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San Juan, Metro Manila

Coordinates: 14°36′14″N 121°01′48″E / 14.604°N 121.03°E / 14.604; 121.03
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San Juan
Ciudad de San Juan del Monte
Luñgsod nañg San Juan
Highly urbanized city
San Juan City, Lungsod ng San Juan
(From top, left to right: Pinaglabanan Shrine • Santuario de Santo Cristo • San Juan City Hall • aerial view of San Juan business district and Greenhills • Diwa ng 1896 Monument)
Flag of San Juan
Flag
Official seal of San Juan
Seal
Nickname: 
Dakilang Lungsód ng San Juan (Great City of San Juan)
Motto(s): 
Diwa ng 1896 ("Spirit of 1896")
Makabagong San Juan (Modern San Juan)
Anthem: San Juan, Sagisag ng Kalayaan (English: San Juan, Symbol of Freedom)
Map of Metro Manila with San Juan highlighted
Map of Metro Manila with San Juan highlighted
OpenStreetMap
Map
San Juan is located in Philippines
San Juan
San Juan
Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 14°36′14″N 121°01′48″E / 14.604°N 121.03°E / 14.604; 121.03
CountryPhilippines
RegionNational Capital Region
Provincenone
District Lone district
Founded1623
Annexation to San Felipe NeriOctober 12, 1903
CharteredMarch 27, 1907
Cityhood and HUCJune 17, 2007
Named forSt. John the Baptist
Barangays21 (see Barangays)
Government
 [2]
 • TypeSangguniang Panlungsod
 • MayorFrancisco Javier M. Zamora (PDP–Laban)
 • Vice MayorJosé Warren P. Villa (PDP–Laban)
 • RepresentativeYsabel Maria J. Zamora (PDP–Laban)
 • Councilors
List[1]
 • Electorate109,640 voters (2022)
Area
[3]
 • Total5.87 km2 (2.27 sq mi)
 • Rank145th out of 145
Elevation
24 m (79 ft)
Highest elevation
136 m (446 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[4]
 • Total126,347
 • Density22,000/km2 (56,000/sq mi)
 • Households
31,519
Demonym(s)San Juaneño (Male)
San Juaneña (Female)
Economy
 • Income class1st city income class
 • Poverty incidence
0.09
% (2021)[5]
 • Revenue₱ 2,338 million (2020)
 • Assets₱ 6,327 million (2020)
 • Expenditure₱ 1,823 million (2020)
 • Liabilities₱ 2,398 million (2020)
Service provider
 • ElectricityManila Electric Company (Meralco)
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ZIP code
1500–1504
PSGC
1381400000
IDD : area code +63 (0)02
Native languagesTagalog
Catholic dioceseArchdiocese of Manila
Patron saintJohn the Baptist
Websitewww.sanjuancity.gov.ph

San Juan, officially the City of San Juan (Filipino: Lungsod ng San Juan, Spanish: Ciudad de San Juan del Monte), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 126,347 people.[4] It is geographically located at Metro Manila's approximate center and is also the country's smallest city in terms of land area.

The city is known historically for the site of the first battle of the Katipunan, the organization which led the 1896 Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire. Notable landmarks today such as Pinaglabanan Shrine and heritage homes are located in the city. Other locations include Greenhills and Santolan Town Plaza, making the city a major shopping hub with a range of upscale, boutique and bargain retail.[6]

Etymology

"San Juan" is a contraction of the city's traditional name of "San Juan del Monte" (lit. 'Saint John of the Mountain'). As with numerous other places in the Philippines, the name combines a patron saint and a toponym; in this case Saint John the Baptist with the locale's hilly terrain and relatively higher elevation compared to surrounding areas.

The city's official name is "Dakilang Lungsód ng San Juan" (lit. 'Great City of San Juan').

History

Early history

During the pre-Hispanic period, the area of what is now San Juan was a part of the Kingdom of Namayan, whose last recorded rulers were King Lacantagean and his consort, Bouan.

