakota Language Consortium (2004). Lakota letters and sounds.
Bibliography
- Ewert, A. (1963), The French Language, London: Faber
- Grevisse, Maurice; Goosse, André (2008), Le Bon Usage (14th ed.), De Boeck et Larcier
- Hall, Tracy Alan (1993), "The phonology of German /ʀ/", Phonology, 10 (1): 83–105, doi:10.1017/S0952675700001743
- Martinet, A. (1969), Le Français sans fard, Paris: Presses Universitaires
- Moulton, W.G. (1952), "Jacob Böhme's uvular r", Journal of English and Germanic philology, 51: 83–89
- Rood, David S.; Taylor, Allan R. (1996), "Sketch of Lakhota, a Siouan Language, Part I", Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 17, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 440–482
- Trudgill, Peter (1974), "Linguistic change and diffusion: Description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect", Language in Society, 3 (2): 215–246, doi:10.1017/S0047404500004358
- Wheeler, Max W (1979), Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-631-11621-9
