Jump to content

Mac (computer)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Rjwilmsi (talk | contribs) at 19:54, 10 April 2010 (→1984: Introduction: clean up {{template:cite web}} using AWB). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other uses, see McIntosh.
A beige, boxy computer with a small black and white screen showing a window and desktop with icons.
The original Macintosh, the first commercially successful personal computer to use images, rather than text, to interface with the user.
A wide, thin, and sleek computer made of aluminum with a large, colorful screen.
The newest revision of the iMac, Apple's line of mid-range computers since 1998.

The Macintosh (Template:Pron-en MAK-in-tosh [1]), or Mac, is a series of several lines of personal computers designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. The first Macintosh was introduced on January 24, 1984; it was the first commercially successful personal computer to feature a mouse and a graphical user interface rather than a command-line interface.[2]

Through the second half of the 1980s, the company built market share only to see it dissipate in the 1990s as the personal computer market shifted towards IBM PC compatible machines running MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows. Apple consolidated multiple consumer-level desktop models into the 1998 iMac all-in-one, which was a sales success and saw the Macintosh brand revitalized.[3] Current Mac systems are mainly targeted at the home, education, and creative professional markets. They are: the aforementioned (though upgraded) iMac and the entry-level Mac mini desktop models, the workstation-level Mac Pro tower, the MacBook, MacBook Air and MacBook Pro laptops, and the Xserve server.

Production of the Mac is based on a vertical integration model in that Apple facilitates all aspects of its hardware and creates its own operating system that is pre-installed on all Mac computers. This is in contrast to most IBM PC compatibles, where multiple sellers create hardware intended to run another company's operating software. Apple exclusively produces Mac hardware, choosing internal systems, designs, and prices. Apple does use third party components, however. Current Mac CPUs use Intel's x86 architecture; the earliest models (1984–1994) used Motorola's 68k and models from 1994-2006 used the AIM alliance's PowerPC. Apple also develops the operating system for the Mac, currently Mac OS X version 10.6 "Snow Leopard". The modern Mac, like other personal computers, is capable of running alternative operating systems such as Linux, FreeBSD, and, in the case of Intel-based Macs, Microsoft Windows. However, Apple does not license Mac OS X for use on non-Apple computers.

History

See also: History of Apple

1979 to 1984: Development

A black and white photograph of five men and one woman, some with long hair and thick glasses, posing alongside a Macintosh.
Part of the original Macintosh design team, as seen on the cover of Revolution in the Valley.
Left to right: George Crow, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, Andy Hertzfeld, a Macintosh, Bill Atkinson, Jerry Manock.

The Macintosh project started in the late 1970s with Jef Raskin, an Apple employee, who envisioned an easy-to-use, low-cost computer for the average consumer. He wanted to name the computer after his favorite type of apple, the McIntosh[4], but the name had to be changed for legal reasons as it was too close, phonetically, to that of the McIntosh audio equipment manufacturer. Steve Jobs requested a release of the name so that Apple could use it but this was denied forcing Apple to eventually buy the rights to use the name.[5] In September 1979, Raskin was authorized to start hiring for the project, and he began to look for an engineer who could put together a prototype. Bill Atkinson, a member of Apple's Lisa team (which was developing a similar but higher-end computer), introduced him to Burrell Smith, a service technician who had been hired earlier that year. Over the years, Raskin assembled a large development team that designed and built the original Macintosh hardware and software; besides Raskin, Atkinson and Smith, the team included Chris Espinosa, Joanna Hoffman, George Crow, Bruce Horn, Jerry Manock, Susan Kare, Andy Hertzfeld, and Daniel Kottke.

Smith’s first Macintosh board was built to Raskin’s design specifications: it had 64 kilobytes (KB) of RAM, used the Motorola 6809E microprocessor, and was capable of supporting a 256×256 pixel black-and-white bitmap display. Bud Tribble, a Macintosh programmer, was interested in running the Lisa’s graphical programs on the Macintosh, and asked Smith whether he could incorporate the Lisa’s Motorola 68000 microprocessor into the Mac while still keeping the production cost down. By December 1980, Smith had succeeded in designing a board that not only used the 68000, but bumped its speed from 5 to 8 megahertz (MHz); this board also had the capacity to support a 384×256 pixel display. Smith’s design used fewer RAM chips than the Lisa, which made production of the board significantly more cost-efficient. The final Mac design was self-contained and had the complete QuickDraw picture language and interpreter in 64 KB of ROM – far more than most other computers; it had 128 KB of RAM, in the form of sixteen 64 kilobit (Kb) RAM chips soldered to the logicboard. Though there were no memory slots, its RAM was expandable to 512 KB by means of soldering sixteen chip sockets to accept 256 Kb RAM chips in place of the factory-installed chips. The final product's screen was a 9-inch, 512x342 pixel monochrome display, exceeding the prototypes.[6]

A screenshot of the original Mac OS. See caption.
The original 1984 Mac OS desktop featured a radically new graphical user interface. Users communicated with the computer not through abstract lines of code but rather using a metaphorical desktop that included real life items that the user was already familiar with.

The design caught the attention of Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple. Realizing that the Macintosh was more marketable than the Lisa, he began to focus his attention on the project. Raskin finally left the Macintosh project in 1981 over a personality conflict with Jobs, and the final Macintosh design is said to be closer to Jobs’ ideas than Raskin’s[citation needed].[7][unreliable source?] After hearing of the pioneering GUI technology being developed at Xerox PARC, Jobs had negotiated a visit to see the Xerox Alto computer and Smalltalk development tools in exchange for Apple stock options. The Lisa and Macintosh user interfaces were partially influenced by technology seen at Xerox PARC and were combined with the Macintosh group's own ideas.[8] Jobs also commissioned industrial designer Hartmut Esslinger to work on the Macintosh line, resulting in the "Snow White" design language; although it came too late for the earliest Macs, it was implemented in most other mid- to late-1980s Apple computers.[9] However, Jobs’ leadership at the Macintosh project didn't last; after an internal power struggle with new CEO John Sculley, Jobs angrily resigned from Apple in 1985, went on to found NeXT, another computer company, and did not return until 1997.