Spanish colonial era

In the late 16th century, the kingdom and other polities in the islands were absorbed into the Spanish Crown, with the realm of Namayan christened as the parish of Santa Ana de Sapa. (present-day Santa Ana, Manila) The present area of San Juan was meanwhile re-classified as the small encomienda (town) of San Juan del Monte in 1590.[7]

In 1602, along the Camino de Mandaluyong (now F. Blumentritt Street), the Dominican Order built a novitiate house in the town for their immediate use, where ageing or convalescing friars stayed. Within the area, the Dominicans also constructed a convent and a stone church, the Santuario del Santo Cristo, dedicating it to the Holy Cross. To this day, the thrice-rebuilt church stands on the same site, adjacent to Aquinas School and Dominican College.[7]

Given the isolation that the town had from the city of Manila, the colonial government decided to establish a heavily fortified gunpowder magazine called the Almacén de Pólvora (also known as El Polvorín) in San Juan del Monte in 1771. The gunpowder magazine (located at present-day San Juan Elementary School) was situated along the banks of the Salapang River (now known as Salapán Creek), with access provided by the Camino de Mariquina (now N. Domingo Street), which connected Manila and the nearby barrio of Santa Mesa across the San Juan River Bridge to the pueblo of Mariquina (now Marikina).[7]

Municipality established

In 1783, San Juan del Monte was promoted to a municipality, separating it from the Santa Ana Parish and giving it its own local government as a barrio of the Province of Manila. As a result, the old poblacion at Santuario del Santo Cristo was moved to the Camino de Mariquina, where a new municipal hall and a town plaza (now the San Juan Plaza Mayor) was constructed.[7]

In 1892, Father Bernardino Nozaleda, the Archbishop of Manila, approved the creation of a new parish for the municipality of San Juan del Monte, with the Franciscans establishing the San Juan Bautista Church (now Pinaglabanan Church) and a parochial house in the area now known as Pinaglabanan Street.[7]

The Philippine revolution

See also: Battle of San Juan del Monte
The El Deposito water reservoir in 1900.
A silo of the former Almacén de Pólvora (El Polvorín) inside the San Juan Elementary School grounds.

When the Philippine Revolution against Spain broke out in August 1896, the Katipunan revolutionaries led by Andrés Bonifacio and his aide Emilio Jacinto made their way from Pugad Lawin in Kalookan (now Caloocan, part of Quezon City) to attack the El Polvorín and its military garrison in San Juan del Monte on the morning of August 30, 1896. Defended by a hundred Spanish troops consisting of infantry and artillery, the Katipuneros were able to eliminate the garrison commander and an artilleryman, forcing the remaining Spanish troops to retreat to the nearby El Deposito water reservoir near the San Juan Bautista Church. Sustaining heavy losses, the Katipuneros were unable to capture El Polvorín, and retreated south towards Mandaluyong, where Bonifacio reorganized the surviving Katipuneros and issued a war manifesto, leading Katipuneros in other places to organize Filipinos to rise up in arms against the colonial government as revolts spread all across the archipelago.[8][7]

American invasion era

Main article: Philippine-American War

Following the end of the Philippine Revolution and the Treaty of Paris in 1898 that seceded the Philippines to the United States, the First Philippine Republic that succeeded the Katipunan distrusted the occupying American forces that were arriving in droves, with both sides wanting to engage in combat. On the morning of February 4, 1899, Filipino troops from the 4th Company of the Morong Battalion under Captain Serapio Narvaez were fired upon by American troops of the 1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment from their defense line on the Santa Mesa side (now part of Sampaloc).[9]

