2014 Crimean crisis

This redirect is about the secession crisis in Crimea. For the Russian military intervention there, see 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine. For pro-Russian protests in Ukraine outside of Crimea, see 2014 pro-Russian protests in Ukraine.

The Crimean crisis is an ongoing international crisis principally involving Russia and Ukraine. Most developments apply to the Crimean Peninsula, formerly a multi-ethnic region of Ukraine composed of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the administratively separate municipality of Sevastopol; both are populated by an ethnic Russian majority and a minority of both ethnic Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars.

The crisis unfolded in late February 2014 in the aftermath of the Ukrainian Revolution which ended with President Viktor Yanukovich's impeachment by the Ukrainian parliament after his flight from the capital, and the interim appointment of a new government. The Yatsenyuk Government attained recognition from German Chancellor Angela Merkel, and U.S. Vice President Joe Biden. However, the Russian government held that Yanukovych was illegally impeached and continues to regard him as Ukraine’s legitimate president, while considering the Yatsenyuk government illegitimate and the result of a "coup d'etat", on constitutional grounds.

Beginning on February 26, pro-Russian forces begun to gradually take control of the Crimean peninsula. At first the gunmen, wearing masks and unmarked uniforms, seized government buildings but by no later than the 24th of March had occupied all Ukrainian military bases in Crimea, forcing the Ukraine armed forces to withdraw from the peninsula. During this time, the question of secession was put to a referendum, which resulted in a 96% affirmative vote but has been condemned by the EU, USA, and the interim Ukraine government as unconstitutional and thus illegal. Despite international opposition, on 17 March the Crimean parliament declared independence from Ukraine and asked to join the Russian Federation. As a result, on March 27 the U.N. General Assembly passed a non-binding Resolution 68/262 that declared invalid Crimea's referendum.

Background

See also: History of Crimea, Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances, and 2010 Kharkiv Pact

Map of the Crimean peninsula. The Autonomous Republic of Crimea is colored yellow while Sevastopol is colored red.

Distribution of ethnicities in the Crimean peninsula according to the local 2001 census. Ethnic Russians comprise a majority at 58%.

The Crimean Khanate, a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, was conquered by the Russian Empire in 1783. Following its incorporation into the Russian Empire, Crimea became the "heart of Russian Romanticism" and the region continued to attract vacationers well after the Russian Empire was replaced by the Soviet Union. The demographics of Crimea have undergone dramatic changes in the past centuries.

Crimea had autonomy within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic as the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from 1921 until 1945, when Joseph Stalin deported the Crimean Tatars and abolished Crimean autonomy. In 1954, the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev transferred the Crimean Oblast from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR, in a "symbolic gesture" that seemed insignificant at the time, since both republics were a part of the Soviet Union. Crimea's pre-1945 autonomy was re-established with the Crimean sovereignty referendum in 1991, the final year of the Soviet Union's existence.

In 1992, the Crimean Parliament voted to hold a referendum to declare independence, while the Russian Parliament voted to void the cession of Crimea to Ukraine. In 1994, Russian nationalist Yuri Meshkov won the 1994 Crimean presidential election and organized a referendum on Crimea's status. Later in that same year, Crimea's legal status as part of Ukraine was recognized by Russia, which pledged to uphold the territorial integrity of Ukraine in the Budapest memorandum signed in 1994. This treaty (or "executive agreement" for purposes of US law), was also signed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France. Ukraine revoked the Crimean constitution and abolished the office of Crimean President in 1995. Crimea would gain a new constitution in 1998 that granted the Crimean parliament lesser powers than the previous constitution, including no legislative initiative. Crimean officials would later seek to restore the powers of the previous constitution.

The further developments in Crimea and the future of the Russian naval base in Sevastopol there have been a point of contention in Russian-Ukrainian relations. Under the now defunct Russian-Ukrainian Partition Treaty determining the fate of the military bases and vessels in Crimea – signed in 1997 and prolonged in 2010 - Russia was allowed to have up to 25,000 troops, 24 artillery systems (with a caliber smaller than 100 mm), 132 armored vehicles, and 22 military planes, on the Crimean peninsula. The Russian Black Sea fleet was given basing rights in Crimea until 2042. Moscow annually wrote off $97.75 million of Kiev’s debt in return for the right to use Ukrainian waters and radio frequencies, and to compensate for the Black Sea Fleet’s environmental impact.

According to the 2001 census, ethnic Russians make up about 58% of the two million residents of Crimea. In Sevastopol, which houses a base for the Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet, ethnic Russians make up 70% of the city's population of 340,000. Ukrainians make up 24% of the Crimean population, while 12% are Crimean Tatars. Ethnic Russians did not become the largest population group in Crimea until the 20th century, after Soviet leader Joseph Stalin ordered the deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944 for alleged collaboration with Nazi invaders in World War Two. Crimean Tatars were not permitted to return to Crimea after their deportation in 1944, and became an international cause célèbre, until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The continuing return of Crimean Tatars to their homeland in Crimea since the Soviet collapse has caused persistent tensions with the Russian population of the peninsula. A news report claimed pro-Russian forces marking "X" on the doors of houses of Crimean Tatars. The leader of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Refat Chubarov protested against the intervention of Russia.

In the 2010 local parliamentary elections, the Party of Regions received 357,030 votes, while the second-placed Ukrainian Communist Party received 54,172 votes. Both parties were targeted by protesters during the 2014 Ukrainian revolution.

In July 2011, Yuriy Olexandrovich Meshkov the former president of Crimea (1994–95) called for a referendum on restoring the 1992 version of the Constitution of Crimea. The District Administrative Court of Crimea responded by deporting Meshkov from Ukraine for a period of 5 years.

According to the International Centre for Defense Studies, since the Orange Revolution in 2004, Russia has pressured Ukraine for its preferences to associate itself with the West. It has been stated that the information campaign in Crimea has become especially proficient and systematic, becoming particularly intense during the 2006–08 Ukraine bid for NATO membership. Each of Ukraine's attempts to achieve European integration has led to increased Russian hostility to the idea via its use of information campaign. Russia opposes Ukrainian integration with the West for various reasons, including a fear of NATO expanding to Russia's Western borders and Russia's claimed desire to include Ukraine in an Eurasian Union.