1984: Introduction

A young woman carrying a sledge hammer and wearing a white tank top with a drawing of a Macintosh runs from black figures in the background.
This television commercial, first aired during Super Bowl XVIII, launched the original Macintosh.

The Macintosh 128k was announced to the press in October 1983, followed by an 18-page brochure included with various magazines in December.[10] The Macintosh was introduced by the now famous US$1.5 million Ridley Scott television commercial, "1984".[11] The commercial most notably aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on 22 January 1984 and is now considered a "watershed event"[12] and a "masterpiece."[13] "1984" used an unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by a Picasso-style picture of Apple’s Macintosh computer on her white tank top) as a means of saving humanity from "conformity" (Big Brother).[14] These images were an allusion to George Orwell's noted novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, which described a dystopian future ruled by a televised "Big Brother." In a keynote speech made before the ad was played to a select audience, Jobs talks about the roles Apple and IBM have played in the development of the personal computer. During the speech Jobs makes a connection between the "Big Brother" of Orwell's novel and IBM's attempts to dominate the computer industry when he says:

It is now 1984. It appears IBM wants it all. Apple is perceived to be the only hope to offer IBM a run for its money. Dealers initially welcoming IBM with open arms now fear an IBM-dominated and -controlled future. They are increasingly turning back to Apple as the only force that can ensure their future freedom. IBM wants it all and is aiming its guns on its last obstacle to industry control: Apple. Will Big Blue dominate the entire computer industry? The entire information age? Was George Orwell right? [15]

Two days after the 1984 ad aired, the Macintosh went on sale. It came bundled with two applications designed to show off its interface: MacWrite and MacPaint. When it was first demonstrated by Steve Jobs in the first of his famous Mac Keynote speeches the computer drew the phrase "Macintosh, insanely great!" and told a joke using text-to-speech.[16] Although the Mac garnered an immediate, enthusiastic following, some labeled it a mere "toy." Because the machine was entirely designed around the GUI, existing text-mode and command-driven applications had to be redesigned and the programming code rewritten; this was a time consuming task that many software developers chose not to undertake, and resulted in an initial lack of software for the new system. In April 1984 Microsoft's MultiPlan migrated over from MS-DOS, followed by Microsoft Word in January 1985.[17] In 1985, Lotus Software introduced Lotus Jazz after the success of Lotus 1-2-3 for the IBM PC, although it was largely a flop.[18] Apple introduced Macintosh Office the same year with the lemmings ad. Infamous for insulting its own potential customers, it was not successful.[19]

A Macintosh sits in a museum exhibit about postmodernism.
The Apple Macintosh Plus at the Design Museum in Gothenburg, Sweden.

For a special post-election edition of Newsweek in November 1984, Apple spent more than US$2.5 million to buy all 39 of the advertising pages in the issue.[20] Apple also ran a “Test Drive a Macintosh” promotion, in which potential buyers with a credit card could take home a Macintosh for 24 hours and return it to a dealer afterwards. While 200,000 people participated, dealers disliked the promotion, the supply of computers was insufficient for demand, and many were returned in such a bad shape that they could no longer be sold. This marketing campaign caused CEO John Sculley to raise the price from US$1,995 to US$2,495 (adjusting for inflation, about $5,000 in 2007).[19][21]

1985 to 1989: Desktop publishing era

In 1985, the combination of the Mac, Apple’s LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software like Boston Software’s MacPublisher and Aldus PageMaker enabled users to design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics—an activity to become known as desktop publishing. Initially, desktop publishing was unique to the Macintosh, but eventually became available for IBM PC users as well. Later, applications such as Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, Adobe Photoshop, and Adobe Illustrator strengthened the Mac’s position as a graphics computer and helped to expand the emerging desktop publishing market.

The limitations of the first Mac soon became clear: it had very little memory, even compared with other personal computers in 1984, and could not be expanded easily; and it lacked a hard disk drive or the means to attach one easily. In October 1985, Apple increased the Mac’s memory to 512 KB, but it was inconvenient and difficult to expand the memory of a 128 KB Mac. In an attempt to improve connectivity, Apple released the Macintosh Plus on January 10, 1986 for US$2,600. It offered one megabyte of RAM, expandable to four, and a then-revolutionary SCSI parallel interface, allowing up to seven peripherals—such as hard drives and scanners—to be attached to the machine. Its floppy drive was increased to an 800 KB capacity. The Mac Plus was an immediate success and remained in production, unchanged, until October 15, 1990; on sale for just over four years and ten months, it was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history.[22]

A bulky gay Macintosh, with a separate monitor and CPU.
The Macintosh II, one of the first expandable Macintosh models.

The primary improvement in the Macintosh II was Color QuickDraw in ROM, a color version of the graphics language which was the heart of the machine. Among the many innovations in Color QuickDraw were an ability to handle any display size, any color depth, and multiple monitors. Other issues remained, particularly the low processor speed and limited graphics ability, which had hobbled the Mac’s ability to make inroads into the business computing market. Updated Motorola CPUs made a faster machine possible, and in 1987 Apple took advantage of the new Motorola technology and introduced the Macintosh II, which used a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor.

The Macintosh II marked the start of a new direction for the Macintosh, as now, for the first time, it had an open architecture, with several expansion slots, support for color graphics, and a modular break-out design similar to that of the IBM PC and inspired by Apple’s other line, the expandable Apple II series. It had an internal hard drive and a power supply with a fan, which was initially fairly loud.[23] One third-party developer sold a device to regulate fan speed based on a heat sensor, but it voided the warranty.[24] Later Macintosh computers had quieter power supplies and hard drives.

In September 1986 Apple introduced the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop, or MPW that allowed software developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh, rather than cross-developing from a Lisa. In August 1987 Apple unveiled HyperCard, and introduced MultiFinder, which added cooperative multitasking to the Macintosh. In the Fall Apple bundled both with every Macintosh.