The first shot was exchanged by Private William W. Grayson, an American sentry from the 1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment of the United States Volunteer Army, who killed Filipino corporal Anastacio Felix and another Filipino soldier of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, firing the first shot of the Philippine–American War. This prompted lines of Filipino troops in San Juan del Monte to open fire at the line of American troops in Santa Mesa.[9] The first shot was previously believed to have been exchanged at the San Juan River Bridge until studies by Filipino historian Benito J. Legarda concluded that the shot was not fired at the bridge, but was instead fired at what is now the corner of Sociego Street and Silencio Street in Santa Mesa.[10]

Throughout the war, the Oregon Regiment of the United States Volunteer Army carried out multiple skirmishes against militias and soldiers of the First Philippine Republic in towns along the Camino de Mariquina, where they had cleared out Filipino forces at the El Deposito reservoir, its pumping station road (now Pinaglabanan Street, part of Santolan Road), and the santuario.[11]

As a result of the war, many of the original residents of San Juan del Monte evacuated en masse, permanently settling in neighboring towns. This led to many lots becoming abandoned, causing a local malaria epidemic with many casualties.[7]

Following the end of the Philippine-American War, the Dominicans returned to the municipality to establish their ownership of the Santo Cristo hacienda before the new American colonial government. As a result, much of San Juan del Monte was being leased to the municipal government by Dominican hacienda owners until it was eventually purchased by the municipal government.[7]

In 1901, the municipality was incorporated into the new Province of Rizal through Act No. 137,[12] with former Katipunan San Juan chapter sanggunian Andres Soriano serving as its first municipal president.[7] In 1903, it was merged into the municipality of San Felipe Neri (present-day Mandaluyong) through Act No. 942 of the Taft Commission.[13] In 1907, San Juan del Monte was reconstituted as an independent municipality through Act No. 1625,[14]

Puregold's Agora Market branch at the intersection of N. Domingo Street and F. Blumentritt Street. The Agora Market is located underneath the supermarket.

In 1916, the municipal government purchased the land along the intersection of N. Domingo and F. Blumentritt Streets, where the town market (present-day Agora Market) was located. Likewise, in 1919, businessmen Eusebio Orense and Florencio G. Diaz purchased a great bulk of the remaining hacienda lands, selling it to a Filipino-American consortium developing the San Juan Heights, a series of new subdivision developments all across the area. It was around this time that the municipality's name was contracted to San Juan.[7] Between 1939 and 1941, the barrios of Cubao, Diliman, and San Francisco, as well as Camp Crame, were ceded from San Juan to the newly established Quezon City.[15]

Japanese occupation era

On January 1, 1942, San Juan was one of the municipalities of Rizal merged alongside Manila and Quezon City to form the City of Greater Manila as an emergency measure by President Manuel L. Quezon.[16][17] It became a municipality of Rizal once again when the City of Greater Manila was dissolved by President Sergio Osmeña effective August 1, 1945.[18]

Philippine independence

Martial law era

See also: Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos

San Juan, especially its exclusive subdivisions in Greenhills, was home to many prominent personalities during the country's Martial Law era under President Ferdinand Marcos. This included several Armed Forces of the Philippines generals, including Romeo Espino, Alfredo Montoya, and Romeo Gatan,[19] who would later be tagged as members of the "Rolex 12";[20] Imelda Marcos’ secretary Fe Jimenez Roa;[19] Presidential Assistant on Legal Affairs Ronaldo Zamora, who would later become a congressman for the lone congressional district of San Juan;[19] San Juan Mayor Joseph Estrada, who would later become President of the Philippines;[19] and prominent journalist Maximo Soliven, who was imprisoned when President Marcos first declared Martial Law in September 1972.[19]

Incorporation into Metro Manila

When Presidential Decree No. 824 establishing the National Capital Region was signed on November 7, 1975, San Juan was among the towns excised from Rizal Province into the newly created metropolitan area.[21]

People Power Revolution

Main article: People Power Revolution

Club Filipino, which had relocated to San Juan in 1970 from its original location in Santa Mesa, became an important part of the establishment of the Fifth Philippine Republic when President Corazon Aquino was inaugurated there on February 25, 1986, the last day of the civilian-led 1986 People Power Revolution.[22]

