Kumaoni language: Difference between revisions
Undid revision 790072637 by Negivijay196 (talk) restoring infobox: I don't see any obvious red flags |
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* ''Teri Saun'', (First film both in Kumaoni and Garhwali),<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/45913051.cms The Times of India] Teri Saun, 10 May 2003.</ref> written, produced, and directed by Anuj Joshi,<ref>[http://nandadevi.prayaga.org/?page_id=52 Film set in 1994 Uttarakhand Movement] Nandadevi Campaign.</ref> 2003. |
* ''Teri Saun'', (First film both in Kumaoni and Garhwali),<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/45913051.cms The Times of India] Teri Saun, 10 May 2003.</ref> written, produced, and directed by Anuj Joshi,<ref>[http://nandadevi.prayaga.org/?page_id=52 Film set in 1994 Uttarakhand Movement] Nandadevi Campaign.</ref> 2003. |
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* ''Aapun Biraan'' (Apne Paraye) by Shri Kartikey Cine Productions. Written by Rajendra Bora (''Tribhuvan Giri''). Produced by ''Bhaskar Singh Rawat''. 2007. |
* ''Aapun Biraan'' (Apne Paraye) by Shri Kartikey Cine Productions. Written by Rajendra Bora (''Tribhuvan Giri''). Produced by ''Bhaskar Singh Rawat''. 2007. |
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* ''Madhuli'' by Anamika Film, 2008.<ref>[http://www.uttarakhandandbeyond.com/index.php/Video/kumaoni-film-Madhuli.html Maduhli] Kumaoni Films at uttarakhandandbeyond.</ref> |
* ''Madhuli'' by Anamika Film, 2008.<ref>[http://www.uttarakhandandbeyond.com/index.php/Video/kumaoni-film-Madhuli.html Maduhli]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Kumaoni Films at uttarakhandandbeyond.</ref> |
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* ''Aapke Liye'', a 1985 TV show aired in Doordarshan Directed by sharbat sanzarr and presented by Mohan Manral showcases the kumaoni mela "kauteek". |
* ''Aapke Liye'', a 1985 TV show aired in Doordarshan Directed by sharbat sanzarr and presented by Mohan Manral showcases the kumaoni mela "kauteek". |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727003535/http://kumaoni.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=37&Itemid=41 Kumaoni Language Songs] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727003535/http://kumaoni.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=37&Itemid=41 Kumaoni Language Songs] |
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* [http://navinideas.blogspot.com/ ऊँचे पहाड़ों से .....जीवन के स्वर, कुमाउनी कवितायें हिन्दी भावानुवाद के साथ] |
* [http://navinideas.blogspot.com/ ऊँचे पहाड़ों से .....जीवन के स्वर, कुमाउनी कवितायें हिन्दी भावानुवाद के साथ] |
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* [http://www.kumaoni.org Kumaoni.org Kumaoni Community Portal] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110404102725/http://www.kumaoni.org/ Kumaoni.org Kumaoni Community Portal] |
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* [http://www.satpalmaharaj.com/wp-content/themes/satpalmaharaj/privatemembersbills/garhwali-kumauni-raj-bhasha-bill.pdf Garhwali-kumauni-raj-bhasha-bill.pdf]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
* [http://www.satpalmaharaj.com/wp-content/themes/satpalmaharaj/privatemembersbills/garhwali-kumauni-raj-bhasha-bill.pdf Garhwali-kumauni-raj-bhasha-bill.pdf]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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* [https://uttarakhandilokoktiyan.org/ Uttarakhandi Lokoktiyan (Kumaoni Sanskaran)] |
* [https://uttarakhandilokoktiyan.org/ Uttarakhandi Lokoktiyan (Kumaoni Sanskaran)] |
Revision as of 09:00, 10 September 2017
Kumaoni | |
---|---|
कुमाँऊनी | |
Native to | India, Nepal |
Region | Kumaon, Uttarakhand, Darchula district and Baitadi District |
Ethnicity | Kumauni People |
Native speakers | (2.4 million cited 1998 survey)[1] Official census results conflate some speakers with Hindi.[2] |
Devanagari script Śāradā script (historical) Takri alphabet (historical) | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Uttarakhand ( ![]() |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | kfy |
Glottolog | kuma1273 |
The Kumaoni language is a Central Pahari language.