The Macintosh SE was released at the same time as the Macintosh II, as the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive[25][26] and one expansion slot. The SE also updated Jerry Manock and Terry Oyama's original design and shared the Macintosh II's Snow White design language, as well as the new Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) mouse and keyboard that had first appeared on the Apple IIGS some months earlier.

In 1987, Apple spun off its software business as Claris. It was given the code and rights to several applications that had been written within Apple, notably MacWrite, MacPaint, and MacProject. In the late 1980s, Claris released a number of revamped software titles; the result was the “Pro” series, including MacPaint Pro, MacDraw Pro, MacWrite Pro, and FileMaker Pro. To provide a complete office suite, Claris purchased the rights to the Informix Wingz spreadsheet on the Mac, renaming it Claris Resolve, and added the new presentation software Claris Impact. By the early 1990s, Claris applications were shipping with the majority of consumer-level Macintoshes and were extremely popular. In 1991, Claris released ClarisWorks, which soon became their second best-selling application. When Claris was reincorporated back into Apple in 1998, ClarisWorks was renamed AppleWorks beginning with version 5.0.[27]

The Macintosh Portable was Apple's first portable Macintosh. It was available from 1989 to 1991 and could run System 6 and System 7.

In 1988, Apple sued Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard on the grounds that they infringed Apple’s copyrighted GUI, citing (among other things) the use of rectangular, overlapping, and resizable windows. After four years, the case was decided against Apple, as were later appeals. Apple’s actions were criticized by some in the software community, including the Free Software Foundation (FSF), who felt Apple was trying to monopolize on GUIs in general, and boycotted GNU software for the Macintosh platform for seven years.[28][29]

With the new Motorola 68030 processor came the Macintosh IIx in 1988, which had benefited from internal improvements, including an on-board MMU. It was followed in 1989 by a more compact version with fewer slots (the Macintosh IIcx) and a version of the Mac SE powered by the 16 MHz 68030 (the Macintosh SE/30, breaking the existing naming convention to avoid the name "SEx"). Later that year, the Macintosh IIci, running at 25 MHz, was the first Mac to be “32-bit clean,” allowing it to natively support more than 8 MB of RAM, unlike its predecessors, which had “32-bit dirty” ROMs (8 of the 32 bits available for addressing were used for OS-level flags). System 7 was the first Macintosh operating system to support 32-bit addressing.[30] Apple also introduced the Macintosh Portable, a 16 MHz 68000 machine with an active matrix flat panel display that was backlit on some models.[31] The following year the Macintosh IIfx, starting at US$9,900, was unveiled. Apart from its fast 40 MHz 68030 processor, it had significant internal architectural improvements, including faster memory and two Apple II-era CPUs dedicated to I/O processing.[32]

1990 to 1998: Growth and decline

The Macintosh Classic, Apple's early 1990s budget model.

Microsoft Windows 3.0, which began to approach the Macintosh operating system in both performance and feature set, was released in May 1990 and was a usable, less expensive alternative to the Macintosh platform. Apple's response was to introduce a range of relatively inexpensive Macs in October 1990. The Macintosh Classic, essentially a less expensive version of the Macintosh Plus, sold for US$999,[33] making it the least expensive Mac until early 2001. The 68020-powered Macintosh LC, in its distinctive “pizza box” case, was available for US$1800; it offered color graphics and was accompanied by a new, low-cost 512 × 384 pixel monitor.[34] The Macintosh IIsi, essentially a 20 MHz IIci with only one expansion slot, cost US$2500.[35] All three machines sold well,[36] although Apple’s profit margin was considerably lower than on earlier machines.[33]

System 7 was the first major upgrade of the Macintosh operating system.
File:MacOS8.6.jpg
OS 8 was the second major upgrade of the Mac OS. OS 8.6 shown.

The year 1991 saw the much-anticipated release of System 7, a 32-bit rewrite of the Macintosh operating system that improved its handling of color graphics, memory addressing, networking, and co-operative multitasking, and introduced virtual memory. Later that year, Apple introduced the Macintosh Quadra 700[37] and 900,[38] the first Macs to employ the faster Motorola 68040 processor. They were joined by improved versions of the previous year’s top sellers, the Macintosh Classic II[39] and Macintosh LC II, which used a 16 MHz 68030 CPU.[40] Also during this time, the Macintosh began to shed the "Snow White" design language, along with the expensive consulting fees they were paying to Frogdesign, in favor of bringing the work in-house by establishing the Apple Industrial Design Group to establish a new fresh look to go with the new operating system.[41]

The PowerBook 100 (shown here), 140 and 170 introduced a line of professional laptop Macs. They pioneered notebook ergonomics by placing the keyboard behind a palm rest.

In October 1991, the Macintosh Portable was replaced by the first three models in Apple’s enduring PowerBook range—the PowerBook 100, a miniaturized Portable; the 16 MHz 68030 PowerBook 140; and the 25 MHz 68030 PowerBook 170.[42] They were the first portable computers with the keyboard behind a palm rest, and with a built-in pointing device (a trackball) in front of the keyboard.[43]

In 1992, Apple started to sell a low-end Mac, the Performa, through nontraditional dealers. At Apple dealers, a mid-range version of the Quadra series called the Macintosh Centris was offered, only to be quickly renamed Quadra when buyers became confused by the range of Classics, LCs, IIs, Quadras, Performas, and Centrises.[44] Apple also unveiled the miniaturized PowerBook Duo range. It was intended to be docked to a base station for desktop-like functionality in the workplace, and was sold until early 1997.