Contemporary

In 1992, San Juan had the least number of informal settler families out of all the municipalities and cities in Metro Manila based on data from the National Housing Authority.[23]

Cityhood

Main article: Cities of the Philippines

Residents ratified the conversion of the municipality into a highly urbanized city on June 17, 2007, pursuant to Republic Act No. 9388 ("An Act Converting the Municipality of San Juan into a Highly Urbanized City to be known as the City of San Juan"). Then-Representative Ronaldo Zamora sponsored the Cityhood Bill in the House of Representatives and worked for its approval.[24]

Presidential ties

Although not officially designated as such, San Juan is noted to be the "City of Philippine Presidents." Four presidents since the Third Republic were official residents of San Juan when they assumed office. They were the Macapagal père et fille, Diosdado (1961–1965) and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–2010); Ferdinand Marcos (1965–1986); and Joseph Estrada (1998–2001), who also served as Mayor when San Juan was still a municipality.

Geography

San Juan is the least-extensive city in the Philippines with a total area of just 595 hectares (2.30 sq mi).

San Juan is bounded by Quezon City on the north and east, Mandaluyong on the south, and the City of Manila in the west.

The territory of San Juan was once much larger than it is now, extending all the way to what is now Caloocan. Parts of the present-day Districts 1, 4 and 6 of Quezon City as well as areas of Mandaluyong were originally within the town's colonial-era borders. This also explains why San Juan Reservoir is in nearby Horseshoe Village, a subdivision now part of Quezon City.

Climate

Climate data for San Juan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29
(84) 		30
(86) 		32
(90) 		34
(93) 		33
(91) 		31
(88) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		31
(87)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20
(68) 		20
(68) 		21
(70) 		23
(73) 		24
(75) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		22
(72) 		21
(70) 		23
(73)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 7
(0.3) 		7
(0.3) 		9
(0.4) 		21
(0.8) 		101
(4.0) 		152
(6.0) 		188
(7.4) 		170
(6.7) 		159
(6.3) 		115
(4.5) 		47
(1.9) 		29
(1.1) 		1,005
(39.7)
Average rainy days 3.3 3.5 11.1 8.1 18.9 23.5 26.4 25.5 24.5 19.6 10.4 6.4 181.2
Source: Meteoblue[25]

Barangays

Political map of San Juan

San Juan is politically subdivided and comprises into 21 barangays organized into two congressional districts:


