Jump to content

Indian Air Force

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by SBC-YPR (talk | contribs) at 12:06, 8 June 2009 (→Reconnaissance and Airborne Early Warning aircraft: removed non-existent image). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Indian Air Force
Ensign of the Indian Air Force
Ensign of the Indian Air Force
FoundedOctober 8, 1932
CountryIndia
Size170,000 personnel
1,915 aircraft (including 760 combat aircraft and 388 UAVs)
Part ofIndian Armed Forces
HeadquartersNew Delhi
Motto(s)Template:Lang-sa
"Touch the Sky with Glory"[1]
ColourNavy Blue, Sky blue and White
   
Commanders
Chief of the Air StaffAir Chief Marshal Pradeep Vasant Naik
Notable
commanders		Subroto Mukerjee
PC Lal
Insignia
CrestCrest of the Indian Air Force
RoundelRoundel
Fin flashThe IAF Fin Flash
Aircraft flown
AttackJaguar IS, Mig-21, Mig-27
Electronic
warfare		IAI Phalcon
FighterSu-30 MKI, Mirage 2000H, Mig-29
HelicopterDhruv, Chetak, Cheetah, Mi-8/Mi-17, Mi-26, Mi-25/35
ReconnaissanceGulfstream IV
TransportIl-76 MD, An-32, HS-748, Boeing 707, Boeing 737

The Indian Air Force (IAF; Devanāgarī: भारतीय वायु सेना, Bhartiya Vāyu Senā) is the air arm of the armed forces of India. Its primary responsibility is to secure Indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during a conflict.

It was officially established on October 8, 1932 as an auxiliary air force of the Indian Empire and the prefix Royal was added in 1945 in recognition of its services during the World War II. After India achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, the Royal Indian Air Force served the Union of India, with the prefix being dropped when India became a republic in 1950. Since independence, the IAF has been involved in four conflicts with neighboring Pakistan and one with the People's Republic of China. Other major operations undertaken by the IAF include Operation Vijay, Operation Meghdoot and Operation Cactus.

The President of India serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the IAF. The Chief of Air Staff, an officer of the rank of Air Chief Marshal, commands the Air Force. There is usually only one serving officer of that rank at any given time in the IAF. One officer has been conferred a 5-star rank, that of Marshal of the Air Force.

With a strength of approximately 170,000 personnel, 1,130 combat and 1,700 non-combat aircraft in active service, the Indian Air Force is the world's fourth largest.[2] In recent years, the IAF has undertaken an ambitious expansion and modernization program to replace its aging Soviet-era fighter jets. Among the various expansion plans is the MRCA program under which the IAF plans to induct 126 fighter jets at a cost of US$12 billion.[3]

Mission

The IAF's mission is defined by the Armed Forces Act of 1947, Constitution of India and the Air Force Act of 1950, in the aerial battlespace, as: Defence of India and every part thereof including preparation for defence and all such acts as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination to effective demobilisation. [4] Moreover, the air force, along with the other branches of the Indian armed forces, can assist local and state governments; if assistance is sought by such government during natural disasters and for maintaining internal security.

History

Main article: History of the Indian Air Force
One of the first aircraft of the Indian Air Force.

The Indian Air Force was established as an auxiliary air force[5] of the RAF with the enactment of the Indian Air Force Act of 1932 on October 8 of that year.[6][7] On April 1, 1933, The IAF commissioned its first squadron, No.1 Squadron, with four Westland Wapiti biplanes and five Indian pilots. The Indian pilots were led by Flt Lt (later Air Vice Marshal) Cecil Bouchier.[8] Until 1938, No. 1 Squadron remained the only squadron of the IAF even though two more flights were added.[8] During the Second World War, the Air Force had grown to 7 squadrons in 1943 and to nine squadrons in 1945.[8] In recognition of the crucial role played by the IAF, King George VI conferred it the prefix Royal in 1945.[7][9]

After Indian independence in 1947, Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF) was bifurcated. Three of the ten operational squadrons and facilities located within the borders of Pakistan were transferred to Royal Pakistan Air Force.[10]

In 1947, when a conflict broke out over the control of erstwhile principality of Jammu & Kashmir, the Maharaja of the state decided to accede India in order to receive military help.[11] The day after instrument of accession was signed, the RIAF was called upon to mobilize armed troops into the war-zone.[12] This led to the eruption of full scale war between India and Pakistan without a formal declaration.[13] During the war, the RIAF did not engage Pakistan Air Force in air-to-air combat; however, provided effective transport and close air support to the Indian troops.[14] When India became a Republic in 1950, Royal title was dropped to become the Indian Air Force.[7]

In 1960, when Belgium's 75-year colonial rule of the Congo ended abruptly, widespread violence and rebellion engulfed the nation.[15] IAF aircraft arrived in Congo to support United Nations Operation in the Congo and started undertaking operational missions in November.[16] The unit remained there until 1966, when the UN mission ended.[16]

File:Gnat-Scramble.jpg
IAF Folland Gnat being prepared for scramble during the 1965 war; nicknamed Sabre Slayer for engaging PAF F-86s.[17]

During the Sino-Indian War of 1962, India's military planners failed to deploy and effectively use the IAF against the invading Chinese forces.[18] Three years after the Sino-Indian conflict, in 1965, India went to war with Pakistan again over Kashmir. Learning from the experiences of the Sino-Indian war, India decided to use its air force extensively during the war. This was the first time the IAF actively engaged an enemy air force.[19] However, instead of providing close air support to the Indian Army,[20] the IAF carried out independent raid missions against Pakistani Air Force (PAF) bases.[21] These bases were situated deep inside the Pakistani territory, making IAF fighters vulnerable to anti-aircraft fire.[22] During the course of the conflict, the PAF enjoyed qualitative superiority over the IAF because most of the jets in IAF's fleet were of World War II-vintage. Despite this, the IAF was able to prevent the PAF from gaining air superiority over conflict zones.[23] By the time the conflict had ended, Pakistan claimed to have shot down 113 IAF aircraft while the Indians claimed that 73 PAF aircraft were downed.[24] More than 60% of IAF's air combat losses took place during the disastrous battles over Kalaikunda and Pathankot.[25]

After the 1965 war, the IAF underwent a series of changes. In 1966, the Para Commandos regiment was created.[26] With an intention of increasing its logistics supply and rescue operations ability, the IAF inducted 72 Avro 748s which were built by Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL) under license from Avro.[27] India started to lay more stress on indigenous manufacture of fighter aircraft. A total of 147 HAL HF-24 Marut, designed by the famed German aerospace engineer Kurt Tank,[28] were inducted into the air force. HAL also started working on a new improved version of the Folland Gnat, known as HAL Ajeet. During 1960s, the IAF also started inducting MiG-21 and Sukhoi Su-7 fighters which had a top speed of Mach 2. The induction of these advanced fighter jets was the beginning of close collaboration between India and the Soviet Union.

File:Tangail Airdrop.jpg
IAF C-119 aircraft dropping Indian Paratroopers near Tangail, about 150 km from Dhaka, December 11, 1971.