In 1993 Apple released the PowerBook 165c, its first portable computer to feature a color screen, specifically 8-bits with 640 x 400 pixels. It used a 33 MHz 68030 Motorola processor.[45]

In May 1994, Apple released the second-generation PowerBook models, the PowerBook 500 series, which introduced the novel trackpad. Also in 1994, Apple abandoned Motorola CPUs for the RISC PowerPC architecture developed by the AIM alliance of Apple Computer, IBM, and Motorola.[46] The Power Macintosh line, the first to use the new chips, proved to be highly successful, with over a million PowerPC units sold in nine months.[47]

Despite these technical and commercial successes, Microsoft and Intel began to rapidly lower Apple's market share with the Windows 95 operating system and Pentium processors respectively. These significantly enhanced the multimedia capability and performance of IBM PC compatible computers, and brought Windows still closer to the Mac GUI. In response, Apple started the Macintosh clone program, by which third-parties manufactured hardware to run Apple's System 7. This succeeded in increasing the Macintosh's market share somewhat and provided cheaper hardware for consumers, but hurt Apple financially. As a result, when Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997, he ordered that the OS that had been previewed as version 7.7 be branded Mac OS 8 (in place of the never-to-appear Copland OS). Since Apple had licensed only System 7 to third-parties, this move effectively ended the clone line. The decision caused significant financial losses for companies like Motorola, who produced the StarMax, Umax, who produced the SuperMac [48] and Power Computing Corporation, which offered several lines Mac clones, including PowerWave, PowerTower, and PowerTower Pro.[49] These companies had invested substantial resources in creating their own Mac-compatible hardware.[50]

1998 to 2005: New beginnings

The original "Bondi Blue" iMac G3. Introduced in 1998, it led Apple's return to profitability.

In 1998, a year after Steve Jobs had returned to the company, Apple introduced an all-in-one Macintosh called the iMac. Its translucent plastic case, originally Bondi blue and later many other colors, is considered an industrial design hallmark of the late 1990s. The iMac did away with most of Apple's standard (and usually proprietary) connections, such as SCSI and ADB, in favor of two USB ports. It also had no internal floppy disk drive and instead used compact discs for removable storage.[3] It proved to be phenomenally successful, with 800,000 units sold in 139 days,[51] making the company an annual profit of US$309 million—Apple's first profitable year since Michael Spindler took over as CEO in 1995.[52] The "blue and white" aesthetic was applied to the Power Macintosh, and then to a new product: the iBook. Introduced in July 1999, the iBook was Apple's first consumer-level laptop computer. More than 140,000 pre-orders were placed before it started shipping in September,[53] and by October it was as much a sales hit as the iMac.[54] Apple continued to add new products to their lineup, such as the Power Mac G4 Cube,[55] the eMac for the education market and PowerBook G4 laptop for professionals. The original iMac used a G3 processor, but the upgrades to G4 and then to G5 chips were accompanied by a new design, dropping the array of colors in favor of white plastic. Current iMacs use aluminum enclosures. On January 11, 2005, Apple announced the release of the Mac Mini priced at US$499,[56] the least expensive Mac to date.

File:Snow Leopard Screenshot.png
Screenshot of Mac OS X Snow Leopard, released on 28 August 2009.

Mac OS continued to evolve up to version 9.2.2, including retrofits such as the addition of a nanokernel and support for Multiprocessing Services 2.0 in Mac OS 8.6.[57] Ultimately its dated architecture made replacement necessary. As such, Apple introduced Mac OS X, a fully overhauled Unix-based successor to Mac OS 9, using Darwin, XNU, and Mach as foundations, and based on NEXTSTEP. Mac OS X was not released to the public until September 2000, as the Mac OS X Public Beta, with an Aqua interface. At US$29.99, it allowed adventurous Mac users to sample Apple’s new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release.[58] The initial release of Mac OS X, 10.0 (nicknamed Cheetah), was released on March 24, 2001. Older Mac OS applications could still run under early Mac OS X versions, using an environment called Classic. Subsequent releases of Mac OS X were 10.1 "Puma" (September 25, 2001), 10.2 "Jaguar" (August 24, 2002), 10.3 "Panther" (October 24, 2003), 10.4 "Tiger" (April 29, 2005), 10.5 "Leopard" (October 26, 2007), and 10.6 "Snow Leopard" (August 28, 2009).[59] Leopard and Snow Leopard each received certification as a Unix implementation by The Open Group.[60][61]

2006 onward: Intel era

The MacBook Pro is the first Mac notebook to use an Intel processor. It was released at Macworld 2006.

Apple discontinued the use of PowerPC microprocessors in 2006. At WWDC 2005, Steve Jobs revealed this transition and also noted that Mac OS X was in development to run both on Intel and PowerPC architecture from the very beginning. All new Macs now use x86 processors made by Intel, and some Macs were given new names to signify the switch. Intel-based Macs can run pre-existing software developed for PowerPC using an emulator called Rosetta, although at noticeably slower speeds than native programs, but the Classic environment is unavailable. With the release of Intel-based Mac computers, the potential to natively run Windows-based operating systems on Apple hardware without the need for emulation software such as Virtual PC was introduced. In March 2006, a group of hackers announced that they were able to run Windows XP on an Intel-based Mac. The group has released their software as open source and has posted it for download on their website.[62] On April 5, 2006 Apple announced the public beta availability of their own Boot Camp software which allows owners of Intel-based Macs to install Windows XP on their machines; later versions added support for Windows Vista. Boot Camp became a standard feature in Mac OS X 10.5, while support for Classic was dropped from PowerPC Macs.

Apple's recent industrial design has shifted to favor aluminum and glass, which is billed as environmentally friendly.[63] The iMac and MacBook Pro lines use aluminum enclosures, and the latter is now made of a single unibody.[64] Chief designer Jonathan Ive continues to guide products towards a minimalist and simple feel,[65][66] including the elimination of replaceable batteries in notebooks.[67] Multi-touch gestures from the iPhone's interface have been applied to the Mac line in the form of touch pads on notebooks and the Magic Mouse for desktops.