Kumaoni is spoken by over 2,360,000 (1998) people in Uttarakhand, primarily in districts Almora, Nainital, Pithoragarh, Bageshwar, Champawat, Udham Singh Nagar as well as in areas of Himachal Pradesh and Nepal. It is also spoken by Kumaonis resident in other Indian states; Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi and Madhya Pradesh.[3]
The Central Pahari languages include, Kumaoni and Garhwali (spoken in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand). Kumaoni, like Garhwali, has many regional dialects spoken in different places in Uttarakhand. Amongst its dialects, the Central Kumauni is spoken in Almora and northern Nainital, Northeastern Kumauni is in Pithoragarh, Southeastern Kumauni is in Southeastern Nainital, Western Kumauni is west of Almora and Nainital.[4]
Almost all people who can speak and understand Kumaoni can also speak and understand Hindi[citation needed], one of the official languages of India. Due to a number of reasons (including the predominance of Hindi), the use of Kumaoni is shrinking very rapidly. UNESCO’s Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger designates Kumaoni as language in the unsafe category and which requires consistent conservation efforts.[5]
Dialects of the Kumaoni Language
Although dialects of Kumaoni do not vary as greatly as neighboring Garhwali dialects, there are several dialects spoken in the Kumaon region. There is not single accepted method of dividing up the dialects of Kumaoni. Broadly speaking, Kali (or Central) Kumaoni is spoken in Almora and northern Nainital. North-eastern Kumaoni is spoken in Pithoragarh. South-eastern Kumaoni is spoken in South-eastern Nainital. Western Kumaoni is spoken west of Almora and Nainital.
More specifically:
- Johari of the Johar Valley
- Askoti of Askot
- Bhabhri of Ramnagar [6]
- Chaugarkhiyali of Chaugarkha
- Danpuriya of Danpur
- Gangoli of Ganai-Gangoli (Gangolihat)
- Johari of Malla and Talla Johar
- Khasparjiya of Almora
- Kumaiyya of Champawat
- Pachhai of Pali-Pachhhau (Ranikhet, Dwarahat)
- Pashchimi
- Phaldakotiya of Phaldkot
- Rhau-Chaubyansi, (Nainital)
- Sirali of Sirakot (Didihat)
- Soriyali of Sor Valley (Pithoragarh)
- Baitada of Baitadi, Darchula and parts of Bajhang District in Nepal
- Dotiyali of Doti
Scholars believe that Kumaoni has heavily influenced the Palpa language of Nepal. There are also several unrelated Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in the Kumaon region which have had some influence from Kumaoni.
These languages are typically spoken in Upper Reaches of Kumaon Himalayas.
Grammar
Being part of the Indo-Aryan dialect continuum Kumauni shares its grammar with other Indo-Aryan languages, especially Nepali, Hindi, Rajasthani languages, Kashmiri and Gujarati. It shares much of its grammar with the other languages of the Central Pahari like Garhwali and Jaunsari. The peculiarities of grammar in Kumaoni and other Central Pahari languages exist due to the influence of the now extinct language of the Khasas, the first inhabitants of the region. In Kumauni the verb substantive is formed from the root ach, as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri. In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from the Sanskrit present rcchami, I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle *rcchitas, gone, for in these languages it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: - Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are the tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice of epenthesis, or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in the next syllable, and the frequent occurrence of disaspiration. Thus, Khas siknu, Kumauni sikhno, but Hindi sikhna, to learn; Kumauni yeso, plural yasa, of this kind.
Khas-kura | Kumauni | Kashmiri | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masc | Fem | Masc | Fem | Masc | Fem | |
I am | chu | chu | chic | chu | thus | ches |
You are | chas | ches | chai | chi | chukh | chekh |
He is | cha | che | ch | chi | chuh | cheh |
Verb Conjugation
Conjugation of the verb Lekh (लेख) to write, in all three tenses in Kumaoni.