PSGC Barangay Population ±% p.a. Area PD 2020 District Date of Fiesta[26]
2020[4] 2010[27] ha acre /km2 /sq mi
137405001 Addition Hills 3.0% 3,818 3,364 ▴ 1.27% 3,5828,851 110 280 2 June 24
137405002 Balong–Bato 5.7% 7,203 7,141 ▴ 0.09% 2,4516,057 290 760 1 Tuesday before Ash Wednesday
137405003 Batis 7.5% 9,453 9,292 ▴ 0.17% 3,5108,674 270 700 1 June 24
137405004 Corazón de Jesús (Poblacion) 6.2% 7,875 10,475 ▾ −2.81% 3,3028,160 240 620 1 June 8
137405005 Ermitaño 5.0% 6,361 2,846 ▴ 8.37% 1,3793,408 460 1,200 1 June 24
137405021 Greenhills 12.0% 15,213 12,548 ▴ 1.94% 20,78651,364 73 190 2 June 24
137405006 Isabelita 1.2% 1,556 1,620 ▾ −0.40% 344850 450 1,200 2 September 14
137405007 Kabayanan 4.4% 5,601 5,584 ▴ 0.03% 1,7984,443 310 810 2 May 3
137405008 Little Baguio 5.0% 6,275 6,110 ▴ 0.27% 4,37110,801 140 370 2 May 1,
Second Sunday of May
137405009 Maytunas 2.2% 2,775 2,699 ▴ 0.28% 2,0785,135 130 350 2 Last Sunday of January
137405010 Onse 3.0% 3,736 4,262 ▾ −1.31% 9672,390 390 1,000 2 November 30
137405011 Pasadeña 3.5% 4,417 3,919 ▴ 1.20% 2,4255,992 180 470 1 May 14–15
137405012 Pedro Cruz 3.3% 4,135 4,012 ▴ 0.30% 1,8434,554 220 580 1 December 12
137405013 Progreso 1.3% 1,669 1,679 ▾ −0.06% 4101,013 410 1,100 1 July 25
137405014 Rivera 1.9% 2,381 2,866 ▾ −1.84% 6061,497 390 1,000 1 Third Sunday of October
137405015 Saint Joseph (Halo-Halo) 1.7% 2,135 4,489 ▾ −7.16% 381941 560 1,500 2 March 19
137405016 Salapán 7.0% 8,865 8,773 ▴ 0.10% 1,7734,381 500 1,300 1 August 15
137405017 San Perfecto 3.7% 4,618 4,131 ▴ 1.12% 8031,984 580 1,500 1 January 18
137405018 Santa Lucia 6.4% 8,092 6,370 ▴ 2.42% 3,1067,675 260 670 2 Second Sunday of December
137405019 Tibagan 3.0% 3,817 3,826 ▾ −0.02% 1,7394,297 220 570 2 June 24
137405020 West Crame 12.9% 16,353 15,424 ▴ 0.59% 1,7694,371 920 2,400 2 December 8
Total 126,347 68,578 ▴ 6.30% 595 1,470 21,000 55,000

Demographics

Population census of San Juan
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 1,455—    
1918 6,172+10.11%
1939 18,870+5.47%
1948 31,493+5.86%
1960 56,861+5.05%
1970 104,559+6.27%
1975 122,492+3.23%
1980 130,088+1.21%
1990 126,854−0.25%
1995 124,187−0.40%
2000 117,680−1.15%
2007 125,338+0.87%
2010 121,430−1.15%
2015 122,180+0.12%
2020 126,347+0.66%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[28][27][29][30]

Religion

Saint John the Baptist Parish

The city also has several notable places of worship. Saint John the Baptist Parish, more commonly known as "Pinaglabanan Church", is where the city's patron saint, John the Baptist, is enshrined. The Santuario del Santo Cristo is the settlement's oldest existing church, while Mary the Queen Parish in West Greenhills serves the local Filipino-Chinese community.

From 1925 to 1971, the Iglesia ni Cristo once headquartered in the town at its former Central Office Complex, now known as the Locale of F. Manalo. It features Art-Deco designed ensembles, crafted by National Artist for Architecture Juan Nakpil. The chapel is the centerpiece of the Complex, which also contains the old Central Office and Pastoral House which was the home of the church's first Executive Minister, Ka Felix Manalo, along with other Ministers and Evangelical Workers. When Manalo died in 1963, a mausoleum was constructed on the grounds of the Complex by architect Carlos Santos-Viola.

San Juan also has a number of Evangelical churches. Through the APOI (Association of Pastors for Outreach and Intercession), they have contributed to the spiritual atmosphere of the city. Every January, the city celebrates the National Bible Week, where the reading of the Scripture happens during the flag raising ceremony in the City Hall. Through the blessing of the mayor, a bible was planted in the heart of the new city hall during its construction. Major evangelical churches like Jesus is Lord and Victory Greenhills are also found in the city of San Juan.

San Juan is also home to two Islamic mosques, namely: Masjid Hamza Bin Ahmed in Balong-Bato and Greenhills Masjid at Greenhills Shopping Center.

Economy

Poverty incidence of San Juan

0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
2006
2.90
2009
1.46
2012
0.28
2015
2.35
2018
0.76
2021
0.09

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]

The Greenhills Shopping Center is the hub of trade and commerce in San Juan. The shopping complex housed shopping malls, the Virra Mall, Shoppesville, Greenhills Theater Mall, Promenade Mall, the former Greenhills Bowling Alley, and Unimart.