According to Taras Kuzio, during the Viktor Yushchenko presidency (2005–2010), Russia's relations with Ukraine deteriorated, prompting the Russian security service (FSB) and Russian military intelligence (GRU) to expand their covert support for pro-Russian forces in Southern Ukraine and Russian separatists in Crimea. Following the Orange Revolution and the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, American diplomatic cables leaked to the public noted that Russian military action against Ukraine was "no longer unthinkable."

Revolution in Kiev

Main articles: Euromaidan and 2014 Ukrainian revolution

Towards the end of 2013, Euromaidan protests began after President Viktor Yanukovych postponed the signing of Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement under severe economic pressure from Russia, even though previously he had considered this agreement one of his key objectives and stated it on multiple occasions. Instead, Yanukovych struck a deal with Putin which meant, among other things, that Russia would buy $15 billion in Ukrainian bonds, and discount gas prices to Ukraine by one-third. Opposition leaders were suspicious of the true cost to Ukraine for Russian support.

The protests took an anti-government turn, escalated in early 2014 and eventually led to deaths of both protesters and police on January 22 and between February 18 and February 20. 103 people were killed and 1419 injured. According to most reports in Ukraine, violence was used mostly by the police. Numerous snipers killed dozens of protesters. The snipers' identities are still disputed. According to the opposition and the majority of Ukrainian and Western media, they were hired by Yanukovych's circle and/or the Russian secret services, which had also planned a large military operation to 'cleanse' protesters However, there are allegations that the snipers were hired by the revolutionaries. President Yanukovych and the opposition leaders signed a compromise deal on February 21 that was brokered by the foreign ministers of France, Poland and Germany, but it soon became redundant as Yanukovych left the capital, the Verkhovna Rada voted to withdraw the police and the military from Kiev, and the protesters took control of the city without resistance. According to the deal, the Verkhovna Rada was obliged to adopt a bill about the constitutional reform and Yanukovych was obliged to sign it within 48 hours. The bill was adopted, but Yanukovych didn't sign it.

On February 22, Yanukovych fled Kiev. Evidence shows that Yanukovych had started to prepare his leave on February 19, removing goods and valuables. The guards of Yanukovych's residence opened it to the protesters, who found vast evidence of Yanukovych's unprecedented corruption. The Rada impeached Yanukovych, but not according to the constitutional procedure. The action did not follow the impeachment process as specified by the Constitution of Ukraine (which would have involved formally charging the president with a crime, a review of the charge by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, and a three-fourths majority vote - i.e. at least 338 votes in favor - by the Rada); instead, the Verkhovna Rada declared that Yanukovych "withdrew from his duties in an unconstitutional manner" and cited "circumstances of extreme urgency" as the reason for early elections. The vote was supported by all present in the Ukrainian parliament, 328:0 (of the 447 deputies). The Rada set May 25 for a new presidential election. According to the opposition leaders, they had no other choice, because, as they see it, Yanukovych was involved in mass murder and large-scale corruption, had usurped power, including the judicial system, and disregarded and violated the Constitution and other laws many times. Members of the opposition appointed Oleksandr Turchinov as the new speaker of Verkhovna Rada and also as the interim President. A new Council of Ministers, known as the Yatsenyuk Government, was elected by the Rada on February 27. Russia refused to recognize the new authorities in Kiev, saying that they had come to power through armed insurrection by extreme-right political forces and unconstitutional methods. The United States and European Union immediately recognized the government in Kiev.

Some residents of the Eastern and Southern parts of the country, which are primarily Russian-speaking and constitute President Yanukovych's support base, felt disenfranchised by these developments and protested against the government in Kiev. The Parliament of Crimea called for an extraordinary session on 21 February. The leader of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Refat Chubarov stated that he suspected that the session might ask for Russian military intervention.

On February 21, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) issued a statement which promised that "it will use severe measures to prevent any action taken against diminishing the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine." The same day the pro-Russian Party of Regions who held 80 of the 100 seats in the Crimean Parliament, did not discuss issues relating to the separation of Crimea from Ukraine and appeared to support the deal struck between President Yanukovich and the opposition to end the crises signed the same day.

On February 23, the Ukrainian parliament adopted a bill to repeal the law on minority languages, which—if signed by the Ukrainian President—would have established Ukrainian as the sole official state language of all Ukraine, including Crimea which is populated by a Russian-speaking majority. The Christian Science Monitor reported: "The [adoption of this bill] only served to infuriate Russian-speaking regions, [who] saw the move as more evidence that the antigovernment protests in Kiev that toppled Yanukovich's government were intent on pressing for a nationalistic agenda." A few days later, on March 1, 2014, the acting President of Ukraine, Oleksandr Turchynov, vetoed the bill effectively stopping its enactment.

The Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group and the Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union have both denied any human rights violations against Russian speakers in Ukraine that would justify Russia's actions.

Legal aspects

The Russian-Ukrainian Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet signed in 1997 and prolonged in 2010, determined the status of the military bases and vessels in Crimea prior to the current crisis. Russia was allowed to maintain up to 25,000 troops, 24 artillery systems (with a caliber smaller than 100 mm), 132 armored vehicles, and 22 military planes, on the Crimean Peninsula and Sevastopol. The Russian Black Sea fleet had basing rights in Crimea until 2042. However it is controversial if the recent troop movements were covered by the treaty.

Both Russia and Ukraine are signatories to the Charter of the United Nations. The ratification of said charter has several ramifications in terms of international law, particularly those that cover the subjects of sovereignty, self-determination, acts of aggression, and humanitarian emergencies. Vladimir Putin on one hand, claims that the Russian intervention on Ukraine is for humanitarian purposes. Ukraine and other nations, on the other hand, argue that such intervention is a violation of Ukraine's sovereignty. Russia claims that its armed forces are not involved in the present stand-off, and also asserts that use of force for the purposes of humanitarian intervention in Ukraine has not yet occurred.

Timeline

Main article: Timeline of the 2014 Crimean crisis

• February 26, pro-Russian forces gradually took control of the Crimean peninsula. Russia claimed that the uniformed men were local self-defense forces, but they are generally reported in Western media to be Russian military personnel without insignia. Unidentified forces seized the Building of the Supreme Council of Crimea (the regional parliament) and the building of the Council of Ministers in Simferopol.