Present tense
- Singular
Kumaoni | Transliteration | English |
---|---|---|
मैं लेखनू | main lekhnu | I write |
तू लेख छे | tu lekh chhe | you write |
उ लिखनो | U likhno | he writes |
- Plural
Kumaoni | Transliteration | English |
---|---|---|
हम लेखनु | hum lekhnu | we write |
तुम लेख छो | tum lekh chho | you write |
ऊँ लेखन छन | un lekhan chhan | they write |
Past tense
- Singular
Kumaoni | Transliteration | English |
---|---|---|
मेल लिखौ | maile lekho | I wrote |
त्वील लिखौ | tveel lekho | you wrote |
वील लिखौ | veel lekho | he wrote |
- Plural
Kumaoni | Transliteration | English |
---|---|---|
हमुल लेखौ | humul lekho | we wrote |
तुमुल लेखौ | tumule lekho | you wrote |
उनुले लेखौ | unule lekho | they wrote |
Future tense
- Singular
Kumaoni | Transliteration | English |
---|---|---|
मैं लिखूंलो | main lekhulo | I will write |
तू लेखले | tum lekhle | you will write |
उ लेखल | u lekhal | he will write |
- Plural
Kumaoni | Transliteration | English |
---|---|---|
हम लेखुंला | hum lekhula | we will write |
तुम लेखला | tum lekhla | you will write |
ऊँ लेखल | un lekhal | they will write |
Example short phrases
Words/phrases | Transliteration | Meaning |
---|---|---|
जै देव | Jai Dev | Hello (lit. praise the lord) Formal. |
नमस्कार | Namaskar. | Hi/Hello |
कस हेरे छे? | Kas hare chhe? | How are you? Informal |
कस हेरो छा? | Kas haro cha | How are you? Formal |
भल हेरो | Bhal hero | I am fine |
काँ जाण छा? | kaa jaan chha? | Where are you going |
होए | Hoye. | Yes. |
ना | Nā. | No. |
कतु? | Kadu? | How much?/How many? |
काँ? | Kaa? | Where? |
कसिक? | Kasik? | How? |
कैक? | Kaik? | Whose? |
को? | Ko? | Who? |
के? | Ke? | What? |
के हेगो? | Ke hego. | What happened? |
तुमऱ नौ के छ? | Tumar nau ke che? | What is your name? |
Kumaoni literature
Kumaoni language has had many noteworthy writers, prominent among them are
- Himanshu Joshi
- Dhan Singh Basnal "Dhanu" "Pipal Gaon-VILLAGE"
- Gumani Pant
- Gourda
- Shyama Charan Datt Pant (1901–67)
- Dr. Y. D. Vaishnava "Ashok"
- Girish Tiwari 'Girda (1942–2010)
- Shailesh Matiyani (1931–2001)
- Mohan Upreti (1925–1997)
- Sher Singh Bisht renowned as Sherda Anpad
- Jeevan Chandra Joshi 'Jeevan Barbajyu'
- Dr. Ramesh Chandra Shah
- Puran Chandra Joshi
- Gyan Pant
- Devki Nandan Kandpal
- Meena Pandey, Srujan Se editor
- Dr.Deepa Kandpal
- Dr.Dev Singh Pokhariya
- Baljeet Singh Negi
- Damodar Joshi 'Dewanshu'[7]
- Bansidhar Pathak 'Jigyashu'
- Dr.Prayag Joshi
- Dr.Diwa Bhatt
- Dr.Manoj Upreti
- Bahadur Bora 'Sribandhu'
- Dr.Sher Singh Bisht[8]
- Shekhar Joshi
- Mathura Dutt Mathpal
- Rajendra Bora AKA Tribhuvan Giri
- Jagdish Joshi
- Naveen Joshi
- Dr.Yogendra Prasad Joshi 'Nawal'
- Navin Joshi 'Navendu'[9]
- Hayat Singh Rawat
- Mahendra Matiyani
- Jugal Kishor Petshali
- Charu Chandra Pandey
- Balam Singh Janouti
- Kailash Chandra Lohani
- Gopal Dutt Bhatt
- Parvati Upreti
- Mohammal Ali Ajnabi
- Devki Parvtiya
- Veena Pani Joshi
- Ghananand Pandey
- Mohan Ram Tamta 'Mohan Kumaouni'
- M.D. Andola
- Deepak Karki
- Anil Bhoj
- Uday Kiroula
- Narayal Singh Bisht
- Sher Singh Mehra 'Kumaoni'
- Shemual Madho Singh
- Surender Singh Bisht (newal) (Jhargow)