By late 1971, the intensification of the independence movement in erstwhile East Pakistan, war was inevitable.[29] On November 22, 1971, 10 days before the start of a full-scale war, four Pakistani Air Force (PAF) F-86 Sabre jets attacked Indian and Mukti Bahini positions near the international border. Three of the 4 PAF Sabres were shot down by IAF's Folland Gnats.[30] On December 3, India formally declared war against Pakistan following massive preemptive strikes by the PAF against Indian Air Force installations in Srinagar, Ambala, Sirsa, Halwara and Jodhpur. But the plan failed as the IAF had anticipated such a move and no major losses were suffered.[31] The Indian Air Force was quick to respond to Pakistani air-strikes, following which the PAF carried out mostly defensive sorties.[32] Within the first two weeks, the IAF had carried out almost 2,000 sorties over East Pakistan and also provided close air support to the advancing Indian Army.[33] IAF also assisted the Indian Navy in its operations against the Pakistani Navy and Maritime Security Agency in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. On the western front, the IAF destroyed 29 Pakistani tanks, 40 APCs and a railway train during the famed battle of Longewala.[34] The IAF pursued strategic bombing of West Pakistan by carring out raids on oil installations in Karachi, the Mangla Dam and a gas plant in Sindh.[35] Similar strategy was also deployed in East Pakistan and as the IAF achieved complete air superiority on the eastern front, the ordnance factories, runways, and other vital areas of East Pakistan were severely damaged.[36] By the time Pakistani forces surrendered, the IAF claimed that 94 PAF aircraft, including 54 F-86 Sabres.[37] The IAF had flown over 6,000 sorties[33] on both East and West fronts; including sorties by transport aircraft and helicopters.[33] Towards the end of the war, IAF's transport planes dropped leaflets over Dhaka urging the Pakistani forces to surrender, demoralizing Pakistani troops in East Pakistan.[38] The Indian Army too acknowledged the immense role which the IAF played towards a speedy, decisive and favorable end to the conflict.

In 1984, India launched Operation Meghdoot to capture the Siachen Glacier, in the contested Kashmir region.[39] IAF's Mi-8, Chetak and Cheetah helicopters airlifted hundreds of Indian troops to Siachen.[40] Launched on April 13, 1984, this military operation was unique because of Siachen's inhospitable terrain and climate. The military action was successful, given the fact that under a previous agreement, neither Pakistan nor India had stationed any personnel in the area. The Indian forces, facing no odds, took control over most of the heights on the glacier.[41]

On May 20, 1999, during Kargil conflict, the Indian Air Force was called in to provide close air support to the Indian Army.[42] Due to Kashmir's high altitude and rigid terrain, the IAF initially expressed its reservations to deploy the slow-moving Mil Mi-8/17 helicopters which had a service ceiling of 10,000 feet.[43] These concerns materialized when the Pakistani forces shot down an IAF Mi-8 helicopter and two fighter jets, MiG-21 and MiG-27, that had reportedly strayed into Pakistan's airspace.[44] After the initial setbacks, the IAF deployed the Mirage 2000 which not only had better defense equipment compared to the MiGs, but also gave IAF the ability to carry out aerial raids at night. The Mirages successfully targeted enemy camps and logistic bases in Kargil and within days, their supply lines were severely disrupted.[45] The IAF also deployed its radars and the MiG-29 fighter jets in vast numbers to keep check on Pakistani military movements across the border.[46] The MiG-29s were also used extensively to provide fighter escort to the Mirage 2000. At the height of the conflict, the IAF conducting over forty sorties daily over the Kargil region.[47] The IAF's operations in Kargil not only boosted the morale of the Indian Army, but also paved the way for the early recapture of Muntho Dhalo and Tiger Hill.[48] By July 26, the Indian forces had successfully liberated Kargil from Pakistani forces and Islamist militants.[49] On August 10, 1999, IAF MiG-21s intercepted a Pakistan Navy Breguet Atlantic which was flying over the disputed region of Sir Creek. The aircraft was shot down killing all 16 Pakistani Navy personnel on board.[50] India claimed that the Atlantic was on a mission to gather information on IAF air defence,[51] a charge emphatically rejected by Pakistan which argued that the unarmed aircraft was on a training mission.[52]

Since late 1990s, the Air Force is modernizing its fleet to counter challenges in the new century. The fleet size of the IAF has decreesed during this period due to the retirement of old aircraft. Still, India maintains the fourth largest airforce.[53] As new aircraft enter service and numbers recover, the IAF plans to have a fleet of 42 squadrons.[54]

Structure of the IAF

File:Marshal of IAF Current.jpg
Arjan Singh is the first and only Five Star rank officer of the Indian Air Force.

The President of India is the Supreme Commander of all Indian armed forces and by virtue of that fact is the notional Commander of the Air force. India's Ministry of Defence under the Defence Minister oversees the Air Force, by way of direct civilian leadership.[55] The Prime Minister and the National Security Council provide indirect leadership by shaping government security policy. A Chief of the Air Staff in the rank of Air Chief Marshal commands Air Head Quarters and provides military leadership. He is assisted by six officers: a Vice Chief of the Air Staff, a Deputy Chief of the Air Staff, the Air Officer in Charge of Administration, the Air Officer in Charge of Personnel, the Air Officer in Charge of Maintenance, and the Inspector General of Flight Safety.[56] In January 2002, the government conferred the rank of Marshal of the Air Force on Arjan Singh making him the first and only Five Star rank officer with the Indian Air Force and ceremonial chief of the air force.[57]

Commands and Structure

The Indian Air Force is divided into five operational and two functional commands. Each Command is headed by an Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief in the rank of Air Marshal. The purpose of an operational command is to conduct military operations using aircraft within its area of responsibility whereas the responsibility of functional commands is to maintain combat readiness. Aside from the Training Command at Bangalore, the center for primary flight training is located at the Air Force Academy in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, followed by operational training at various other schools. Advanced officer training for command positions is also conducted at the Defence Services Staff College; specialized advanced flight training schools are located at Bidar, Karnataka, and Hakimpet, Andhra Pradesh (also the location for helicopter training). Technical schools are found at a number of other locations.

Operational Commands Functional Commands

Bases

Main article: List of Indian Air Force Bases
USAF F-16 at Kalaikunda AFS during Cope India 2006. IAF MiG-27s can be seen in the background.

The IAF operates over sixty air bases, with more being built or planned.[58]

Western Air Command is the largest Air Command. It operates sixteen air bases from Punjab to Uttar Pradesh. Eastern Air Command operates fifteen Air bases in Eastern and North-eastern India. Central Air Command operates seven Air Bases in Madhya Pradesh and surrounding states of central India. Southern Air Command, a strategically important Air command, in line with India's latest doctrine of protecting the vital shipping routes. It operates nine Air bases in Southern India and two in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. South Western Air Command is the front line of defence against Pakistan, this important Command operates twelve air bases in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.

Wings

Wing is a formation intermediate between Command and Squadron. A Wing generally consists of two or three IAF Squadrons and Helicopter Units and along with the Forward Base Support Units (FBSU). FBSUs do not have or host any Squadrons or Helicopter units but act as transit airbases for routine operations. In times of war, they can become full fledged air bases playing host to various Squadrons. In all, about 47 Wings and 19 FBSUs make up the IAF.[59]

Squadrons

IAF engineers conduct post-flight maintenance on Su-30 MKI fighters following a Red Flag mission in Nevada.

Squadrons are the field units and formations attached to static locations. In other words, a Flying Squadron is a sub-unit of an air force station which carries out the primary task of the IAF. All fighter squadrons are headed by the Commanding Officer with the rank of Wing Commander. Some Transport squadrons and Helicopter Units are headed by the Commanding Officer with the rank of Group Captain.

Within this formation structure, IAF has several service branches for day to day operations. They are:[60]

Flying Branch
  • Flying
 Technical Branch
  • Engineering
  • Logistics
 Ground Branch
  • Administration
  • Accounts
  • Education
  • Medical & Dental
  • Meteorological

IAF Personnel

File:Current IAF ACM Assuming Office.JPG
ACM Fali Homi Major assumed office on March 31, 2007.

