Voiced postalveolar affricate
Template:Infobox IPA base The voiced palato-alveolar affricate, also described as voiced domed postalveolar affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is d͡ʒ (formerly ʤ), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is [dZ]. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ǰ, ǧ, ǯ, and dž. It is familiar to English speakers as the j sound in jump.
Features
Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then directing it through a groove in the tongue and over the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
- Its phonation type is voiced, which means it is produced while vibrating the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | example needed | -- | -- | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Albanian | [[[Albanian alphabet|xham]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡ʒam] | 'glass' | ||
| Amharic | [[[Ge'ez alphabet|እንጀራ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: ethi not supported for code: am (help) | [ɨnd͡ʒəra] | 'injera' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[1] | جرس | [d͡ʒaras] | 'bell' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern | ջուր | [d͡ʒur] | 'water' | |
| Western | ճանճ | [d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ] | 'fly' | ||
| Chechen | джерво/[[[Latin alphabet|dzhyervo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡ʒjerwo] | 'previously married woman' | ||
| Coptic | ϫⲉ | [d͡ʒe] | 'that' | ||
| Croatian | [[[Croatian alphabet|džep]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡ʒep] | 'pocket' | ||
| Czech | [[[Czech orthography|léčba]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [lɛːd͡ʒba] | 'treatment' | See Czech phonology | |
| English | [[[English orthography|jump]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈd͡ʒʌmp] | 'jump' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | [[[Esperanto orthography|manĝaĵo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [maɳd͡ʒaʒo] | 'food' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Faroese | [[[Latin alphabet|gestir]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈd͡ʒɛstɪɹ] | 'guests' | ||
| French | [[[French orthography|djinn]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡ʒin] | 'djinn' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[2] | ჯიბე | [d͡ʒibɛ] | 'pocket' | ||
| German | [[[German orthography|Dschungel]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡ʒʊŋəl] | 'jungle' | See German phonology | |
| Goemai | [d͡ʒaːn] | 'twins' | |||
| Hindi | [[[Devanāgarī|जाना]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡ʒɑːnɑː] | 'to go' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | [[[Hungarian alphabet|lándzsa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [laːnd͡ʒɒ] | 'spear' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[3] | [[[Italian alphabet|gemma]] ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈd͡ʒɛmːa] | 'gem' | See Italian phonology | |
| Indonesian | [[[Latin alphabet|jahil]] ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈd͡ʒahil] | 'stupid', 'pagan' | See Indonesian phonology | |
| Kabyle | lj̗Iran | [ld͡ʒiran] | 'the neighbors' | ||
| Kyrgyz | жаман | [d͡ʒaman] | 'bad' | ||
| Macedonian | џемпер | [ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr] | 'sweater' | ||
| Manchu | ? | [d͡ʒuwe] | 'two' | ||
| Occitan | Languedocien | [[[Latin alphabet|jove]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈd͡ʒuβe] | 'young' | |
| Provençal | [ˈd͡ʒuve] | ||||
| Ojibwe | ? | [iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ] | 'brother' | See Ojibwe phonology | |
| Pashto | جګ | [d͡ʒeɡ] | 'high' | ||
| Persian | کُجا | [kod͡ʒɒ] | 'where' | See Persian phonology | |
| Portuguese | Brazilian[4] | [[[Portuguese orthography|grande]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒi] | 'great' | See Portuguese phonology |
| Romanian | [[[Romanian alphabet|ger]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡ʒer] | 'frost' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Sardinian | Campidanese | [[[Latin alphabet|géneru]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈd͡ʒɛneru] | 'son-in-law' | |
| Scottish Gaelic | [[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|Dia]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡ʒia] | 'God' | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | [[[Croatian alphabet|džem]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡ʒɛ̝m] | 'jam' | ||
| Slovak | [[[Latin alphabet|džús]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡ʒuːs] | 'juice' | ||
| Somali | [[[Latin alphabet|joog]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡ʒoːɡ] | 'stop' | See Somali phonology | |
| Spanish | [[[Spanish phonology|yo (emphatic)]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡ʒo] | 'I' | ||
| Turkish | [[[Turkish alphabet|yatırımcı]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [jät̪ɯɾɯmd͡ʒɯ] | 'investor' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Turkmen | [[[Turkmen alphabet|jar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡ʒär] | 'ravine' | ||
| Ubykh | /amd͡ʒan/ | '?' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[5] | dxan | [d͡ʒaŋ] | 'god' | |
See also
References
- ^ Watson (2002:16)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
Bibliography
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquipan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264
- Watson, Janet (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. New York: Oxford University Press.