- Karam Singh Bhandari
- Shankar Jiwal IPS - 1990 TN Batch
- Ramesh Nagarkoti
- devki mahara
- jagdish chandra joshi
- heera sing rana
- dr.mahendra mahara'madhu"
- Kailash Chandra Gururani
- Suraj Chand Rajwar
Efforts to Bring Garhwali Kumaoni as Raj Basha
Recently there is private member bill 12-07-2010 - Garhwali Kumauni Raj Bhasha presented by Local MP Satpal Maharaj from Uttarakhand.
Media and art
Films
- Megha Aa, (First Kumaoni Film).[10] Director Kaka Sharma, Produced S S Bisht, 1987[11]
- Teri Saun, (First film both in Kumaoni and Garhwali),[12] written, produced, and directed by Anuj Joshi,[13] 2003.
- Aapun Biraan (Apne Paraye) by Shri Kartikey Cine Productions. Written by Rajendra Bora (Tribhuvan Giri). Produced by Bhaskar Singh Rawat. 2007.
- Madhuli by Anamika Film, 2008.[14]
- Aapke Liye, a 1985 TV show aired in Doordarshan Directed by sharbat sanzarr and presented by Mohan Manral showcases the kumaoni mela "kauteek".
Theatre
Kumaoni theatre which developed through its 'Ramleela' plays,[15] later evolved into a modern theatre form with the efforts of theatre stalwarts like Mohan Upreti and Dinesh Pandey, and groups like 'Parvatiya Kala Kendra' (started by Mohan Upreti) and 'Parvatiya Lok Kala Manch'. "Ankhar" of Lucknow did a very good work in the field of kumaoni theater. Ankhar played a number of kumauni plays like "mee yo gayun, mee yo satkyun" writer Nand Kumar Upreti, "Punturi" by Charu Chandra Pandey, "Motor Road" by Govind Ballabh Pant, "Labh Ribhadi" writer Nand Kumar Upreti, "Kagare Aag" and "Tumhare Liye" by Himanshu Joshi, Kumauni translation Naveeen Joshi and कुमाउनी नाटक-जैल थै, वील पै @ https://web.archive.org/web/20151007071047/https://navinjoshi1.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/jail-thai-weel-pai.pdf etc.
Folk music
Folk song genres include ceremonial mandals, martial panwaras and melancholy khuded, thadya and jhoda.
Musical instruments used in Kumaon music include the dhol, damoun, turri, ransingha, dholki, daur, thali, bhankora and masakbhaja. Tabla and harmonium are also used, but to a lesser extent.
The Music and its development have seen various phases of growth and have undergone lots of transformation during the course of time.[citation needed]
Some prominent singers are:
- Mohan Upreti, the most famous personality associated with Kumaoni folk music, who is known for his Nanda Devi Jagar & Rajula Malu Shahi Ballad. He is famous for the great Kumaoni song Bedu Pako Baro Masa which for many years the identity of the hills of Uttarakahand. It is said this song was also a favourite of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru who heard it in a band march as this song is also apopular marching song.
- Shri Gopal Babu Goswami who is considered to be a legend in Kumaon for his melodious voice. His songs on the life of the members of the armed forces and their families like Kaile baje muruli, Ghughuti na basa (Hirda cassettes) and many others are legendary, it is said that when these songs were transmitted on All India Radio women could not help but weep when they heard the soul touching voice of Gopal Da as he was lovingly called.