• Febuary 28, The Supreme Council held an emergency session where it terminated the Council of Ministers and replaced the Chairman and Prime Minister of Crimea, Anatolii Mohyliov, with Sergey Aksyonov This version of events is disputed by Russia.

• March 11, the Supreme Council and the City Council of Sevastopol jointly expressed their intention to unilaterally declare Crimea's independence from Ukraine as a single united nation with the possibility of joining the Russian Federation as a federal subject. The question of secession was put to a referendum

• March 16. Official returns indicated nearly 96% in favor, with a turnout of over 83%, despite a boycott by Tatars and other opponents of the referendum. The Ukrainian parliament declared the referendum unconstitutional. The United States and the European Union condemned the vote as illegal, and later imposed sanctions against persons deemed to have violated Ukraine's sovereignty.

• 17 March, the Crimean parliament declared independence from Ukraine and asked to join the Russian Federation. President Putin claimed Crimea as a part of Russia on moral and material grounds, citing the principle of self determination and Crimea's strategic importance for Russia.

• On March 24, the Ukraine Ministry of Defense announces that approximately 50% of Ukrainian soldiers in Crimea have defected to the Russian military.

• March 27, the U.N. General Assembly passed a non-binding resolution 100 in favor, 11 against and 58 abstentions in the 193-nation assembly that declared invalid Crimea's Moscow-backed referendum.

Ukrainian victims of kidnapping

On March 18, there were reports of at least 14 people being held hostage, the fates of whom are not known. On March 19, the acting President of Ukraine Oleksandr Turchynov issued an ultimatum to the Crimean authorities to release all the hostages. The Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation General of the Army Sergei Shoigu asked the Crimean authorities to release the Ukrainian Navy commander Rear Admiral Serhiy Haiduk. All accounted hostages were released on March 20. One of the hostages had their legs shot through. On March 21, Krym SOS reported that the location of at least nine more people is not known.

Repatriation of non-Russian nationalities

• On March 22, 2014 a native of Crimea Shchekun reported that he was tortured by electric current, while being held hostage.

Other (non-Russian) involvement

On March 2, 2014, Pavel Chernev, former member of the nationalist Attack party and current political secretary of "Orthodox Dawn" (Bulgarian: Православна Зора, Pravoslavna Zora) who is known for his pro-Putin views, revealed that the Bulgarian branch of the organization will be sending a group of Bulgarian volunteers to "protect ethnic Russians and ethnic Bulgarians from forceful Ukrainization". Chernev also claimed that they had already sponsored "tens of Orthodox fighters" (non-Bulgarian) to fly to Moscow and Crimea. Simeon Kostadinov, another former Attack member, currently representing the Nationalist Party in Bulgaria, and Chernev clarified that their mission has peaceful intentions, but will be prepared to give a good account of themselves in the unfortunate event of an escalation. Their contention is that the old regime was preferable from the standpoint of the Bulgarian minority in Ukraine and the new authorities lack legitimacy. Another small "international group based on the Pyrenean Peninsula" which includes some Bulgarians and is supported by a Russian paramilitary organization was reported to have left for Ukraine on March 3. "Orthodox Dawn" have displayed an interest in securing the backing of international actors for the 2014 referendum in Crimea and will try to recruit foreign election observers. According to Bulgarian sources, drawing on reports made by Al Jazeera, 20 Bulgarian nationals are presently in Crimea. They are part of the paramilitary formation Dobrovolets/Доброволец, which is under the control of Russian troops. Dobrovolets' area of operations also intends to include Odessa and Donetsk. Chernev stated that he will be visiting Crimea on March 15 and guarantees that all the participants in the mission have undergone thorough screening to ensure that people with criminal convictions are weeded out. Anton Kisse, the only deputy in the Verkhovna Rada with Bulgarian roots has spoken out against any foreign interventions stating that "even the friendliest foreign state has no right to impose its vision of what constitutes proper order on Ukraine" and that "people will turn to Bulgaria if the need arises". Chernev was one of the election observers for the 2014 referendum in Crimea, on the invitation of Sergey Aksyonov.

A very small group of Chetniks, a Serbian nationalist paramilitary force, have travelled to Crimea to support Russia. Serbian and Russian nationalists share Slavic and Orthodox culture and anti-Western sentiment, and Chetniks claim to be in Russia's favour for support during the Yugoslav Wars. The Chetniks are based in an Orthodox monastery. Their commanders Bratislav Jivković and Milutin Malisić have participated in previous armed conflicts - Jivković in the Bosnian War as part of the Serb Volunteer Guard while Malisić has been involved in the protection of the Serbian minority in Kosovo in the aftermath of the Kosovo War. Malisić has reiterated that his paramilitary formation is committed to peace and does not want to shed the blood of fellow Slavs, viewing Ukrainians and Russians as brotherly ethnicities.

Aftermath

There are worries that Russian gas exports into Europe and Ukraine may become disrupted by the current conflict. Thirty percent of Europe's gas is imported from Russia, half of which flows through Ukrainian pipelines. On March 1, Russian Energy Ministry decided to halt the subsidies of Russian gas for Ukraine. The crisis could also affect worldwide grain supplies. Prices will likely rise because Ukraine is one of the world's largest exporters of corn.

Sanctions

Sanctions were imposed to prevent Russian and Crimean officials and politicians traveling to Canada, the United States, and the European Union. They were the most wide-ranging used on Russia since the 1991 fall of the Soviet Union.