Culture

Wattah! Wattah! Festival

Main article: Wattah Wattah Festival

Since 2003,[39] San Juan City celebrates the feast of its patron saint, St. John the Baptist every June 24 with its Wattah Wattah Festival, a festival with dancing, parades, and its traditional basaan or water dousing along the city streets. The festival and its activities are usually held along N. Domingo Street and Pinaglabanan Street as the procession of the image of St. John the Baptist goes down the streets.[40]

San Juan City Ordinance No. 51 series of 2018 prohibits dirty water, ice, water in glass bottles, and water or ice in other materials that will incite pain or injury upon impact from being used in the festival. Physical violence, inciting of threats, and deliberately entering public transport vehicles to douse commuters is also not allowed.[41]

However, in 2020 and 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the festival was reduced to a parade of the image of St. John the Baptist with social distancing and mask mandates in place.[42][43] In 2022, due to a lower number of COVID-19 cases, the traditional basaan was included again in the Wattah! Wattah! Festival, accompanied by a street dancing competition, a free concert, and a fireworks display.[44]

Transportation

Further information: Transportation in Metro Manila, Public transport in Manila, and Major roads in Metro Manila
The J. Ruiz station is the only rail and rapid transit station serving San Juan.

Modes of public transportation in San Juan include jeepneys and buses. Jeepney routes ply the Aurora Boulevard (R-6). The city is serviced by J. Ruiz station of the LRT Line 2 in the city proper and indirectly served by Santolan-Annapolis station of the MRT Line 3, at the city's eastern boundary with Quezon City. The C-3 (Araneta Avenue) also passes through San Juan. Secondary routes include Nicanor Domingo (abbreviated N. Domingo), which heads towards Cubao in Quezon City, and Pinaglabanan Street (which continues as Santolan Road) leading towards Ortigas Avenue and eventually the southern reaches of Quezon City near Camp Crame, the headquarters of the Philippine National Police.

Education

See also: Category:Schools in San Juan, Metro Manila
Dominican College, a private higher education institution in the city.

The Schools Divisions Office (SDO) of San Juan City oversees 9 public elementary schools, 2 public high schools, and a science high school within the city.[45] The SDO also recognizes 24 private schools in San Juan City, seven of which are preschools, four of which are elementary schools, and 13 of which are high schools.[46]

Public higher education is offered by the state Polytechnic University of the Philippines, which maintains its San Juan campus in Barangay Addition Hills.[47] Private higher education is offered by the Dominican College in Barangay Tibagan, one of the oldest schools in the city, having been established in 1924.[7]

The city also has two culinary schools, namely the Center for Asian Culinary Studies in Barangay Pasadena[48] and the Istituto Culinario in Barangay Greenhills.[49]

Notable personalities

Sister cities

Local

International

  • The San Juan Government Center along Pinaglabanan Street corner Doctor P. A. Narciso Street in Barangay Corazon de Jesus
    The San Juan Government Center along Pinaglabanan Street corner Doctor P. A. Narciso Street in Barangay Corazon de Jesus
  • Santuario del Santo Cristo
    Santuario del Santo Cristo
  • The old municipal hall of San Juan, with the San Juan Medical Center in the background.
    The old municipal hall of San Juan, with the San Juan Medical Center in the background.
  • Virra Mall, one of many shopping areas in the Greenhills mixed-use development.
    Virra Mall, one of many shopping areas in the Greenhills mixed-use development.
  • The tiangge area of the Greenhills Shopping Center in Barangay Greenhills.
    The tiangge area of the Greenhills Shopping Center in Barangay Greenhills.
  • The Museo ng Katipunan located at Pinaglabanan Shrine.
    The Museo ng Katipunan located at Pinaglabanan Shrine.
  • Commercial establishments along the city's main road, Nicanor Domingo Street.
    Commercial establishments along the city's main road, Nicanor Domingo Street.
  • A panoramic view of San Juan from Xavier School Greenhills.
    A panoramic view of San Juan from Xavier School Greenhills.