The rank structure of IAF is based on the rank structure of the Royal Air Force. The Air Force has a strength of 170,000 personnel.[61] The highest rank attainable in the IAF is Marshal of the Indian Air Force conferred by the President of India after exceptional service during wartime. MIAF Arjan Singh is the only officer to have achieved this rank. The head of the Indian Air Force is the Chief of the Air Staff. The Air Chief Marshal is Fali Homi Major. The members of the IAF are commissioned or enlisted in one of the service branches.[60][62]

Officer

Members of the IAF during a guard of honor ceremony at the Rashtrapati Bhavan.

Anyone holding the citizenship of India can apply to be a an officer in the Air Force as long as they satisfy the eligibility eligibility criteria. There are four entry points to become an officer. Male applicants, who are between the ages of 16½ and 19 and have passed high school grduation, can apply at the Intermediate level.[63] Men and women applicants, who have graduated from college (3 year course) and are between the ages of 18 and 28, can apply at the Graduate level entry.[64] Graduates of engineering colleges can apply at the Engineer level if they are between the ages of 18 and 28 years. The age limit for the flying and ground duty branch is 23 years of age and for technical branch is 28 years of age.[65] After completing master's degree, men and women between the ages of 18 and 28 years can apply at the Post Graduate level. Post graduate applicants do not qualify for the flying branch. For technical branch the age limit is 28 years and for the ground duty branch is 25.[66] At the time of application all applicant must be single.[67] From the applicants the IAF selects candidates for officer training. After completion of training the candidate is commissioned as a Flying Officer.


|- style="text-align:center;"

| rowspan=2|  Indian Air Force[68]

| colspan=2| | colspan=2| | colspan=2| | colspan=2| | colspan=2| | colspan=2| | colspan=2| | colspan=2| | colspan=2| | colspan=6| |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan=2| Marshal of the Indian Air Force
मार्शल ऑफ द इंडियन एयरफोर्स | colspan=2| Air chief marshal
एयर चीफ मार्शल | colspan=2| Air marshal
एयर मार्शल | colspan=2| Air vice marshal
एयर वाइस मार्शल | colspan=2| Air commodore
एयर कमोडोर | colspan=2| Group captain
ग्रुप कैप्टन | colspan=2| Wing commander
विंग कमांडर | colspan=2| Squadron leader
स्क्वाड्रन लीडर | colspan=2| Flight lieutenant
फ्लाइट लैफ्टिनेंट | colspan=6| Flying officer
फ्लाइंग अफसर |-


Airmen

The duty of an airman in the Indian Air Force is to make sure that all the air and ground operations run smoothly. From operating Air Defence systems to fitting missiles, they are involved in all activities of an air base and give support to various technical and non technical jobs.[62]

The recruitment of personnel below officer rank as an Airman in the IAF is conducted through All India Selection Tests and Recruitment Rallies. All India Selection Tests are conducted at the Airmen Selection Centres (ASCs) located all over India. There are 14 Airmen Selection Centers, spread all over India. These centres are under the direct functional control of Central Airmen Selection Board (CASB) with administrative control and support by respective commands. The role of CASB is to carry out selection and enrolment of airmen from the Airmen Selection Centers for their respective commands.[62]

Candidates initially take a written test at the time of application. Candidates passing the written test undergo physical fitness test, an interview, conducted in English, and medical examination. Candidates for training are selected from individuals passing the battery of tests based on their performance. Upon completion of training, an induvidual becomes an Airman.[62]

Some MWOs and WOs are granted honorary commission in the last year of their service as an honorary Flying Officer or Flight Lieutenant before retiring from the service.[62]


|- style="text-align:center;"

| rowspan=2|  Indian Air Force[69]

| colspan=6| | colspan=2| | colspan=2|

| colspan=12|

| colspan=4| | colspan=2 rowspan=2| | colspan=6| | colspan=2| No insignia |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan=6| Master warrant officer
मास्टर वारंट अफसर | colspan=2| Warrant officer
वारंट अफसर | colspan=2| Junior warrant officer
जूनियर वारंट अफसर | colspan=12| Sergeant
सार्जेंट | colspan=4| Corporal
कॉरपोरल | colspan=6| Leading aircraftsman
लीडिंग एयरक्राफ्ट्समैन | colspan=2| Aircraftsman
एयरक्राफ्ट्समैन |-


Non Combatants Enrolled and Civilians

Non Combatants Enrolled ( NCs(E)) were established in British India as personal assistants to the officer class, and are equivalent to the orderly or sahayak of the Indian Army.

Almost all the commands have some percentage of civilian strength which are Central Govt. Employees. These are regular ranks which are prevalent in ministries. They are usually not posted outside their stations and are helpful in administration and usual office and technical work. More than 250 different designations exists.

Aircraft Inventory

Main article: List of aircraft of the Indian Air Force

The Indian Air Force has a strength of over 1,915 (combat & non-combat) aircrafts.[70] Most of the IAF's aircraft are of Soviet/Russian origin. The Air Force also operates some aircraft from Britain and France. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited under licence produce some of the Russian and British aircraft in India. The exact number of aircraft in service with the Indian Air Force cannot be determined with precision from open sources. Apparently reliable sources provide notably divergent estimates for a variety of high-visibility aircraft.[71]

Air superiority and multi-role combat aircraft

IAF Su-30 MKI
File:Dassault Mirage 2000 2.jpg
Indian Air Force Mirage 2000H.

These aircraft are primarily for air defence and superiority purposes. However, most of them have significant strike, offensive support capabilities. The Sukhoi Su-30MKI is the IAF's prime air superiority fighter. The Su-30K variant was first acquired in 1996. In 1996, the IAF signed a US$1.6 billion contract with Russia for the supply of 50 Su-30MKIs and the technology transfer and license to manufacture 140 Su-30MKIs by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.[72] The twin seater, multi-role fighter has a maximum speed of 2500 km/h (Mach 2.35) and has a service ceiling of 20,000 meters. The aircraft, with one mid-air refueling, can travel as far as 8000 km, making it an effective platform to deliver strategic weapons.[73] In 2007, US$700 million were spent to upgrade IAF's remaining 10 Su-30Ks & 8 SU -30MKs to MKI Std variant[74] and signed a contract for the supply of 40 additional MKIs with Russia.[75][76]

MiG-29s are dedicated air superiority fighters of the IAF.[73] The MiG-29 (NATO: Fulcrum) has a top speed of 2,445 km/h (Mach 2.3) and is armed with a 30 mm cannon along with R-60 & R-27 R missiles. The IAF was began deploying MiG-29 in 1984 and was the second airforce to do so[77]. Since their induction, the IAF's MiG-29s have undergone a series of upgrades including more efficient and powerful radar (Zhuk-ME), weapons system and upgraded engine.[78]

Mirage 2000s, capable of flying at 2,500 km/h (Mach 2.35), are the IAF's premier multirole fighter jet. These aircraft can carry a wide range of weaponry including two 30 mm integral cannons, two Matra Super 530D medium-range missiles, two R550 Magic close combat missiles and various ground attack munitions.[79]

Since 1963, over 450 MiG-21 combat aircraft have been serving the IAF.[80][81] Most of these MiGs have been upgraded since induction. In 1996, India signed a US$300 million deal with Russia to upgrade 125 MiG-21 Bis[82] and a multi-million dollar deal was awarded to Israel's Elta for upgrading the avionics of the MiGs.[83] Due to their frequent crashes, the MiG-21s have been dubbed flying coffins by the media.[84] As of 2007, about 250 MiG-21s remain in service with the Indian Air Force and are planned to be replaced by the indigenously-built HAL Tejas starting 2010. IAF has had problems in aircraft maintenance with many crashes in recent years.[85]