Nationality	Name	Sanctioned by Canada	Sanctioned by the E.U.	Sanctioned by the U.S.	Sanctioned by Russia.	Remarks
Russia	Aleksandr Galkin					commander of Southern Military District
Russia	Aleksandr Totoonov					Member of the Committee on Culture, Science, and Information, Federation Council of Russia.
Russia	Aleksandr Vitko					commander of the Black Sea Fleet
Sevastopol	Aleksei Chaliy					chief of the executive committee of the Sevastopol City Council
	Anatoliy Sidorov
Russia	Andrei Klishas
Ukraine	Denis Berezovsky					defected commander of the Ukrainian Navy
Russia	Dmitry Rogozin
	Evgeny Bushmin
Russia	Leonid Slutsky
Russia	Nikolai Ryzhkov					member of the Federation Council
	Oleg Panteleev
	Pyotr Zima
Crimea	Rustam Temirgaliev					Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Crimea
Crimea	Sergey Aksyonov					de facto Prime Minister of Crimea
Russia	Sergey Glazyev
Russia	Sergey Mironov					leader of the Russian Parliament faction A Just Russia
	Sergey Tsekov
	Sergey Zheleznyak					Deputy Speaker of the Russian Duma
Russia	Valentina Matviyenko						Chairman of the Federation Council
	Victor Ozerov
Ukraine	Viktor Medvedchuk					Ukrainian oligarch
Ukraine	Viktor Yanukovych					ousted President of Ukraine
	Vladimir Dzhabarov					First Deputy Chairman of the International Affairs Committee of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation
Russia	Vladislav Surkov					close ally to Vladimir Putin
Canada	Peter Van Loan					government house leader
Canada	Raynell Andreychuk					Conservative senator
Canada	Dean Allison					Conservative MP
Canada	Paul Dewar					NDP MP
Canada	Irwin Cotler					Liberal MP
Canada	Ted Opitz					Conservative MP
Ukraine	Volodymyr Konstantynov					Chairman of the Crimean Parliament
Russia	Yelena Mizulina					member of the State Duma and the A Just Russia party
	Yuriy Zherebtsov
Canada	Christine Hogan					foreign affairs and defence policy adviser to the prime minister
Canada	Wayne G.Wouters					Clerk of the Privy Council
Canada	Jean-Francois Tremblay					deputy secretary to the cabinet in the Privy Council Office
Canada	Andrew Scheer					House of Commons speaker
Canada	Chrystia Freeland					Liberal MP
Canada	James Bezan					Conservative MP
Canada	Paul Grod					president of the Ukrainian Canadian Congress

Japan announced milder sanctions than the US and EU. These include suspension of talks relating to military, space, investment, and visa requirements.

In response to the sanctions introduced by the U.S. and EU, the Russian Duma unanimously passed a resolution asking for all members of the Duma to be included on the sanctions list. Head of the opposition A Just Russia party Sergei Mironov said he was proud of being included on the sanctions list, "It is with pride that I have found myself on the black list, this means they have noticed my stance on Crimea." Russian companies started pulling billions of dollars out of Western banks to avoid any asset freeze.

Three days after the lists were published, the Russian Foreign Ministry published a reciprocal sanctions list of US citizens, which consisted of 10 names, including House of Representatives Speaker John Boehner, Senator John McCain, and two advisers to President Obama. The ministry said in the statement, "Treating our country in such way, as Washington could have already ascertained, is inappropriate and counterproductive," and reiterated that sanctions against Russia would have a boomerang effect. Several of those sanctioned responded with pride at their inclusion on the list, including John Boehner who, through his spokesperson Michael Steel, said, “The Speaker is proud to be included on a list of those willing to stand against Putin’s aggression.";John McCain who tweeted, "I'm proud to be sanctioned by Putin - I'll never cease my efforts & dedication to freedom & independence of Ukraine, which includes Crimea."; Bob Menendez; Dan Coats; Mary Landrieu and Harry Reid.

On March 24, Russia has imposed retaliatory sanctions on 13 Canadian officials including members of the Canadian parliament, banning them from entering Russia. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird, said the sanctions were "a badge of honour."

Expanded Western sanctions in mid-March coursed through financial markets, hitting the business interests of some Russia's richest people. The Americans' centered on the heart of Moscow's leadership, though the EU's initial list shied from targeting Putin's inner circle. As ratings agencies Fitch and Standard & Poor's downgraded Russia's credit outlook, Russian banks warned of a sanctions-induced recession, and the country braced for capital outflows for the first three months of 2014 to reach $70 billion, more than the entirety of outflows for 2013. Novatek, Russia's second-largest gas producer, saw $2.5bn in market value wiped out when its shares sank by nearly 10%, rendering Putin's close friend Gennady Timchenko, who has a 23% stake in the company, $575m poorer. "I do hope that there is some serious diplomatic activity going on behind the scenes," said one Russian banker, though others were more sanguine on the question of whether the sanctions would have any enduring effect, and Russians, top and bottom, seemed defiant. The official Russian response was mixed.

Sports events

The game of the 21st round of the 2013-14 Ukrainian Premier League on March 15, 2014 between SC Tavriya Simferopol and FC Dynamo Kyiv was forced to take place in Kiev at NSC Olimpiysky instead of the Lokomotiv RSC in Simferopol.

Reactions

Ukraine

Three ex‐presidents of Ukraine accused Russia of interfering in Crimean affairs. Interim president Oleksandr Turchynov at the start of the protests warned that there is a "serious risk" of separatism in parts of the country. On February 27, 2014, the Central Election Commission of Ukraine claimed that regional referendum is impossible due to lack of necessary legislative basis for such. On February 27, 2014, the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada Oleksandr Turchynov was instructed to develop a new law "about language". On February 28, a freelance journalist wrote on Twitter that President Yanukovych said that any military actions are unacceptable and he will not ask Russia for it. According to President Yanukovych he believed that Crimea must remain part of Ukraine.

The new Prime Minister of Ukraine Arseniy Yatsenyuk stated in his maiden speech on February 27 that "Ukraine will use all legal constitutional methods to preserve the territorial integrity of the state. Crimea was, is and will be a part of Ukraine!".

On February 27, the MFA of Ukraine, in response to the MID statement, stated that the responsibility for non-compliance with the agreement on settlement of the crisis lies on President Viktor Yanukovych. "In Ukraine, the importance of the crisis settlement Agreement, signed on February 21, 2014 by the lawful President of Ukraine and opposition leaders, and witnessed by officials of Germany, France and Poland, is honoured. In this regard, we express disappointment that the representative of the Russian Federation, who also participated in the negotiation and drafting of the document, refused to testify this Agreement. It is possible that it was that factor that become at the end one of the reasons for the rejection by the lawfully elected President of Ukraine to fulfill arrangements of the Agreement aimed at stabilizing the domestic life in the country," – said in the document.

On February 28, the Verkhovna Rada adopted a resolution on events in Crimea: "Verkhovna Rada demands from the Russian Federation to stop steps that have signs of encroachment on state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, including to refuse supporting separatism in Ukraine in any form".

The Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada Oleksandr Turchynov dismissed Yuriy Ilyin as the Chief of the General Staff. During the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution Ilyin was reportedly preparing a military operation against the protest movement in Kiev. Ilyin reportedly had a heart attack after meeting with the newly appointed mayor of Sevastopol.

Due to the events in Crimea, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine initiated bilateral consultations with Russia and indicated its readiness to initiate consultations within the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances framework if it receives no response.

The General Prosecutor office intended to raise the issue of the extradition of Viktor Yanukovych, who was confirmed to be in Russia. On February 28, foreign observers speculated that Russia could extradite Yanukovych to the proper authorities only in exchange for Ukrainian non-intervention in Crimea. On February 28, the General Prosecutor of Ukraine Oleh Makhnitsky formally asked Russia to extradite Yanukovych.

On February 28, Dmytro Yarosh, the leader of the Right Sector, denounced reports of Right Sector putting together armed units to be sent to Crimea; "Right Sector hopes that a way out of this difficult situation will be found exclusively in the political field, without using forcible methods. Right Sector believes that all parties and non-governmental organizations of Ukraine should forget strife and unite when it comes to the preservation of Ukraine's integrity. We should help politicians in settling this conflict peacefully". On March 1, initial reports said that Dmytro Yarosh asked Dokka Umarov, a Chechen militant associated with al-Qaeda, for support of Ukraine; but later it was announced that this was a fake statement from his hacked account.

On March 1, the acting president of Ukraine signed an edict in which he pointed out that appointment of Sergey Aksyonov as the Chairman of the Councils of Ministers of Crimea was in violation of the Constitution of Ukraine and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. The incumbent and two former presidents of Ukraine – Leonid Kravchuk, Leonid Kuchma and Viktor Yushchenko—called on Ukraine to renounce the Kharkiv Agreements. Leonid Kuchma's press-center later denounced such a statement on behalf of Leonid Kuchma. The acting President of Ukraine purportedly ordered the Armed Forces of Ukraine to full combat readiness. The Oblast council of Luhansk Oblast voted to demand giving Russian language the status of second official language, stopping ″persecution of Berkut fighters″, disarming Maidan self-defense units and banning a number of far-right political organizations like Svoboda and UNA-UNSO. In the case of the authorities failing to comply with the demands, the Oblast council reserved itself the ″right to ask for help from the brotherly people of the Russian Federation.″

The General Prosecutor of Ukraine filed new charges against the President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych, accusing him, among other charges, of calls to overthrow the constitutional order in Ukraine.

On March 4, the district administration court of Kiev cancelled the decision of the council concerning a no confidence vote to the Council of Ministers of Crimea and the appointment of Aksyonov as a chairman of the Council of Ministers of Crimea as well as declared illegal organization and conduct of a local referendum on improving the status and powers of autonomy.

On March 17, Ukraine recalled its ambassador Volodymyr Yelchenko from the Russian Federation officially to discuss the situation about Crimea.

On March 18, video footage emerged of National Television Company of Ukraine (NTU) CEO Oleksandr Panteleymonov being physically assaulted and forced to resign by Svoboda members of the Ukrainian parliament, including the deputy head of Ukraine's "committee on freedom of speech". Svoboda filmed the attack and posted it online. On March 19, Ukraine are drawing plans to withdraw all their soldiers and their families to mainland Ukraine from Crimea "Quickly and Efficiently".

Former President Viktor Yuschenko believes that the formerly imprisoned ex-Prime Minister and fierce political rival Yulia Tymoshenko "cut a deal" with Russian President Vladimir Putin, which saw Ukraine give Crimea to Russia in exchange for Russia securing Tymoshenko's early release from prison. Yushchenko said it is "quite strange" that Ukraine's Tymoshenko-dominated government has done nothing to secure the Crimean electricity and water infrastructure on the mainland, in addition to failing to stop "Russian agitators" from going to Donetsk and Kharkov. Tymoshenko dismissed the charges as "anti-Ukrainian propaganda."

On March 25, Ukraine fired its defense minister, Igor Tenyukh, who was accused of being indecisive and slow to give orders to Ukrainian military units in Crimea. He resigned and was replaced by General Mykhaylo Koval, who had served with the border guards in Crimea and was briefly kidnapped there in March. Ukrainian Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council Andriy Parubiy stated in an interview that "Mistakes have been and will be made, but the new government is not afraid to fix them."

Former Ukrainian PM Yulia Tymoshenko, who rose to power as a key figure in the pro-US/European Orange Revolution in 2004, becoming Ukrainian prime minister 2007-2010, was released from prison immediately after the Kiev coup which ousted Yanukovich. In a leaked phone conversation with Nestor Shufrych, former deputy secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine said in reference to the reunification of Crimea with Russia “This is really beyond all boundaries. It’s about time we grab our guns and kill go kill those damn Russians together with their leader.”

The Ukrainian National Council for TV and Radio Broadcasting instructed all cable operators on 11 March to stop transmitting a number of Russian channels, including the international versions of the main state-controlled stations Rossiya 1, Channel One and NTV, as well as news channel Rossiya 24.

Viktor Yanukovych

Late at night on February 27, the ex-President of Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych, who is wanted along with Zakharchenko under suspicion of mass killing of people, arrived in Rostov-on-Don escorted by jet fighters. On February 28, he conducted a press-conference. In this press conference Yanukovych stated "Crimea must remain part of the Ukrainian state retaining broad autonomy rights". According to him the unrest in Crimea was "an absolutely natural reaction to the bandit coup that has occurred in Kiev"; and he stated he was confident that the people of Crimea "do not want to obey and will not obey nationalists and bandits". He insisted that military action was "unacceptable" and that he would not request Russian military intervention. Still on March 4, 2014, Russia's Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Vitaly Churkin showed a photocopy of the letter allegedly signed by Victor Yanukovich on March 1, 2014 where he demanded Russian military intervention in Ukraine.

On March 11, Yanukovych vowed to return to Ukraine, calling upon the Ukrainian Armed Forces to not follow the "criminal orders" of the acting government in Kiev. Yanukovych attacked the acting government in Ukraine as being a "band of ultranationalists and neo-fascists" that have replaced his government, and criticized their supposed Western backers.