References

  1. ^ Councilors of San Juan, Metro Manila.
  2. ^  City of San Juan | (DILG)
  3. ^ "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Census of Population (2020). "National Capital Region (NCR)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  5. ^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  6. ^ "A short and sweet historical tour of San Juan City". The Manila Times. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Neira, Eladio (1994). Glimpses Into the History of San Juan, Metro Manila. Life Today Publications. ISBN 978-971-8596-09-8.
  8. ^ "National Historical Commission of the Philippines official website". Pinaglabanan Memorial Shrine.
  9. ^ a b "The Birth of an Army". Armed Forces of the Philippines Museum. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
  10. ^ Fernandez, Doreen G.; Legarda, Benito J. (2002). "Review of The Hills of Sampaloc: The Opening Actions of the Philippine-American War February 4-5, 1899, Benito J. Legarda, Jr". Philippine Studies. 50 (3): 444–446. ISSN 0031-7837. JSTOR 42634476.
  11. ^ Adjutant-General's Office, Oregon (1903). The Official Records of the Oregon Volunteers in the Spanish War and Philippine Insurrection.
  12. ^ Act No. 942 (June 11, 1901), An Act Extending the Provisions of the Provincial Government Act to the Province of Rizal, retrieved June 12, 2022
  13. ^ Act No. 942 (October 12, 1903), An Act Reducing the Thirty-Two Municipalities of the Province of Rizal to Fifteen
  14. ^ Act No. 1625 (March 27, 1907), An Act Increasing The Number Of Municipalities In The Province Of Rizal From Seventeen To Nineteen, By Separating From San Felipe Neri The Former Municipality Of San Juan Del Monte And From Parañaque The Former Municipality Of Las Piñas, Giving To Each The Territory Which It Comprised Prior To The Passage Of Act Numbered Nine Hundred And Forty-two, And Providing For The Distribution Of Funds In The Municipal Treasuries Of Said Municipalities.
  15. ^ Pante, Michael D. (February 2017). "Quezon's City: Corruption and contradiction in Manila's prewar suburbia, 1935–1941" (PDF). Cambridge.org. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  16. ^ "Historical Background". DENR - Environment Management Bureau - National Capital Region. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  17. ^ Executive Order No. 400, s. 1942 (January 1, 1942), Creating the City of Greater Manila, retrieved August 24, 2022
  18. ^ Executive Order No. 58, s. 1945 (July 26, 1945), Reducing the Territory of the City of Greater Manila, retrieved August 24, 2022
  19. ^ a b c d e Soliven, Preciosa S. "North Greenhills 39 years ago". The Philippine Star. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  20. ^ "The Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission: II: Political Change and Military Transmition in the Philippines, 1966 – 1989: From the Barracks to the Corridors of Power". Official Gazette. October 3, 1990. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
  21. ^ Presidential Decree No. 824 (November 7, 1975), Creating the Metropolitan Manila and the Metropolitan Manila Commission and for Other Purposes
  22. ^ "Fast Facts: Presidential inauguration traditions and rituals". Rappler. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  23. ^ Beltran, Luis D. (October 11, 1992). "Health care: a luxury we can no longer afford". Manila Standard. Kamahalan Publishing Corp. p. 9. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
  24. ^ Republic Act No. 9388 (March 11, 2007), An Act converting the municipality of San Juan into a highly urbanized city to be known as the city of San Juan (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2007
  25. ^ "San Juan: Average Temperatures and Rainfall". Meteoblue. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  26. ^ Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Zoning Ordinance of the City of San Juan 2013-2023. Vol. III: Sectoral Studies. p. 3.
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for San Juan (Metro Manila).
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