Strike, attack and offensive support aircraft

IAF Jaguar

Squadrons of Jaguar and MiG-27 aircraft serve as the IAF's primary ground strike force.[73] The twin-engine Jaguar IB, with a top speed of Mach 1.6, is capable of carrying nuclear weapons. The IAF has 100 Jaguar IS and 8 maritime strike Jaguar IM aircraft. The single-seater MiG-27 carries one GSh-6-30 six-barreled 30 mm cannon, 4000 kg of general-purpose ordnance, SPPU-22 and SPPU-6 gun pods, and various guided air-to-surface missiles. In January 2009,India has successfully completed the upgrade programs on the Air Force's MiG-27 ground attack fighter aircraft.[86] DRDO carried out the avionics upgrades on the fighter aircraft. In the upgraded MiG-27s, the avionics system is built around a modular mission computer termed Core Avionics Computer (CAC). The upgraded ground attack fighters are equipped with Inertial Navigation and Global Positioning System (INGPS) providing accurate navigation during aircraft sorties.[86] To provide more accuracy to the aircraft's weapon systems, accurate ranging sensors such as Laser Designator Pod (LDP) and Laser Ranger and Marked Target Seeker (LRMTS) have been integrated in it also.[86] To improve situational awareness of the pilot during air combat, a digital map generator has been integrated along with a digital video recording system, which helps in mission analysis and debrief support.[86]

Transport aircraft

Il-78 landing at Lajes, Portugal

The IAF operates 25 Ilyushin Il-76 for military transport duties such as heavylift, at all operational levels. The Il-76 MD is a strategic air-lifter with a payload of 95,000 lb and a range of over 5,000 km (2,700 nm; 3,100 statute miles). In 2003, the IAF orderd 6 IL-78MKI aircraft from Uzbekistan[87] and are fitted with aerial refueling pods from Israel.[88] India took delivery of the tankers in 2004.[89]

IAF has a fleet of 64 Avro 748 which has a payload of 5,136 kg (11,323 lb) and has a range of 1,715 km (926 nm; 1,066 mi). The air force also operates a fleet of 94 twin-engined turboprop Antonov An-32 and 73 Dornier Do 228 utility aircraft. In an effort to infuse fresh life into its transport fleet, the Indian Air Force will begin an upgrade programme for its Antonov An-32s and Dornier Do 228s in 2009.[90]

Training aircraft

HPT-32 Deepak is IAF's basic flight training aircraft for cadets.[91] Developed during the late 1970s, it has been in service with the IAF since 1984.[92]

The IAF uses HAL HJT-16 Kiran mk.I for intermediate flight training of cadets and HJT-16 Kiran mk.II provides Stage II flight training.[93][94] In 2004, the IAF placed an order for 66 BAE Hawk Mk 132 Advanced Jet Trainers in a deal worth over 1 billion GBP. Deliveries began in November, 2007 and induction in February, 2008. Pilot instructors and engineers have already been trained in the UK, and the aircraft is scheduled to replace mk.II. HAL is developing HJT-36 Sitara to replace Kiran mk.I.

Helicopters

HAL Dhruv

An important objective of the IAF is to support ground troops by providing air-cover and by transporting men and essential commodities across the battlefield. For this purpose the Air Force maintains a fleet of helicopters. Helicopters in service with the IAF are:

Light Utility Medium Utility Heavylift Attack

On October 15, 2006 India agreed to acquire 80 Mi-17 helicopters from the Russian Federation in a deal worth approximately US$662 million.[95]

Reconnaissance and Airborne Early Warning aircraft

In 2004, the IAF ordered 3 IAI Phalcon Airborne Early Warning radar system from Israel Aerospace Industries,[96] which is considered to be the most advanced AEW&C system in the world.[97] The air force will use 3 newly-acquired Ilyushin Il-76 Phalcon as a platform for these radar. In May 2008, India appears to have ordered an additional three Phalcon radar equipped IL-76 from Israel,[98] pushing up the value of the deal from US$1.1 to 1.5 billion. An Indian defense delegation headed by Defense Secretary Vijay Singh, visited Israel in November 2008 to discuss the purchase of the planes and missiles from Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI). It has been reported that India has placed a follow up order for 3 more Phalcon radar equipped IL-76 from Israel at a cost of $1.5 billion, pushing the total number to be acquired up to 6.[98] The first Phalcon arrived in India on May 25, 2009 and are expected to be commissioned into service by 2010.[99] IAF Air Chief said that it would take a year and a half to get each and every combat plane in IAF to link with Phalcon.

Unmanned aerial vehicles

The primary role of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is to provide aerial surveillance and reconnaissance. The IAF operates IAI Malat built Searcher II and Heron UAVs.[100][101] Israel Aircraft Industries and Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE). India's leading unmanned aerial vehicle research agency are also jointly developing three new UAVs.

UAVs can also be used as a pilot-less target aircraft. HAL Lakshya, indigenously-developed pilotless target aircraft, was inducted into the IAF in July 2005.[102] Another UAV, the HAL Nishant Remote Piloted Vehicle (RPV) has also been developed, with an endurance of over 3 hours.[103] The UAV can be used for carrying out ground attacks and aerial surveillance.

Weapons

Surface to Air Missiles

An SA-16 Gimlet on display
  • Isayev SA-3 Goa:[104][105] The Indian Air Force is considering upgrading its Pechora SA-3 missiles with Polish help whilst it waits for the Akash. According to Janes Missiles and Rockets (December 2005), the IAF would like to conduct the Newa-SCM upgrade package upgrade to 20 S-125M Pechora-CC systems, using primarily the Tatra 8x8 chassis, which is licence-built in India. Installation on specially adapted heavy equipment trailers or Tatra 8x8 vehicles was studied at the request of the Indian Air Force. It incorporates a new ZNO-X digital transmitter/receiver block developed by the Przemyslowy Instytut Telekomunikacji (PIT) to replace the original magnetron-based hardware. The unit uses digital technology, including digital frequency synthesis, and has automatic built-in test facilities. While the ZNO-X is an expensive upgrade, it significantly improves system performance. Most of the upgrade work would be done in India, although the core elements of the upgrade would be delivered from Poland.Pechora SAM will be phased out by 2012.[106] As of 2009, no firm SA-3 upgrade program has been signed for.
  • SA-8 Gecko[104][105]
  • SA-10 Grumble[107]. However several sources disagree that India is a SA-10 operator.
  • SA-16 Gimlet - MANPAD[104][105][108]
  • Python-5 The Python and Derby are part of the SpyDer Missile complex ordered by the IAF.
  • Derby

Air to Air Missiles

File:Tejas R-73.jpg
Tejas PV-1 firing an R-73 missile during weapons trials in Goa

Air to Surface Missiles

Future Expansion

Future aircraft

Further information: Indian MRCA Competition
The six competing MRCA aircraft. (l-r): Rafale, Typhoon, F-16C/D, F/A-18E/F, JAS 39 Gripen and MiG-35.

As of 2008, the Indian Air Force plans to induct 126 multi-role combat aircraft (with an option for another 74 aircraft), 230 Su-30MKI air superiority fighters (Ordered at cost of US$8.4 billion, 120 are already in service with the IAF), 220 Light Combat Aircraft, 47 Jaguar combat aircraft. Additionally, the Indian Air Force has signed contracts for 66 BAe Hawk Mk.132 trainers (deliveries underway), 80+ combat helicopters, 3 new Long Range UAVs, 6 mid-air refueling planes, 225+ HJT-36 Sitara Intermediate Jet Trainer aircraft and some additional medium-range transport aircraft.