Autonomous Republic

Map denoting the subdivisions of Ukraine and the percentage of people that indicated Russian as their native language in the latest local census. Sevastopol identifies itself as the highest at 90.6% followed immediately by Crimea at 77.0%.

Operations of the Kerch Strait ferry were suspended on February 27, 2014. The Ukrainians in Crimea called on Ukrainian officials to secure peace and security for Crimeans and for European officials to influence the Russian position in regards to separatist attitudes. The new chairman of the Council of Ministers hopes to receive financial help from the Russian Federation with support from Viktor Yanukovych. In the telephone conversation Volodymyr Konstantinov explained to Nestor Shufrych (MP) that Crimea does not want a secession, but only to expand its right. The former chief of the general staff Yuriy Ilyin was reported to be hospitalized with a heart attack in the Ukrainian Navy hospital in Sevastopol.

Members of the Crimean government have declared their acceptance of Yanukovych as the legitimate President of Ukraine, deputy chairman of the Crimean parliament Konstantin Bakharev has said: "Today, Yanukovych is the legitimate president," though he also addressed issues concerning him saying, "But we have questions for him, questions as the leader of the government about his moral responsibility before the society, before the party he once led, and before Crimeans."

About one thousand residents of Crimea, mainly Crimean Tatars, have left Crimea for Ukraine.

Party of Regions MP Yuriy Miroshnychenko urged the Crimean government to stop the referendum. Another Party of Regions MP, Hanna Herman, commented the same day about Yanukovych's press conference, "He needs to ... prevent the illegal referendum."

Russia

Request ("ultimatum") by Council of Ministers of Crimea to Ukrainian 55th Anti-Aircraft Artillery regiment in Yevpatoria to lay down arms under control of Russian Black Sea Fleet for the period of Crimean referendum

The State Duma Committee on Commonwealth of Independent States Affairs, headed by Leonid Slutsky, visited Simferopol on February 25, 2014 and said: "If the parliament of the Crimean autonomy or its residents express the wish to join the Russian Federation, Russia will be prepared to consider this sort of application. We will be examining the situation and doing so fast." They also stated that in the event of a referendum for Crimea region joining Russian Federation they would consider its results "very fast". Later Slutsky announced that he was misunderstood by Crimean press and no decision regarding simplifying the process of acquiring Russian citizenship for people in Crimea has been made yet. And added that if "fellow Russian citizens are in jeopardy you understand that we do not stay away". On February 25, in a meeting with Crimean politicians he stated that Viktor Yanukovich was still the legitimate president of Ukraine. That same day in the Russian Duma, they announced they were determining measures so that Russians in Ukraine who 'did not want to break from the Russian World' could acquire Russian citizenship.

On February 26, Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered the Russian Armed Forces to be "put on alert in the Western Military District as well as units stationed with the 2nd Army Central Military District Command involved in aerospace defense, airborne troops and long-range military transport." Despite media speculation it was for in reaction to the events in Ukraine Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu said it was in separate consideration from the unrest in Ukraine. On February 27, 2014, the Russian government dismissed accusations about violation by the Russian side of the basic agreements in regards of the Black Sea Fleet: "All movements of armored vehicles are undertaken in full compliance with the basic agreements and did not require any approvals".

On February 27, the Russian governing agencies presented the new law project on granting citizenship.

The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs called on the West and particularly NATO to "abandon the provocative statements and respect the neutral status of Ukraine". In its statement the ministry claims that agreement on settlement of the crisis which was signed on 21 February and was witnessed by foreign ministries from Germany, Poland and France has to this date, not been implemented (Vladimir Lukin from Russia had not signed it).

According to ITAR-TASS on February 28 the Russian Ministry of Transport discontinued its further talks with Ukraine in regards to the Kerch Strait Bridge project. However, on 3 March Dmitry Medvedev, the Prime Minister of Russia, signed a decree creating a subsidiary of Russian Highways (Avtodor) to build a bridge at an unspecified location along the Kerch strait.

On Russian social networks there is a movement to gather volunteers who served in the Russian army to go to Ukraine.

On February 28 President Putin stated it was of "extreme importance of not allowing a further escalation of violence and the necessity of a rapid normalisation of the situation in Ukraine" in telephone calls with key EU leaders. Already on 19 February the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs referred to the Euromaidan revolution as the "Brown revolution".

The Federation Council approved that Russia may introduce a limited contingent of Russian troops in Crimea for the security of the Black Sea Fleet and the Russians.

In Moscow, on March 2, an estimated 27,000 rallied in support of the Russian government's decision to intervene in Ukraine. Up to 15,000 participated in a similar rally in St. Petersburg, while around 12,000 rallied in Krasnodar. The rallies received considerable attention on Russian state TV and were officially sanctioned by the government.

Russian President Vladimir Putin (seated, middle) speaks to the press on March 4, 2014, denouncing the events in Kiev as an "unconstitutional coup", and insisting that Moscow has a right to protect Russians in Ukraine.

Meanwhile, on March 1, five people who were picketing next to the Federation Council building against the invasion of Ukraine were arrested. The next day about 200 people protested at the building of the Russian Ministry of Defense in Moscow against Russian military involvement. About 500 people also gathered to protest on the Manezhnaya Square in Moscow and the same number of people on the Saint Isaac's Square in Saint Petersburg. On March 2, about eleven protesters demonstrated in Yekaterinburg against Russian involvement, with some wrapped in the Ukrainian flag. Protests were also held in Chelyabinsk on the same day. The opposition to the military intervention was also expressed by rock musician Andrey Makarevich, who wrote in particular: "You want war with Ukraine? It will not be the way it was with Abkhazia: the folks on the Maidan have been hardened and know what they are fighting for – for their country, their independence. [...] We have to live with them. Still neighborly. And preferably in friendship. But it's up to them how they want to live". The Professor of the Department of Philosophy at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations Andrey Zubov was fired for his article in Vedomosti, criticizing Russian military intervention.

President Putin's approval rating among the Russian public has increased by nearly 10% since the crisis began, up to 71.6%, the highest in three years, according to a poll conducted by the All-Russian Center for Public Opinion Research, released on March 19. Additionally, the same poll showed that more than 90% of Russians supported unification with the Crimean Republic.

