Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
| Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʨ | |||
| t͡ɕ | |||
| t͜ɕ | |||
| IPA Number | 215 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʨ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+02A8 | ||
| X-SAMPA | ts\ | ||
| |||
The voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡ɕ⟩ (formerly ⟨ʨ⟩). The voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate occurs in languages such as Mandarin Chinese and Serbo-Croatian.
Features
Features of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolo-palatal. This means that:
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, meaning that the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth in the area behind the alveolar ridge (the gum line).
- Its tongue shape is laminal, meaning that it is the tongue blade that contacts the roof of the mouth.
- It is heavily palatalized, meaning that the middle of the tongue is bowed and raised towards the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | чъыгы | 'tree' | |||
| Catalan | Most dialects[1] | [[[Catalan orthography|fletxa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈfɫett͡ɕə] | 'arrow' | See Catalan phonology |
| Valencian | [[[Catalan orthography|xec]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈt͡ɕek] | 'cheque' | ||
| Chinese | Mandarin | [[[Chinese characters|北京]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-cmn-Hani (help)/[[[Hanyu Pinyin|Běijīng]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'Beijing' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology | |
| Danish | [[[Danish phonology|tjener]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈt͡ɕenɐ] | 'servant' | See Danish phonology | |
| Japanese | 知人/[[[Romanization of Japanese|chijin]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ɕid͡ʑĩɴ] | 'acquaintance' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Korean | 잘/[[[Revised Romanization of Korean|jal]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ɕal] | 'well' | See Korean phonology | |
| Norwegian | [[[Norwegian alphabet|tjern]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ɕæɳ] | 'pond' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Polish[2] | [[[Polish orthography|ćma]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'moth' | See Polish phonology | ||
| Russian | чуть | [t͡ɕʉtʲ] | 'narrowly' | See Russian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | Ловћен/[[[Latin alphabet|Lovćen]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [lǒʋt͡ɕen] | 'Lovćen' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Swedish | Finland | [[[Swedish alphabet|kjol]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ɕuːl] | 'skirt' | See Swedish phonology |
| Thai[3] | [[[Thai script|ฉัน]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: thai not supported for code: th (help) | [tɕʰǎn] | 'I' (informal) | ||
| Vietnamese | [[[Vietnamese alphabet|cha]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ɕa] | 'father' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Yi | ꏢ/[[[Yi script|ji]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ɕi˧] | 'sour' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms | |
See also
References
- ^ Wheeler (2005:12)
- ^ Jassem (2003:105)
- ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993:24)
Bibliography
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S. (1993), "Thai", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (1): 24–26, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746
- Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