The Indian Air Force begun the upgradation of its MiG-29 fleet in 2007.[111] India awarded Russia a US$965 million contract to upgrade its multi-role MiG-29 warplanes, on Monday March 10, 2008. According to the deal, Russia will re-arm the twin-engined MiG-29s with air-to-air missiles, and the upgraded MiGs will feature increased fuel capacity and the state-of-the-art avionics.

Confirmed sales

Production line of Hawk 132 at HAL's facility in Bangalore, India
  • Hawk AJT

Deliveries of the first order of 66 Hawk 132 Advanced Jet Trainers began in November, 2007 with induction in February, 2008. An order for 57 (40 for IAF and 17 for Indian Navy) more was placed in 2008. The Hawk, along with the HJT-36, will serve the IAF's future fighter training needs.

  • C-130J Hercules

Indian Air force signed a deal to acquire 6 C-130J Super Hercules in early 2008 for US$1.06 billion. Lockheed Martin will deliver the planes on 2011.[112][113]

Under procurement process

  • Medium Multi-role Combat Aircraft

The IAF plans to rise the strength of its combat fleet to 42 squadrons by 2022. The Air Force will reach the peak of strength with the induction of the planned Su-30 MKIs, Jaguars, Medium Multi-role Combat Aircraft (M-MRCA), Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA), the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) and medium combat aircraft (MCA). [54][114][115][116]

The Indian Air Force operates around 250 MiG-21 aircraft. Due to metal fatigue and outdated equipment, many MiG-21s used in training have crashed over the past six years, killing over 50 IAF pilots. Also, they are nearing the end of their service life having been in the IAF for many decades and are being decommissioned at an increasing pace. The IAF initially planned to replace the MiG-21 fleet with indigenously-built HAL Tejas aircraft by 2006. However, the target could not be met due to developmental delays and a US sanction, following the Pokhran-II nuclear tests, which blocked the delivery of GE F404 engines - a crucial component of the LCA.[117]

The Indian Air Force has a requirement for combat aircraft to replace the MiG-21 in service. The Mirage-2000 were considered as a replacement. However, Dassault announced that it has shut down the assembly line of the Mirage-2000. Hence the IAF included the Mig-35, Gripen and F-16 in its itinerary of consideration. This was the first time in the IAF's history that an American aircraft was being considered. Later the number of manufacturers was widened to include heavy-weight aircraft like the F/A-18 Super Hornet, the Eurofighter Typhoon, and Dassault Rafale. In an interview, the then Air Chief of the IAF M. Shahindra Pal Tyagi admitted to allowing heavy-weight aircraft to compete, "to allow more competition".[118]

The limited series production of the indigenous LCA Tejas aircraft is ongoing at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. The aircraft is supposed to get full operational clearance by December 2010, as the Tejas' development has been accelerated. It is believed that the MRCA's procurement may take a much longer time than Tejas' induction in the IAF, and its subsequent mass production. The air force has issued an Intent (RoI) for procurement of MRCA (Multi Role Combat Aircraft). The following aircraft are participating: Russian MiG-35, French Rafale, European Eurofighter Typhoon, Swedish Gripen and the US F-16IN. Besides the F-16s, the US has also offered the sale of F/A-18E/F Super Hornet combat aircraft. IAF pilots and technicians are familiar with earlier aircraft from MiG and Dassault and would need minimal retraining. Infrastructural and logistical support for maintenance and spares would also be easier for these aircraft compared to the unfamiliar Gripens, F-16s and F/A-18s.[118]

  • Multi-role tanker transport

The Indian Air Force selected Airbus A330 multi-role tanker transport (MRTT) over Ilyushin Il-76 as the future tanker for the air force.[119] The deal is worth approximately US$1 billion and is awaiting final approval by Cabinet Committee on Security.[119] The IAF, which currently operates Ilyushin Il-78 mid-air refuelers, rejected Ilyushin's offer due to poor after-sales performance record of the company.[120]

  • Attack Helicopters

On May 26, 2009, the Indian Ministry of Defense invited bids for 22 combat helicopters in a deal worth US$2 billion. Companies which have expressed their interest in the tender include — Russia's Kamov and Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant, Europe's AgustaWestland and Eurocopter and United States' Bell Helicopter and Boeing.[121]

  • Light Helicopters

A tender for supply of 317 light helicopters will be floated by Ministry of Defence combining the requirements of Indian Air force (125) and Indian Army (197). The Navy is too likely to join this tender. The requirements of Indian Navy being 50–60 Helicopters and this is likely to increase the tender to 367. Unnamed Defense Ministry official stated that Letters of interest have been sent to Kamov, Bell, Augusta Westland and Eurocopter. Last week, Bell withdrew from the race, citing differences in offset clause with the Government of India.[122] HAL has also recently joined the race with its Light Observation Helicopter (LOH). Although it is still on the drawing board, HAL officials seem to be confident to deliver in time.[123]

  • Medium Lift Helicopters

During Russian President Dmitry Medvedev's visit to India in December 2008, the two countries inked a deal for the supply of 80 Mi-17V-5 (also known as Mi-171) medium lift helicopters at a cost of US$1.2 billion. The two countries had earlier negotiated a price of $650 million, but early in 2008 Russia asked for a revision of the contract price. Russia is expected to deliver the Mi-171 to the IAF in 2010.[124] The deal also envisages a US$405 million "offset" obligation by Russia. The new choppers, which have an 18,000 ft operational ceiling, will replace 50 Mi-8s currently in service with the IAF, some of which are over 35 years old, and boost IAF's capability to support high-altitude posts in Siachen and Ladakh sectors. The helicopter will come with the circuitry and hard points to carry weapons.

  • Heavy Lift Helicopters

In May 2009, India sent requests for proposals for heavy lift helicopters. The contract's worth is estimated to be within the range of US$600 million to 1 billion.[121] Boeing and Sikorsky Aircraft are expected to bid for the order.[121]

  • VIP Helicopters

Indian Air force had floated a tender in 2006 for supply of 12 VIP Helicopters and 4 Medium Lift Helicopters to replace Mi-8 Helicopters of VIP Squadron. IAF concluded the trials of competing helicopters, Augusta Westland EH-101 and Sikorsky S-92 in the period of January 14—19, 2008.The government is on the verge of clearing a US$300 million deal to purchase 12 advanced VIP helicopters from Italian armament major Augusta Westland EH-101. Owned by Finmeccanica, the Italian firm had fielded the EH101 — whose variant, US101, serves the US President — to compete for the Indian tender floated some two years ago.Based on the contract schedule, the first helicopter is likely to join the air force fleet around 2011.[125]