In recent years, Apple has seen a significant boost in sales of Macs. Many claim that this is due, in part, to the success of the iPod, a halo effect whereby satisfied iPod owners purchase more Apple equipment. The inclusion of the Intel chips is also a factor. From 2001 to 2008, Mac sales increased continuously on an annual basis. Apple reported shipment of over 2.5 million Macs for the 2008 holiday season.[68]

Timeline of Mac model families
Apple Vision ProApple WatchiPadiPhoneiPodApple NewtonApple IIMacBook Air (Apple silicon)MacBook Pro (Apple silicon)12-inch MacBookMacBook (2006–2012)MacBook Air (Intel-based)MacBook Pro (Intel-based)PowerBook G4PowerBook G4PowerBook G4PowerBook G3PowerBookiBookPowerBook 500 seriesPowerBook 2400cPowerBookApple IIe CardPowerBook DuoMacintosh PortableMac ProMac StudioXserveMac ProXservePower Mac G5XservePower Mac G4Power Mac G4 CubePower Macintosh G3Twentieth Anniversary MacintoshPower MacintoshMacintosh QuadraMacintosh LC familyMacintosh II seriesMacintosh XLApple LisaMac MiniiMac (Apple silicon)Mac MiniiMac ProiMac (Intel-based)Mac MinieMaciMac G5Macintosh TViMac G4Macintosh Color ClassicMacintosh Classic IIiMacMacintosh ClassicMacintosh SE/30Macintosh PerformaMacintosh SE FDHDMacintosh 512KeMacintosh PlusMacintosh SEMacintosh 512KMacintosh 128KApple siliconUEFINew World ROMOld World ROM
See also: Timeline of the Apple II series, List of Mac models, and Timeline of Apple Inc. products

Source: Glen Sanford, Apple History, apple-history.com

Product line

Main article: Comparison of Macintosh models
Compact Consumer Professional
Desktop Mac mini

Entry-level; ships without keyboard, mouse, or monitor; uses Intel Core 2 Duo processor 		iMac

All-in-one; available in 21.5" and 27" screen sizes; uses Intel Core 2 Duo processor, Intel Core i5, or Intel Core i7 		Mac Pro

Workstation desktop; highly customizable; uses up to two Intel Xeon Xeon 5500 "Gainestown" or Xeon 3500 "Bloomfield"quad-core processors
Portable
(MacBook) 		MacBook Air

13.3" ultraportable with aluminum casing; uses Intel Core 2 Duo processor 		MacBook

13.3" laptop with white polycarbonate casing; uses Intel Core 2 Duo processor 		MacBook Pro
File:MacBook Pros.jpg
13.3", 15.4" or 17" models with aluminum casing; uses Intel Core 2 Duo processor
Server Mac mini

An additional Mac mini configuration without an internal optical drive. Ships with Mac OS X Server installed and two internal 500 GB hard drives for a total of 1 TB of capacity. 		N/A Xserve

1U rack-mount; uses dual quad-core Intel Xeon processors for up to 8 cores

Hardware and software

Hardware

The internals of the original 20-inch iMac G5.
Main article: Macintosh hardware

Apple directly sub-contracts hardware production to Asian original equipment manufacturers such as Asus, maintaining a high degree of control over the end product. By contrast, most other companies (including Microsoft) create software that can be run on hardware produced by a variety of third-parties, like Dell, HP/Compaq, and Lenovo. Consequently, the Macintosh buyer has comparably fewer options.

The current Mac product family uses Intel x86-64 processors. Apple introduced an emulator during the transition from PowerPC chips (called Rosetta), much as it did during the transition from Motorola 68000 architecture a decade earlier. All current Mac models ship with at least 2 GB RAM as standard. Current Mac computers use ATI Radeon or nVidia GeForce graphics cards. All current Macs (except for the MacBook Air) ship with an optical media drive that includes a dual-function DVD and CD burner, called the SuperDrive. Macs include two standard data transfer ports: USB and FireWire (except for the MacBook Air and MacBook, which do not include FireWire). USB was introduced in the 1998 iMac G3 and is ubiquitous today,[3] while FireWire is mainly reserved for high-performance devices such as hard drives or video cameras. Starting with a new iMac G5 released in October 2005, Apple started to include built-in iSight cameras to appropriate models, and a media center interface called Front Row that can be operated by an Apple Remote or keyboard for accessing media stored on the computer.[69]

Apple was initially reluctant to embrace mice with multiple buttons and scroll wheels. Microsoft's IntelliMouse, featuring two buttons and a scroll wheel, was introduced in 1995 to great success.[citation needed] Macs did not natively support multiple buttons until Mac OS X arrived in 2001,[70] when Apple offered wired and Bluetooth wireless single-button mice. On 2 August 2005, Apple capitulated and introduced the Mighty Mouse, which looked like a traditional one-button mouse, but actually had four buttons and a scroll ball.[71] A Bluetooth version followed on 25 July 2006.[72] On 20 October 2009, Apple introduced the Magic Mouse which uses multi-touch gesture recognition similar to the iPhone instead of a physical scroll wheel or ball.[73]

Software

Main articles: Mac OS, History of Mac OS, and Mac OS X

The original Macintosh was the first successful personal computer to use a graphical user interface devoid of a command line. It used a desktop metaphor, depicting real-world objects like documents and a trashcan as icons onscreen. The System software introduced in 1984 with the first Macintosh and renamed Mac OS in 1997, continued to evolve until version 9.2.2. In 2001, Apple introduced Mac OS X, based on Darwin and NEXTSTEP; its new features included the Dock and the Aqua user interface. During the transition, Apple included an emulator known as Classic allowing users to run Mac OS 9 applications under Mac OS X, version 10.4 and earlier on PowerPC machines. The most recent version is Mac OS X v10.6 "Snow Leopard." In addition to Snow Leopard, all new Macs are bundled with assorted Apple-produced applications, including iLife, the Safari web browser and the iTunes media player.