- Heera Singh Rana is identified as a contemporary poet and singer who touched upon various shades of hill life, particularly the plight of women. Besides beauty, love, and romance, his poetry illustrates pains and sufferings and are sharp in satire on the political class.
In the early 90's songs on the turning life style mainly on the one who are heading towards town being made in which meri kumau ki gaadi, hit meri punjaban billo uttarakhand pahara, bwaari tamaaku pija etc. criticize the changing attitude in kumaoni society, the songs of mohan manral straight away criticize of the changing mindset of metropolitan kumaoni society running away from their roots.
Radio
- In 1962, a new programme was introduced from Akashwani Lucknow- "Utterayana". this programme was specially for the Chinese border area. Jay dev sharma "kamal" Banshidhar Pathak Jigyasu and Jeet Singh Jardhari started this programme. Najeebabad Akashwani kendra relayed this programme .
- With the aim to create a common platform for local communities of Supi in Uttarakhand, TERI launched 'Kumaon vani', a community radio service on 11 March 2010. Uttarakhand Governor Margaret Alva inaugurated the community radio station, the first in the state. The 'Kumaon Vani' aims to air programmes on environment, agriculture, culture, weather and education in the local language and with the active participation of the communities. The radio station covers a radius of 10 km reaching out to almost 2000 locals around Mukhteshwar[16]
- In order to create a folk genome tank of Uttarakhand where one can find each genre and occasions in the form of folk music, and to bring the melodious folk from the heart of Himalaya on global screen, the very first internet radio of Kumaon/Garhwal/Jaunsar was launched in year 2008 by a group of non resident Uttarakhandi from New York, which has been gaining significant popularity among inhabitants and migrants since its beta version was launched in year 2010. This was named after a very famous melody of hills of Himalaya, Bedupako Baramasa O Narain Kafal Pako Chaita Bedupako[17]
Further reading
- Upreti, Ganga Dutt (1894). Proverbs & folklore of Kumaun and Garhwal. Lodiana Mission Press.
- Devidatta Sarma; Linguistic geography of Kumaun Himalayas: A descriptive areal distribution of Kumauni language (Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages). Mittal Publications; 1994. ISBN 81-7099-529-9.
- Devidatta Sarma; The formation of Kumauni language (SILL : series in Indian languages and linguistics). Bahri Publications; 1985. ISBN 81-7034-005-5.
- Taran- Sampadak Balam Singh Janouti
- Byan Tar-Sampadak Anil Bhoj & Deepak Karki
- Aankhar- Sampadak Banshidhar Pathak 'Jigyashu'
- Dudboli-Sampadak Mathura Datt Mathpal
- Sisoun by Banshidhar Pathak 'Jigyashu'
- Ukav-Hular by Dr.Ramesh Chandra Shah
- Kudrat-Kumaoni Kavita Sangrah (1969) by Damodar Joshi 'Dewanshu'[7]
- Pakhan-Kumaoni Kavita Sangrah (1994) by Damodar Joshi 'Dewanshu'
- Gadyanjali-First Kumaoni Gadya Sangrah (1999) by Damodar Joshi'Dewanshu'
- Shikhar-Kumaoni Kavita Sangrah (2002) by Damodar Joshi 'Dewanshu'
- Anwar-First Kumaoni Kahani Sangrah (2004) by Damodar Joshi 'Dewanshu'
- Aapani Panyar-First Kumaoni Natak Sangrah (2006) by Damodar Joshi 'Dewanshu'
- Kumauni bhasha aur sahitya ka udbhav evam vikas by Dr. Sher Singh Bisht
- kumaun Himalaya ki boliyo ka sarveksan by Dr. Sher Singh Bisht