Under development

HAL Tejas
Wind tunnel testing model of Medium Combat Aircraft.
  • HAL Tejas: The IAF will also buy 220 indigenously-built HAL Tejas Light Combat Aircraft. It has already ordered a total of 28 Tejas aircraft. Weaponization is underway as an LCA Tejas successfully test-fired a Russian R-73 close-combat air-to-air missile off the coast of Goa in October, 2007.[126] These aircraft are expected to enter service in 2010. As on February 3, 2009, LCA has completed 1011 Test Flights successfully using these prototypes: TD1-233, TD2-298, PV1-182, PV2-107, PV3-120, LSP1-33, and LSP2-38.
  • Medium Combat Aircraft: India is also planning to develop a fifth generation aircraft called Medium Combat Aircraft or MCA. Development(HAL & ADA) work on the MCA is awaiting government approval and design phase is in its early stages. The Medium Combat Aircraft (MCA) is a twin-engined 5th generation stealth mutlirole fighter being developed by India. It will complement the HAL Tejas and the Sukhoi Su-30MKI in the Indian Air Force. The main purpose of this aircraft is to replace the aging SEPECAT Jaguar & MiG-27. Design work on the MCA has been started.[127]
  • Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft : In 2001, the Ministry of Defence signed a deal with Russia to jointly develop and fund the FGFA/PAK FA , Perspektivnyi Aviatsionnyi Kompleks Frontovoi Aviatsyi (Future Air Complex for Tactical Air Forces) program. The program was initiated to develop a fifth generation fighter aircraft to fill a role similar to that of Lockheed Martin's F-22 Raptor in all aspects. Initially, Mikoyan-Gurevich's Project 1.44 was expected to get the contract. However, Sukhoi Aviation Corporation came up with a more cost-effective aircraft and won. Design work has commenced on Sukhoi's experimental Su-47 Berkut aircraft. PAK FA proves to be a very ambitious program and the estimated costs for developing the aircraft vary between US$15–20 billion. However, it was announced in August, 2007 by Russian Air Force Commander Alexander Zelin that the development stage of the PAK FA project is complete without any Indian involvement[128] and an Indo-Russian pact on building a fifth-generation fighter has only recently been agreed. The new project may effectively result in the development of an export version of the Russian PAK FA[129] or very closely based on the PAK FA's final article.[130] An official project name had not been assigned to this possible Indo-Russian fifth-generation fighter aircraft development programme as of November, 2007. Sukhoi has already started construction of a prototype which is expected to feature super maneuverability, super cruise, stealth and precision in destroying ground and sea targets. Flight tests of the fighter are due to begin as early as 2009, and the aircraft may go into production by 2015. The Sukhoi and HAL will sign a formal contract to jointly develop the fighter at the beginning of 2009, the head of the United Aircraft Corporation said on Friday, December 5, 2008. "We are planning to conclude the contract at the beginning of next year," Alexei Fedorov said. According to the latest reports FGFA will have its first flight by 2015 or before 2015.[131]
HJT-36 Sitara at Farnborough
HAL Light Combat Helicopter.
  • HAL HJT-36 Sitara: The HAL HJT-36 Intermediate Jet Trainer carried out its maiden test flight in 2003 and is all set to enter service within the next 5 years. HAL recently signed a deal with Russian company Saturn DDB for supply of a specially designed engine for the trainer.
  • HAL Light Combat Helicopter: Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd is developing an Attack Helicopter for the IAF based on HAL Dhruv. It is being designed to fit into an anti-infantry and anti-armour role and will be capable to operate from altitudes an 6,500 metre.[133] HAL selected the M621 cannon incorporated in a Nexter THL 20 turret for the gun armament of the helicopter.[134] The helicopter will have a glass cockpit with multifunction displays, a target acquisition and designation system with FLIR, Laser rangefinder and laser designator. Weapons will be aimed with a helmet mounted sight and there will be an electronic warfare suite with radar warning receiver, laser warning receiver and a missile approach warning system.[135] First flight of HAL LCH (Light Combat Helicopter) is expected in 2009.[135]
  • Airawat (AEW&C): India has also revived the Airavat Project, which was India's first attempt in developing an indigenous AEW aircraft. Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS), is coordinating the Rs.1,800-crore effort to develop an indigenous airborne early warning and control system (AEW&CS), scheduled to be completed by 2012.[136] The AEW&CS will comprise of an indigenous radar and control system mounted on a Brazilian Embraer EMB-145 regional jet. Under a $210 million deal signed with Brazilian aviation company Embraer in summer 2008, Embraer will supply India 3 EMB-145s with the system mounted on them. The CABS is looking for an experienced partner who will be responsible for integrating the Active Array Antenna Unit (AAAU), other antennas, trans receiver modules and various sub systems being developed by Indian defense laboratories onto the three Brazil manufactured EMB-145. It has sent a request for proposal to six vendors - Israel's Elta, the European consortium EADS, France's Thales, Sweden's SAAB Erikson and the United State's Raytheon and Northrop Grumman. The vendors have time till the third week of January 2009 to submit their proposals. The first EMB-145 is scheduled to be delivered in 2011 and the complete system will be flight tested by the DRDO along with the Indian air force from 2012.

Aerospace Command

The IAF is setting up an aerospace command. This command will have space technology including satellites available to them. This command is said to be utilised by all the three services of the Indian armed forces and also for civilian purposes by ISRO.[137][138]

A specialized surveillance satellite for the IAF will be operational by the end of 2010.[139] The satellite will enable the IAF to carry out precise strikes against targets like terrorist training camps.[140] The Satellite has been named RISAT 2 and will use an Israeli Synthetic Aperture Radar mounted on a ISRO developed satellite bus and will be launched on a fast track basis in the aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks [141] in place of the civilian RISAT 1.

Surface to Air Missile Systems

  • Trishul(Trident): Development of Trishul is complete. It has met the IAF requirements during its various developmental flight trials. DRDO is presently in dialogue with IAF for possible induction.[142] Frontier India reports that Indian Air force is considering to induct small quantity to meet partial requirement of LLQRM (Low Level Quick Reaction Missile) System.[143]. However it is not known if IAF has placed a formal order of Trishul SAM System.
  • SPYDER (Surface-to-air PYthon and DERby): Indian Air force plans to acquire 18 Spyder SAM Systems at a cost of Rs. 1800 crore (approx. $395.4 million). A typical squadron consists of 1 Mobile Command and Control Unit and 4 Mobile Firing Units with missiles, each with their own built-in power supplies. SPYDER will reportedly replace India’s Russian-made OSA-AKM (SA-8 Gecko) and ZRK-BD Strela-10M (SA-13 Gopher) SAM systems. If the deal is approved RAFAEL would be the prime contractor, and Israel Aircraft Industries the major subcontractor.[144][145] But recently Defence Ministry has ordered a probe into the deal following allegations of illegal influencing of the purchase process. Central Vigilance Commission is reviewing the deal.[146] It was reported in February, 2008 that Rafael is to sign Production Transfer Program (PTP) agreement with Tata Power for maintenance and production of the SAM System. Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) cleared the deal in January 2008.[147] It was reported on August 18, 2008 that the Defence Acquisitions Council had approved the deal for 18 SpyDer systems at a cost of Rs. 1800 crore.[148]. On December 14, the Government of India informed the upper house that India has signed a deal with Rafeal for the supply of 18 SPYDER missile system.
  • Maitri LLQRM (Low Level Quick Reaction Missile): DRDO is in talks with MBDA to develop Maitri LLQRM for Army, Air force and Navy. Sources said that DRDL is preparing feasibility report and is awaiting formal clearance from defence ministry.[149][150][151]
Akash missile.
  • Akash: Indian Air force has approved the induction of Akash Missile System and had initiated the process of inducting the system. Akash has successfully demonstrated its performance through number of flight tests.[143][152] DRDO and IAF jointly began a ten day intensive trial of Akash on December 13, 2007 aimed at making IAF familiar with the system.[153] Defence News reports that IAF has already ordered two units (squadrons) of Akash which are likely to be inducted by 2009.[152].

Surface to Surface Missiles

  • Prithvi II: 250 km Prithvi-II Ballistic Missile is under IAF service which could be used to target airfields, command and control centers etc.[154][155]

Air to Surface Missiles

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian Air Force.