Mac OS X enjoys a near-absence of the types of malware and spyware that affect Microsoft Windows users.[74][75][76] Mac OS X has a smaller usage share compared to Microsoft Windows (roughly 5% and 92%, respectively),[77] but it also has secure UNIX roots. Mac OS X has a much larger marketshare than Mac OS 9, with over 35,000 known viruses and malware, ever had.[citation needed] Furthermore, the Coleco Adam had, in its time, numerous known viruses but a much smaller marketshare than Mac OS X presently enjoys.[78] Worms as well as potential vulnerabilities were noted in February 2006, which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to malware.[79] As of 2009, no Mac OS X virus and only two OS X worms (requiring user action and validation to infect) has ever been detected.[citation needed] Apple routinely issues security updates for its software.[80]

Originally, the hardware architecture was so closely tied to the Mac OS operating system that it was impossible to boot an alternative operating system. The most common workaround, used even by Apple for A/UX, was to boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a program that took over the system and acted as a boot loader. This technique was no longer necessary with the introduction of Open Firmware-based PCI Macs, though it was formerly used for convenience on many Old World ROM systems due to bugs in the firmware implementation.[citation needed] Now, Mac hardware boots directly from Open Firmware or EFI, and Macs are no longer limited to running just the Mac OS X.

Following the release of the Intel-based Mac, third-party platform virtualization software such as Parallels Desktop, VMware Fusion, and VirtualBox began to emerge. These programs allow users to run Microsoft Windows or previously Windows-only software on Macs at near native speed. Apple also released Boot Camp and Mac-specific Windows drivers, which help users to install Windows XP or Vista and natively dual boot between Mac OS X and Windows. Though not condoned by Apple, it is possible to run the Linux operating system using Boot camp or other virtualization workarounds.[81][82][83]

Because Mac OS X is a UNIX like system, borrowing heavily from FreeBSD, many applications written for Linux or BSD run on Mac OS X, often using X11. Apple's less-common operating system means that a much smaller range of third-party software is available, but many popular applications such as Microsoft Office and Firefox are cross-platform and run natively.

Advertising

Main article: Apple Inc. advertising

Macintosh advertisements have usually attacked the established market leader, directly or indirectly. They tend to portray the Mac as an alternative to overly complex or unreliable PCs. Apple hyped the introduction of the original Mac with the now-famous 1984 commercial, which aired during the Super Bowl. It was supplemented by a number of printed pamphlets and other TV ads demonstrating the new interface and emphasizing the mouse. Many more brochures for new models like the Macintosh Plus and the Performa followed. In the 1990s, Apple started the “What's on your PowerBook?” campaign, with print ads and television commercials featuring celebrities describing how the PowerBook helps them in their businesses and everyday lives. In 1995, Apple responded to the introduction of Windows 95 with several print ads and a television commercial demonstrating its disadvantages and lack of innovation. In 1997 the Think Different campaign introduced Apple’s new slogan, and in 2002 the Switch campaign followed. The most recent advertising strategy by Apple is the Get a Mac campaign, with North American, UK and Japanese variants.[84][85]

Today, Apple introduces new products at “special events” at the Apple Town Hall auditorium, and keynotes at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference, and (formerly) trade shows like the Apple Expo and the MacWorld Expo. The events typically draw a large gathering of media representatives and spectators, and are preceded by speculation about possible new products. In the past, special events have been used to unveil its desktop and notebook computers such as the iMac and MacBook, and other consumer electronic devices like the iPod, Apple TV, and iPhone, as well as provide updates on sales and market share statistics. Apple has begun to focus its advertising on its retail stores instead of these trade shows; the last MacWorld keynote was in 2009.[86]

Market share and user demographics

Since the introduction of the Macintosh, Apple has struggled to gain a significant share of the personal computer market. At first, the Macintosh 128K suffered from a dearth of available software compared to IBM's PC, resulting in disappointing sales in 1984 and 1985. It took 74 days for 50,000 units to sell.[87]

Three ways of measuring market share are: i) by browser hits, ii) by sales, and iii) by installed base. If using the browser metric, Mac market share has increased substantially in 2007.[88] However, results for market share measured as a percentage of current sales provides different results than when market share is measured by installed base.

By 1997, there were more than 20 million Mac users, compared to an installed base of around 340 million Windows PCs.[89][90] Statistics from late 2003 indicate that Apple had 2.06 percent of the desktop share in the United States, which had increased to 2.88 percent by Q4 2004.[91] As of October 2006, research firms IDC and Gartner reported that Apple's market share in the U.S. had increased to about 6 percent.[92] Figures from December 2006, showing a market share around 6 percent (IDC) and 6.1 percent (Gartner) are based on a more than 30 percent increase in unit sale from 2005 to 2006. The installed base of Mac computers is hard to determine, with numbers ranging from 5 percent (estimated in 2009)[93] to 16 percent (estimated in 2005).[94] Mac OS X’s share of the OS market increased from 7.31% in December 2007 to 9.63% in December 2008, which is a 32% increase in market share during 2008, compared to a 22% increase during 2007.

Whether the size of the Mac’s market share and installed base is actually relevant, and to whom, is a hotly debated issue. Industry pundits have often called attention to the Mac’s relatively small market share to predict Apple's impending doom, particularly in the early and mid 1990s when the company’s future seemed bleakest. Others argue that market share is the wrong way to judge the Mac’s success. Apple has positioned the Mac as a higher-end personal computer, and so it may be misleading to compare it to a low-budget PC.[95] Because the overall market for personal computers has grown rapidly, the Mac’s increasing sales numbers are effectively swallowed by the industry’s numbers as a whole. Apple’s small market share, then, gives the false impression that fewer people are using Macs than did (for example) ten years ago.[96] Others try to de-emphasize market share, citing that it's rarely brought up in other industries.[97] Regardless of the Mac’s market share, Apple has remained profitable since Steve Jobs’ return and the company’s subsequent reorganization.[98] Notably, a report published in the first quarter of 2008 found that Apple had a 14% market share in the personal computer market in the US, including 66% of all computers over $1,000.[99]

Market research indicates that Apple draws its customer base from a higher-income demographic than the mainstream personal computer market.[100]

See also

Notes

  • Apple & Raskin, Jef (1992). Macintosh Human Interface Guidelines. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 0-201-62216-5.
  • Deutschman, Alan (2001). The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. Broadway. ISBN 0-7679-0433-8.
  • Hertzfeld, Andy (2004). Revolution in the Valley. O'Reilly Books. ISBN 0-596-00719-1.
  • Kahney, Leander (2004). The Cult of Mac. No Starch Press. ISBN 1-886411-83-2.
  • Kawasaki, Guy (1989). The Macintosh Way. Scott Foresman Trade. ISBN 0-673-46175-0.
  • Kelby, Scott (2002). Macintosh... The Naked Truth. New Riders Press. ISBN 0-7357-1284-0.
  • Levy, Steven (2000). Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer That Changed Everything. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-029177-6.