On March 4, at press conference in Novo-Ogaryovo President Putin expressed his view on the situation that if a revolution took place in Ukraine, it is a new country with which Russia did not conclude any treaties. He brought up an analogy with events of 1917 in Russia, when as a result of the revolution the Russian Empire fell apart and a new state was created. However, he stated Ukraine would still have to honor its debts.

Russian politicians have speculated that there are already 143,000 Ukrainian refugees in Russia. The Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs refuted those claims of refugees increase in Russia. At a briefing on March 4, 2014, the director of department of information policy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Yevhen Perebiynis claimed that Russia was misinforming its own citizens as well as the entire international community to justify its own actions in the Crimea.

On March 5, an anchor of the Russian-owned international news channel RT America, Abby Martin, in an interview with Piers Morgan, said she "did not agree" with how her employer RT was covering the Ukrainian crisis, but claims RT still supports her despite her differences of opinion. Also on March 5, 2014, another RT America anchor, Liz Wahl, of the network's Washington, DC bureau, resigned on air, explaining that she could not be "part of a network that whitewashes the actions of Putin" and citing her Hungarian ancestry and the memory of the Soviet repression of the Hungarian Uprising as a factor in her decision.

Prominent dissident Mikhail Khodorkovsky said that Crimea should stay within Ukraine with broader autonomy.

Tatarstan, a republic within Russia populated by Volga Tatars, has sought to alleviate concerns about treatment of Tatars by Russia, as Tatarstan is a gas-rich and economically successful republic in Russia. On March 5, President of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov signed an agreement on cooperation between Tatarstan and the Aksyonov government in Crimea that implied collaboration between ten government institutions as well as significant financial aid to Crimea from Tatarstan businesses. On March 11, Minnikhanov was in Crimea on his second visit and attended as a guest present in the Crimean parliament chamber during the vote on the declaration of sovereignty pending the March 16 referendum. The Tatarstan's Mufti Kamil Samigullin invited Crimean Tatars to study in madrasas in Kazan and declared support for their "brothers in faith and blood". Recently Mustafa Dzhemilev, a former leader of the Crimean Tatar Majlis, has declared that he is satisfied by Putin's reassurances to him on the safety of the Crimean Tatar community, changing his stance after earlier refusing to meet with Putin. Dzhemilev believes that forces that are suspected to be Russian forces should leave the Crimean peninsula.

On March 15, 50,000 protesters in Russia marched against Russian involvement in Ukraine, many waving Ukrainian flags.

International

Main article: International reactions to the 2014 Crimean crisis

International reaction to the 2014 Crimean crisis according to official governmental statements.

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  Statements only voicing concern or hope for peaceful resolution to the conflict

  Support for Ukrainian territorial integrity

  Condemnation of Russian actions

  Condemnation of Russian actions as a military intervention or invasion

  Support for Russian actions and/or condemnation of the Ukrainian interim government

  Recognition of Russian interests

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  Ukraine

  Russia

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  No official statements / No data available

Results of the United Nations General Assembly vote about the territorial integrity of Ukraine.
  In favor   Against   Abstentions   Absent   Non-members

There has been a range of international reactions to the crisis. A U.N. General Assembly passed a non-binding resolution 100 in favor, 11 against and 58 abstentions in the 193-nation assembly that declared invalid Crimea's Moscow-backed referendum. In a move supported by the Lithuanian President, the United States government imposed sanctions against persons they deem to have violated or assisted in the violation of Ukraine's sovereignty. The European Union suspended talks with Russia on economic and visa related matters; and is considering more stringent sanctions against Russia in the near future, including asset freezes. while Japan announced sanctions which include suspension of talks relating to military, space, investment, and visa requirements. The EU Commission decided on March 11 to enter into a full free-trade agreement with Ukraine this year. On March 12, the European Parliament rejected the upcoming referendum on independence in Crimea, which they saw as manipulated and contrary to international and Ukrainian law. The G7 bloc of developed nations (the G8 minus Russia) made a joint statement condemning Russia and announced that they will suspend preparations for the upcoming G8 summit in Sochi in June. NATO condemned Russia's military escalation in Crimea and stated that it was breach of international law while the Council of Europe expressed its full support for the territorial integrity and national unity of Ukraine. The Visegrád Group has issued a joint statement urging Russia to respect Ukraine's territorial integrity and for Ukraine to take into account its minority groups to not further break fragile relations. It has urged for Russia to respect Ukrainian and international law and in line with the provisions of the 1994 Budapest Memorandum.

China said "We respect the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine". A spokesman restated China's belief of non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations and urged dialogue.

National Security Advisor Shivshankar Menon of India stated that Russia has legitimate interests in Crimea and called for "sustained diplomatic efforts" and "constructive dialogue" to resolve the crisis. However, the National Security Advisor is not a part of the Cabinet of India and, as such, Menon's statement was not an official statement issued by the government of India. However, India subsequently made it clear that it will not support any "unilateral measures" against Russian government. "India has never supported unilateral sanctions against any country. Therefore, we will also not support any unilateral measures by a country or a group of countries against Russia." Both Syria and Venezuela openly support Russian military action. Syrian President Bashar al Assad said that he supports Putin's efforts to "restore security and stability in the friendly country of Ukraine", while Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro condemned Ukraine's "ultra-nationalist" coup. Sri Lanka described Yanukovych's removal as unconstitutional and considered Russia's concerns in Crimea as justified.

Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk called for change in EU energy policy as Germany's dependence on Russian gas poses risks for Europe.

On March 13, German Chancellor Angela Merkel warned Moscow it risks massive damage to Russia, economically and politically, if it refuses to change course on Ukraine, though close economic links between Germany and Russia significantly reduce the scope for Berlin to sanction the Eurasian giant.

After Russia moved to formally incorporate Crimea, some worried whether it may not do the same in other regions. US deputy national security advisor Tony Blinken said that the Russian troops massed on the eastern Ukrainian border may be preparing to enter the country's eastern regions. Russian officials stated that Russian troops would not enter other areas. US Air Force Gen. Philip M. Breedlove, NATO's supreme allied commander in Europe, warned that the same troops were in a position to take over the separatist Russian-speaking Moldovan province of Transnistria.