Footnotes

  1. ^ "The IAF Motto". Official Website. Webmaster IAF - Air Headquarters. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
  2. ^ "The strength Official website".
  3. ^ Siva Govindasamy (2008-08-27). "India set for offset bounty". Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  4. ^ Air Force Act, 1950. Ministry of Law & Justice. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ "CLAUSE 4.—(Relations between Royal Air Force and Indian Air Force, and attachment of personnel.)". HC Deb 03 April 1933 vol 276 cc1473-501. HANSARD 1803–2005. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
  6. ^ "History of the IAF". Official Website. Webmaster IAF - Air Headquarters. Retrieved 2009-04-07. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |publisher= at position 14 (help)
  7. ^ a b c Bedi, Sanjeev (2008). "Strategic Role of Air Power" (PDF). Air Power Journal. 3 (2). Center for Air Power Studies: 27–45. Retrieved 2009-04-08. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ^ a b c Goyal, S.N. (October 1993). "1939-45 Second World War: Air Force Reminiscences". Sainik Samachar. Indian Air Force. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
  9. ^ D’Souza, Bart (October 2001). "Indian Air Force : Down the Memory Lane". Sainik Samachar. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
  10. ^ Engineer, Aspy M. (February 1993). "Air Marshal Aspy Engineer's Recollections". Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 2009-04-08. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ^ Lyon 2008, p. 79
  12. ^ Lyon 2008, p. 79
  13. ^ Massey 2005, p. 97
  14. ^ Barua 2005, p. 192
  15. ^ "The Congolese Rescue Operation". US Army History. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  16. ^ a b Singh, Charanjit (2005). "The Congo Diary" (PDF). Air Power Journal. 2 (3). Center for Air Power Studies: 27–45. Retrieved 2009-04-25. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Coggins 2000, p. 164
  18. ^ Pradhan 1999, p. 185
  19. ^ Pradhan & Chavan 2007, p. xiv
  20. ^ Thomas 1996, p. 11
  21. ^ Sisodia & Bhaskar 2005, p. 82
  22. ^ Gupta 1997, p. 43
  23. ^ Dixit 2002, p. 149
  24. ^ Barua 2005, p. 193
  25. ^ Khan 2004, p. 185
  26. ^ Praval 1975, p. 6
  27. ^ Jones 1985, p. 78
  28. ^ Boyne & Fopp 2002, p. 619
  29. ^ Sisson & Rose 1991, p. 229
  30. ^ Ajithkumar 2006, p. 141
  31. ^ Newsweek: 34. 1971. ISSN 0028-9604. Trying to catch the Indian Air Force napping, Yahya Khan, launched a Pakistani version of Israel's 1967 air blitz in hopes that one quick blow would cripple India's far superior air power. But India was alert, Pakistani pilots were inept, and Yahya's strategy of scattering his thin air force over a dozen air fields was a bust! {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |day= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  32. ^ Kainikara 2007, p. 195
  33. ^ a b c "The War Of December 1971". Indian Air Force. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  34. ^ Shorey, Anil (2005). "Battle of Longewala: Best of Braves". Sainik Samachar. 52 (4). Retrieved 2009-04-12. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  35. ^ Mohan, Jagan. "When lightning strikes". Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  36. ^ "Bangladesh: Out of War, a Nation Is Born". TIME. Time Inc. 20 December 1971. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  37. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 58
  38. ^ Choudhury, Ishfaq Ilahi. "Air aspect of the Liberation War 1971". Daily Star. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
  39. ^ Ives 2004, p. 186
  40. ^ Talbott 2006, p. 164
  41. ^ Karthikeyan et al. 2008, p. 109
  42. ^ Shiva 2005, p. 44
  43. ^ Bajwa 2005, p. 257
  44. ^ Far East and Australasia 2003, p. 1178
  45. ^ Jones 2003, p. 97
  46. ^ Bammi 2002
  47. ^ Ganguly & Kapur 2008, p. 105
  48. ^ Chadha 2005, p. 156
  49. ^ Kapur 2007, p. 122
  50. ^ "IAF Scores a Kill !!! Factual Account of Interception". Indian Air Force. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  51. ^ "IAF shoots down Pak intruder plane". The Indian Express. August 11, 1999. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  52. ^ Ian MacKinnon (1999-08-11). "16 dead as India shoots down Pakistani naval plane". Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  53. ^ Khan 2004, p. 217
  54. ^ a b "IAF fighter squadrons to rise to 42 by 2022: Antony". The Times of India. February 18, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  55. ^ "About the Ministry". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
  56. ^ "Branches at Air HQ & PSOs". Indian Air Force. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
  57. ^ "Marshal of the Indian Air Force". Indian Air Force. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
  58. ^ "Indian Air Force to Establish Missle, Air Base in Rajasthan". India Defence. January 06, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  59. ^ "Air Force Wings, FBSUs and CMUs". Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 2009-04-20.
  60. ^ a b "Indian Air Force: Career Opportunities". Indian Air Force. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  61. ^ Cordesman & Kleiber 2006, p. 24
  62. ^ a b c d e "Central Airmen Selection Board". Indian Air Force. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  63. ^ "Career Opportunities as an Officer: Intermediate (10+2)". Indian Air Force. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  64. ^ "Career Opportunities as an Officer: Graduate". Indian Air Force. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  65. ^ "Career Opportunities as an Officer: Engineer". Indian Air Force. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  66. ^ "Career Opportunities as an Officer: Post Graduate". Indian Air Force. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  67. ^ "Career Opportunities as an Officer". Indian Air Force. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  68. ^ "For Officers". careerairforce.nic.in. Indian Air Force. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  69. ^ "For Airmen". careerairforce.nic.in. Indian Air Force. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  70. ^ Cordesman & Kleiber 2006, p. 24
  71. ^ "Air Force Equipment". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  72. ^ Bipindra, N.C. (September 21, 2007). "IAF fighter fleet to get a boost with fourth Sukhoi squadron". Outlook Publishing (India) Private Limited. Retrieved 2009-04-22. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  73. ^ a b c Naik, V.P. (September 26, 2008). "IAF aiming for Diverse Capabilities, says Vice Chief of Air Staff". Air Marshal P V Naik's Keynote Address on Fighter Technology and Advance Systems. India Strategic. Retrieved 2009-04-22. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  74. ^ "Russia Signs $700 Million Deal To Upgrade India's Fighter Jets". The St. Petersburg Times. April 13, 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-22. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  75. ^ "Indian air force to buy 40 more fighters from Russia". Interfax-AVN Military News Agency. March 14, 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  76. ^ "The strength". Official Website. Webmaster IAF - Air Headquarters. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
  77. ^ "MiG-29 Baaz". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  78. ^ Chatterjee, Saikat (March 7, 2008). "India, Russia Sign $960 Million Mig-29 Contract, Times Reports". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  79. ^ "Mirage 2000 (Dassault-Breguet)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  80. ^ "Combat Aircraft of the IAF: 1933 - Present". Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  81. ^ Tipnis, Anil Y. "My Fair Lady - The MiG-21". Retrieved 2009-04-22. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  82. ^ Shukla, Vinay (August 5). "Russia raising extra funds to meet IAF MiG-21 upgrade target". Outlook Publishing (India) Private Limited. Retrieved 2009-04-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  83. ^ "Editorial: Budding Israel-India relationship bad for Pakistan". Daily Times. May 21, 2003. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  84. ^ "India in talks with France to purchase second-hand Mirage jets: diplomat". Islamic Republic News Agency. October 7, 2006. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  85. ^ [www.zimbio.com/Indian+Armed+Forces/articles/282/Indian+Air+Force+unable+minimize+highest+Crash "Crash Rate"]. zimbio.com. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2009-05-15. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  86. ^ a b c d "MiG-27 Bahadur". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  87. ^ "In-flight refuellers boost India's strike capabilities". SiliconIndia. March 4, 2003. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  88. ^ Mukherjee, Amit (September 29, 2004). "IAF to get 5th IL-78 refueller soon". Times of India. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  89. ^ Kopp, Carlo. "The PLA-AF's Aerial Refuelling Programs". Air Power Australia. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  90. ^ Raghuvanshi, Vivek (October 14, 2008). "India to Upgrade An-32 Transport Aircraft". Defence News. Retrieved 2009-04-22. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  91. ^ "HAL HPT-32 Deepak". Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  92. ^ "HPT-32 Deepak Trainer". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  93. ^ "HAL HJT-16 Kiran Mk.1/1A". Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  94. ^ "HAL HJT-16 Kiran Mk.II". Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  95. ^ "Russia's Mi-17 to Land in India". Kommersant. July 11, 2006. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  96. ^ Dutta, Sujan (May 17 , 2008). "Israel lags on Phalcon delivery". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-04-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  97. ^ "IAI Phalcon 707". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  98. ^ a b Govindasamy, Siva (April 21 , 2008). "India eyes additional Phalcon airborne early warning systems". Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2009-04-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  99. ^ "PHALCON". Times Of India. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