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/macintosh
  2. ^ Polsson, Ken (2009-07-29). "Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers". Retrieved 2009-08-27. See May 3, 1984.
  3. ^ a b c Edwards, Benj (2008-08-15). "Eight ways the iMac changed computing". Macworld. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
  4. ^ Jef Raskin (1996). "Recollections of the Macintosh project". Articles from Jef Raskin about the history of the Macintosh. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
  5. ^ Apple confidential 2.0: the definitive history of the world's most colorful company, Owen W. Linzmayer, ISBN 9781593270100
  6. ^ Hertzfeld, Andy. "Five different Macintoshes". Folklore.org. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
  7. ^ Hertzfeld, Andy. "The father of the Macintosh". Folklore.org. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
  8. ^ Horn, Bruce. "On Xerox, Apple and Progress". Folklore.org. Retrieved 2007-02-03.
  9. ^ Tracy, Ed. "History of computer design: Snow White". Landsnail.com. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
  10. ^ "Apple Macintosh 18 Page Brochure". DigiBarn Computer Museum. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
  11. ^ Linzmayer, OwenW. (2004). [www.owenink.com AppleConfidential2.0]. NoStarchPress. p. 113. ISBN 1-59327-010-0. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  12. ^ Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event
  13. ^ Leopold, Todd (3February2006). "Why2006isn'tlike'1984'". CNN. Retrieved 2008-05-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  14. ^ Cellini, Adelia (2004). "TheStoryBehindApple's'1984'TVcommercial:BigBrotherat20". MacWorld21.1,page18. Retrieved 2008-05-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ^ 1983 Apple Keynote-The "1984" Ad Introduction
  16. ^ "Macintosh introduction 1984".
  17. ^ Polsson, Ken. "Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers". Retrieved 2007-11-18.
  18. ^ Dvorak, John (2006-11-26). "Whatever Happened to Lotus Jazz?". Dvorak Uncensored. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
  19. ^ a b Hormby, Thomas (2006-10-02). "Apple's Worst Business Decisions". OS News. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  20. ^ "1984 Newsweek Macintosh ads". GUIdebook, Newsweek. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
  21. ^ "Inflation Calculator". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
  22. ^ "Apple Macintosh Plus". Old Computers On-line Museum. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
  23. ^ "Apple Macintosh II". Old Computers On-line Museum. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
  24. ^ "Macintosh II Family: Fan Regulator Voids Warranty". Apple Inc. 1992-07-02. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
  25. ^ "Macintosh SE: Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. 2002-03-14. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
  26. ^ Mac SE at LowEndMac
  27. ^ Hearm, Bob (2003). "A Brief History of ClarisWorks". MIT Project on Mathematics and Computation. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  28. ^ Free Software Foundation (1988-06-11). "Special Report: Apple's New Look and Feel". GNU's Bulletin. 1 (5). Retrieved 2006-04-25.
  29. ^ Free Software Foundation (1995-01). "End of Apple Boycott". GNU's Bulletin. 1 (18). Retrieved 2006-04-25. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ Knight, Dan (2001-01). "32-bit Addressing on Older Macs". Low End Mac. Retrieved 2007-12-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ "Macintosh Portable: Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. 2002-03-14. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  32. ^ "Macintosh IIfx: Overview". Apple Inc. 1992-07-14. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  33. ^ a b Fisher, Lawrence M. (1990-10-15). Less-Costly Apple Line To Be Presented Today. The New York Times. Retrieved on January 16, 2008.
  34. ^ "Macintosh LC: Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
  35. ^ "Macintosh IIsi: Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
  36. ^ Fisher, Lawrence M. (1991-01-18). "I.B.M. Surprises Wall Street With Strong Quarterly Net; Apple Posts 20.6% Rise". The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
  37. ^ "Macintosh Quadra 700: Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
  38. ^ Apple Inc. (2007-06-13). "Macintosh Quadra 900: Technical Specifications". Retrieved 2007-12-26.
  39. ^ "Macintosh Classic II: Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
  40. ^ "Macintosh LC II: Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
  41. ^ Kunkel, Paul (October 1, 1997). AppleDesign: The work of the Apple Industrial Design Group. Rick English (photographs). New York City: Graphis Inc. ISBN 1888001259.
  42. ^ Polsson, Ken. "Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers". Retrieved 2007-11-18.
  43. ^ Jade, Kasper (2007-02-16). "Apple to re-enter the sub-notebook market". AppleInsider. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  44. ^ Apple Computer (1995-06-19). "Macintosh Centris, Quadra 660AV: Description (Discontinued)". Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  45. ^ "PowerBook 165c". Low End Mac. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  46. ^ Hormby, Thomas (2005-01-03). "Apple's Transition to PowerPC put in perspective". Kaomso. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  47. ^ Polsson, Ken (2007-12-16). "Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers". Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  48. ^ EveryMac.com (2009-10-27). "Umax Mac Clones (MacOS-Compatible Systems)". Retrieved 2009-11-11.
  49. ^ EveryMac.com (2009-10-27). "PowerComputing Mac Clones (MacOS-Compatible Systems)". Retrieved 2009-11-11.
  50. ^ Knight, Dan (2007-08-30). "1997: Apple Squeezes Mac Clones Out of the Market". Low End Mac. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  51. ^ "800,000 iMacs Sold in First 139 Days". Apple Inc. 1999-01-05. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