Ukraine's territorial integrity

Partitioning Ukraine has been advocated by some commentators such as Crispin Black and Professor Ethan S. Burger of Georgetown University. Many others have opposed it, as do most governments. Many media outlets have discussed the regional differences in Ukraine, often making use of misleading maps showing language or ethnicity by oblast, which implies larger regional differences.

Russian politician Vladimir Zhirinovsky repeated his proposal to partition Ukraine, saying that the seven westernmost oblasts should hold secession referendums. He sent official letters to the governments of Poland, Romania, and Hungary, suggesting that each hold a referendum about absorbing the regions nearest them on historical grounds. The letter was not taken seriously by the recipients, and was heavily criticised in Poland, Ukraine, and Hungary. While Zhirinovsky's message conflicted with the official position of the Kremlin, some considered him a "mouthpiece for Putin", and possibly a reflection of increasing nationalism in Russia.

Commentary

Several scholars, including Alexander J. Motyl, Paul A. Goble, Timothy D. Snyder, and Andreas Umland, have discussed the possibility of Russian military intervention in Crimea specifically, due to its unique geopolitical nature and demographics. Political scientist Uriel Abulof suggested that instead of rejecting the referendum outright, the West should have proposed a moratorium on a free plebiscite, arguing that the clash over the principle of self-determination unearthed an emergent “global crisis of legitimacy.”

Nina L. Khrushcheva, the great-granddaughter of former Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and a Russian Affairs professor at the The New School, said that the aim of Crimea was not necessarily independence from Ukraine, but rather continued dependence on Russia. However, this has instead led Putin to justify continued backing for Yanukovych as well as his own desires to re-take the peninsula. Nevertheless, she acknowledged that Putin's long term goal may not be annexation of Crimea, since this could cause ethnic Crimean Tatars, who had been forcibly displaced by Stalin to Central Asia, to demand a return to Crimea and possibly cause the Islamic insurgency to spread out of the Northern Caucasus. Furthermore, she also states that if Russia sets a precedent of recovering "lost territory", this could inspire countries such as China or Georgia to demand back their own "stolen lands".

Former Ohio congressman and Democratic presidential nominee Dennis Kucinich argued that the crisis is a result of "[..]America trying to force the people of Ukraine into a deal with NATO against their interest or into a deal with the European Union, which is against their economic interest." He said that the United States has been involved "covertly and behind the scenes with the CIA and two government foreign aid groups, the National Endowment for Democracy and the United States Agency for International Development, to stir up trouble in Ukraine", which resulted in neo-Nazis taking control. This was disputed by political commentator Bill O'Reilly who argued that Kucinich was giving "Putin a pass to go in and invade" and that the Ukrainian people threw out a puppet president. Former Republican congressman and three-time presidential nominee Ron Paul mirrored this sentiment, calling US sanctions against Russia an "act of war". Paul said, “The evidence is pretty clear that the NGOs financed by our government have been agitating with billions of dollars, trying to get that government changed [..] Our hands are not clean.”; however, Ron Paul's remarks were opposed to that of his son, senator Rand Paul, who wrote in an op-ed to TIME magazine that, "“Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Ukraine is a gross violation of that nation’s sovereignty and an affront to the international community,” he wrote. “His continuing occupation of Ukraine is completely unacceptable, and Russia’s president should be isolated for his actions.” He did not criticize the violent and undemocratic overthrow of Ukraine’s President.

Volodymyr Panchenko, of the Kiev-based think-tank International Center for Policy Studies, said on February 28 that the aim of Russia is for Crimea to be "more or less controlled by Russian troops," but that if or when a referendum is held "more than 80 percent" of votes would be for secession from Ukraine. The way events are unfolding in Crimea "is not a good precedent for the other provinces."

Russian opposition leader, chess Grandmaster Garry Kasparov, former US National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, former US secretary of state Hillary Clinton, Ukrainian MP Lesya Orobets (Batkivshchyna), former foreign minister of the Czech Republic, Karel Schwarzenberg, as well as the Foreign Affairs Minister of Canada John Baird all compared Russia's actions to Nazi Germany's policy before the start of World War II, after the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin.

Former German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt called Russia's actions "perfectly understandable", and considers sanctions being imposed by the US and EU "foolish".

Ukraine's Chief Rabbi, Yaakov Bleich, described Putin's accusations of anti-semitism from Ukrainians towards Jews as a pretense for invasion as "what the Nazis did during the time of the Anschluss in Austria."

Commentaries and editorials published by China's state-run Xinhua News Agency and Global Times supported Russia's position on the situation.

Related places

• Building of the Supreme Council of Crimea, was seized on 27 February 2014
• Sevastopol, a city with special status in Crimea
• Kerch Strait Bridge, planned bridge spanning the Strait of Kerch
• Donetsk Oblast, which has held demonstrations calling for a secession referendum of its own
• Donuzlav Lake, sinking of a tugboat Shakhter and an anti-submarine ship Ochakov, on March 5–6, 2014
• Perevalne, Ukrainian garrison was surrounded by the Russian troops
• Armyansk and Dzhankoy, checkpoints, established on 27 February 2014
• Chonhar, a checkpoint, standoff since 8 March 2014
• Port Krym, a strategic ferry connection with Russia's Port Kavkaz

See also

2

References

Footnotes

Other references

2

Further reading

• Bremmer, Ian (1994). "The Politics of Ethnicity: Russians in the New Ukraine". Europe-Asia Studies. 46 (2): 261–283. doi:10.1080/09668139408412161.
• Hagendoorn, A.; Linssen, H.; Tumanov, S. V. (2001). Intergroup Relations in States of the former Soviet Union: The Perception of Russians. New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-84169-231-X.
• Legvold, Robert (2013). Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-first Century and the Shadow of the Past. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51217-6.
• Snyder, T. Beneath the Hypocrisy, Putin Is Vulnerable. Here's Where His Soft Spots Are. New Republic. 1 March 2014.

External links

• Ukraine crisis at BBC News Online
• Crisis in Crimea at the Kyiv Post
• Ukraine turmoil at RT
• Ukraine Crisis in Maps at The New York Times
• Crisis in Ukraine at CNN
• Ukraine Live Blog at Al Jazeera English