  100. ^ "Searcher Mk II Delivered To India". israeli-weapons.com. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  101. ^ "Heron MALE System — Medium Altitude Long Endurance UAV". defense-update.com. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  102. ^ "Press Information Bureau". Government of India. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  103. ^ "Nishant RPV". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  104. ^ a b c MissileUnits.html "Air Force Equipment - Missiles - SAM". Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 2009-04-23. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  105. ^ a b c "Strategic Air Defences in a Nuclear South Asia". Bharat Rakshak. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  106. ^ Holdanowicz, Grzegorz (December). "Poland develops further S-125 SAM upgrade". Jane's Missiles and Rockets. ISSN 1365-4187. Retrieved 2009-04-23. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  107. ^ "S-300PMU". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  108. ^ "Air Force Equipment - Missiles - SAM". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  109. ^ "Air Force Equipment - Missiles - AAM". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  110. ^ "Air Force Equipment - Missiles - AAS". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  111. ^ "ACM FH Major: IAF strengthening India's standing in international arenanews". domain-b.com. June 2, 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  112. ^ "India signs deal to buy six C-130 planes from US". India has agreed to buy six Lockheed Martin Corp C-130J military transport planes in a breakthrough deal with the United States worth about $1 billion that opens a door to closer strategic ties, US officials said on Tuesday. India and the US signed an agreement on January 31, for Lockheed to start delivering the four-engine Super Hercules turboprop aircraft in 2011, said Bruce Lemkin, who handles US Air Force international affairs.
  113. ^ "India okays C-130Js, restarts utility helicopter tender". Plans to re-equip the Indian armed forces are moving ahead, with government approval to purchase six Lockheed Martin C-130Js and a fresh tender for utility helicopters. The $1 billion C-130 contract will be the biggest defence deal between India and the USA if confirmed, as expected, during US defense secretary Robert Gates' visit to New Delhi in March. Deliveries should start three years after the contract is signed.
  114. ^ Frost & Sullivan (May 28, 2008). "Indian Defence Industry: $100 Billion Investment Opportunities". Retrieved 2009-04-07.
  115. ^ Giridharadas, Anand (2008, September 21). "Land of Gandhi Asserts Itself as Global Military Power". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-04-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  116. ^ Govindasamy, Siva (August 8, 2008). "India set for offset bounty". FlightGlobal. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
  117. ^ Iype, George (September 24, 2001). "Lifting of US curbs to benefit LCA project". Rediff. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  118. ^ a b "Indian Government to put Air Force 126 M-MRCA deal of fast track". India Defence. March 10, 2006. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  119. ^ a b India to buy Airbus MRTT tanker in a $1 billion deal
  120. ^ India rejects Russian aerial tankers over poor maintenance
  121. ^ a b c India Invites Bids For Combat, Heavy-Lift Helicopters-Official
  122. ^ "IAF to induct new attack and heavy lift helicopters: Air Chief". IDRW: PTI. February 2008.
  123. ^ "HAL to bid for Army helicopters". The Hindu. February 20, 2008.
  124. ^ "Russia to deliver first Mi-171 helicopter to India in 2010". RIA Novosti. February 11, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  125. ^ "Indian Air Force concludes chopper trials for VIP squadron". domain-b. January 22, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2008.
  126. ^ "Tejas LCA test-fires its first missile". The Times of India. 2007-10-26. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  127. ^ "ADA to develop medium combat aircraft". domain-b.com. February 4, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  128. ^ "Russia to build fifth-generation fighter prototype soon". RIA Novosti. August 8, 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  129. ^ Karnozov, Vladimir (August 13, 2007). "Russian industry special: Flying the flag at MAKS". Flight International. Retrieved 2009-04-24. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  130. ^ "Indo-Russian 5th generation fighter to take-off by 2012". The Times of India. October 30, 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  131. ^ "India may test futuristic jets by 2015". The Times of India. August 8, 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  132. ^ "Russia, India may form military transport planes JV in 2-3 months". RIA Novosti. February 12, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  133. ^ "Light Combat Helicopter (LCH)Specifications". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
  134. ^ "Contract awarded for 20 THL 20 turrets to equip the Indian Armed Forces' helicopters" (PDF). Press Release. Nexter. December 20, 2006. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
  135. ^ a b "Light Combat Helicopter (LCH)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
  136. ^ "Cabinet panel nod for `Airawat' project". The Hindu. September 10, 2004. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  137. ^ "India in aerospace defence plan". BBC. January 28, 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  138. ^ "India Begins Work On Space Weapons Command". SpaceDaily. April 12, 2006. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  139. ^ Tong, Xiong (February 13, 2009). "Indian Air Force to have independent satellite by 2010". Xinhua. Retrieved 2009-04-24. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  140. ^ "Satellite to enhance Indian air force: chief". AFP. February 12, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  141. ^ "India to Launch Risat-2". Asian Surveying and Mapping. March 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  142. ^ "Trishul Missile Project Completed at the Cost of Rs. 275 Crore". India Defence. November 29, 2006. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  143. ^ a b "IAF initiates process for inducting Akash and Trishul SAM's". Frontier India. May 3, 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-24. Cite error: The named reference "fro" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  144. ^ "India Buys Israeli "SPYDER" Mobile Air Defense System". Defense Industry Daily. December 14, 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  145. ^ Sinha, Shashank (October 21, 2006). ""Spyder" SAM System for India". India Defence Consultants. Retrieved 2009-04-24. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  146. ^ "CVC to probe missile deal with Israel". The Hindu. September 14, 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  147. ^ "Rafael to join hands with Tata Power for maintenance of ADS". February 24, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
  148. ^ "Defence Acquisitions Council Approves Spyder Air Defense Deal With Israel". India Defence. August 8, 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  149. ^ "DRDO to develop quick reaction missile, Maitri, with MBDAnews". domain-b. March 20, 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  150. ^ "DRDO, MBDA to Jointly Develop Maitri Quick Reaction Missile". India Defence. March 19, 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  151. ^ "Low-Level Quick Reaction Missile system (LLQRM)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  152. ^ a b "IAF to induct Akash missile". Indian Express. December 26, 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  153. ^ "Akash missiles test fired". Diligent Media Corporation. December 19, 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  154. ^ Kumar, Arvind; Vannoni, Michael. Ballistic Missile Proliferation in Southern Asia (PDF). Sandia National Laboratories. p. 60. SAND 2004-0317. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  155. ^ "Prithvi". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2009-04-24.

References

Videos

Template:Iafsqns

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Air_Force&oldid=295157863"