  52. ^ Markoff, John (1998-10-15). "COMPANY REPORTS; Apple's First Annual Profit Since 1995". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-12-23. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  53. ^ "Apple Averages Three Thousand iBooks Per Day In Pre-orders!". The Mac Observer. 1999-08-31. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  54. ^ "PC Data Ranks iBook Number One Portable in U.S." Apple Inc. 2000-01-25. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
  55. ^ "About the Macintosh Cube" (PDF). Apple Inc. 2000. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  56. ^ Markoff, John; Hansell, Saul (2005-01-12). "Apple Changes Course With Low-Priced Mac." New York Times. Retrieved on 2006-01-16.
  57. ^ "Apple Developer Connection - Overview of the PowerPC System Software". Apple Inc. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  58. ^ Biersdorfer, J.D. (2000-09-14). "Apple Breaks The Mold." New York Times'.' Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
  59. ^ "Apple Unveils Mac OS X Snow Leopard". Apple. 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  60. ^ "Mac OS X Leopard Achieves UNIX 03 Product Standard Certification". The Open Group. 2007-11-19. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  61. ^ "Mac OS X Snow Leopard Achieves UNIX 03 Product Standard Certification". The Open Group. 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
  62. ^ "Hackers get Windows XP to run on a Mac". MSNBC (AP). 2006-03-17. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
  63. ^ "The story behind Apple's environmental footprint". Apple. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
  64. ^ "New MacBook Family Redefines Notebook Design". Apple. 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
  65. ^ Kahney, Leander (2003-06-25). "Design According to Ive". Wired. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
  66. ^ Nosowitz, Dan (2009-11-07). "Watch Jonathan Ive's Segment in Objectified". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
  67. ^ "Apple Updates MacBook Pro Family with New Models & Innovative Built-in Battery for Up to 40 Percent Longer Battery Life". Apple. 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
  68. ^ "Apple Reports First Quarter Results". Apple. 2009-01-21.
  69. ^ "Apple Introduces the New iMac G5". Apple Inc. 2005-10-12. Retrieved 2006-07-12.
  70. ^ "Eek! A Two-Button Mac Mouse?". Wired. 2000-10-30. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
  71. ^ "Apple Introduces Mighty Mouse". Apple Inc. 2005-08-02. Retrieved 2006-07-12.
  72. ^ "Apple Debuts Wireless Mighty Mouse". Apple Inc. 2006-07-25. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
  73. ^ "Apple Introduces Magic Mouse—The World's First Multi-Touch Mouse". Apple. 2009-10-20. Retrieved 2009-12-24.
  74. ^ Welch, John (2007-01-06). "Review: Mac OS X Shines In Comparison With Windows Vista". Information Week. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
  75. ^ Granneman, Scott (2003-10-06). "Linux vs. Windows Viruses". The Register. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
  76. ^ Gruber, John (2004-06-04). "Broken Windows". Daring Fireball. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
  77. ^ "Operating System Market Share". September 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  78. ^ "RE: Is Mac still the safer bet?".
  79. ^ Roberts, Paul (2006-02-21). "New Safari Flaw, Worms Turn Spotlight on Apple Security". eWeek. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
  80. ^ "Apple security updates". Apple Inc. 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  81. ^ Scott, Chris. "How to install Linux on an Intel Mac with Boot Camp". Helium Inc. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
  82. ^ Lucas, Paul (2005-06-04). "Paul J. Lucas's Mac Mini running Linux". Retrieved 2009-12-23.
  83. ^ Hoover, Lisa (2008-04-11). "Virtualization Makes Running Linux a Snap". Retrieved 2009-12-23.
  84. ^ "Get a Mac advertisements". Apple Inc. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
  85. ^ "Get a Mac". Apple Inc. Retrieved 2007-02-03.
  86. ^ "Apple Announces Its Last Year at Macworld". Apple. 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
  87. ^ Polsson, Ken (2009-07-29). "Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers". Retrieved 2009-08-27. See April 7, 1984.
  88. ^ "Trends in Mac market share". Ars Technica. 2009-04-05. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
  89. ^ "Apple Developer News, No. 87". Apple Computer. 1997-12-19. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
  90. ^ "Nearly 600 Million Computers-in-Use in Year 2000". Computer Industry Almanac Inc. 1998-11-03. Retrieved 2006-06-01.
  91. ^ Dalrymple, Jim (2005-04-20). "Apple desktop market share on the rise; will the Mac mini, iPod help?". Macworld. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
  92. ^ Dalrymple, Jim (2006-10-19). "Apple's Mac market share tops 5 percent with over 30 percent growth". Macworld. Retrieved 2006-12-22.
  93. ^ "Operating System Market Share". Hitslink. July 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  94. ^ MacDailyNews (2005-06-15). "16-percent of computer users are unaffected by viruses, malware because they use Apple Macs". Retrieved 2006-04-24.
  95. ^ Gruber, John (2003-07-23). "Market Share". Daring Fireball. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
  96. ^ Brockmeier, Joe (2003-05-13). "What Will It Take To Put Apple Back on Top?". NewsFactor Magazine online. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
  97. ^ Toporek, Chuck (2001-08-22). "Apple, Market Share, and Who Cares?". O'Reilly macdevcenter.com. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
  98. ^ Spero, Ricky (2004-07-14). "Apple Posts Profit of $61 million; Revenue Jumps 30 Percent". The Mac Observer. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
  99. ^ Wilcox, Joe. "Macs Defy Windows' Gravity". Apple Watch. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
  100. ^ Fried, Ian (July 12, 2002). "Are Mac users smarter?". news.com. Retrieved 2006-04-24.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apple Macintosh.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mac_(computer)&oldid=355196458"