- Bharat Mata(Kumaoni Kavita Sangrah)by Dr. Sher Singh Bisht
- Ija (Kumaoni Kavita Sangrah) by Dr. Sher Singh Bisht
- Uchain (Kumaoni Kavita Sangrah) by Dr. Sher Singh Bisht
- Mankhi (Kumaoni Nibandh Sangrah) by Dr. Sher Singh Bisht
- Kachuvain by M.D.Andola
- Manyadar by Late Bahadur Bora 'Shribandhu'
- Dhartik Kakhin by M.D.Andola
- Pachhyan by Dr. Diva Bhatt & Bahadur Bora 'Sribandhu'
- Kumaoni-Hindi Lokokti evan Muhavara Kosh by Dr. Deepa Kandpal
- Kyap-Kyap: Kumauni Kavya Sangrah by Dr. Manoj Upreti ISBN 9788191010299
- Baanj Gharak Pahru, Raaf, Kasak by Dr.Dev Singh Pokharia
- Kweer kumaoni Gadya Sangrah by Hayat Singh Rawat
- Addran Swain: Kumauni Kavya Sangrah by Dr. Manoj Upreti
- Dhad by Hayat Singh Rawat
- Burunsh — Kumaoni Kavya Sangrah
- Jangdi Ujyay — Kumaoni Kavya Sangrah
- Mansup Kumaoni Kavya Sangrah by Deepak Karki
- Kumaoni Shrimad Bhagvat Geeta by Dr. Yogendra Joshi 'Nawal'
- Teen Thoon- Kumaoni Kahani Sangrah by Dr. Yogendra Joshi 'Nawal'
- Kumauni Kavitayen by Navin Joshi 'Navendu'[18]
- कुमाउनी कविताओं की पुस्तक-उघड़ी आंखोंक स्वींड़ @ https://web.archive.org/web/20151009122226/https://navinjoshi1.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/ugadi-aankhonk-sween.pdf
- कुमाउनी कविताएं हिंदी भावानुवाद के साथ-ऊँचे पहाड़ों से…. जीवन के स्वर @ http://ounchepahadonse.blogspot.in/
- Uttarakhandi Lokoktiyan by Smt. Rama Pandey, Shri Ramesh Chandra Pandey & Dr. Shashi Pandey @ https://uttarakhandilokoktiyan.org/
See also
External links
- Kumaon.com, know all about Kumaon
- Kumaoni Language and Literature
- UNESCO
- Learn Kumaoni Online
- Online Dictionary of Kumaoni language
- Kumaoni Language Songs
- ऊँचे पहाड़ों से .....जीवन के स्वर, कुमाउनी कवितायें हिन्दी भावानुवाद के साथ
- Kumaoni.org Kumaoni Community Portal
- Garhwali-kumauni-raj-bhasha-bill.pdf[permanent dead link]
- Uttarakhandi Lokoktiyan (Kumaoni Sanskaran)
References
- ^ Kumaoni at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Nepal Language". Southasianmedia.net. Archived from the original on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Kumaoni. A language of India". Ethnologue. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
- ^ "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
- ^ "Uttaranchal Dialects and Languages - Uttarakhand Worldwide - Kumaoni and Garhwali - Kumaon and Garhwal Dialects". Uttaranchal.org.uk. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ^ a b "?". Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Prof. Sher Singh Bisht. "The goal of mankind is knowledge". Retrieved 3 September 2010.
- ^ "कुमाउनी समग्र". Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Kumaoni Cinema Archived 11 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine Pahari Shabdkosh.
- ^ First Kumaoni Film[permanent dead link] Bollywood Sargam.
- ^ The Times of India Teri Saun, 10 May 2003.
- ^ Film set in 1994 Uttarakhand Movement Nandadevi Campaign.
- ^ Maduhli[permanent dead link] Kumaoni Films at uttarakhandandbeyond.
- ^ Indian Traditions Theatre at iloveindia.
- ^ "Teri launches Kumaon Vani community radio service". One India. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
- ^ Dr. Shailesh Upreti (23 February 2011). "First e Radio of Uttarakhand". official. bedupako. Retrieved 28 June 2008.
- ^ "?". Retrieved 3 September 2010.
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