List of weather records
This is a list of weather records, a list of the most extreme occurrences of weather phenomena for various categories. Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the Earth. Each of these records is understood to be the record value officially observed, as these records may have been exceeded before modern weather instrumentation was invented, or in remote areas without an official weather station. This list does not include remotely sensed observations such as satellite measurements, since those values are not considered official records.[1]
Temperature
Measuring conditions
The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) above the ground, and shielded from direct sunlight intensity (hence the term, x degrees "in the shade").[2] The following lists include all officially confirmed claims measured by those methods.
Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 °C (54 to 90 °F).[2] The highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded was 93.9 °C (201.0 °F) at Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California, United States on 15 July 1972.[3] In recent years a ground temperature of 84 °C (183.2 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan.[4] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 °C (194 and 212 °F) for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.[5]
Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.[2]
Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) on 10 August 2010, at 81°48′S 59°18′E / 81.8°S 59.3°E. Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F).[6][7]
Heat
Highest temperatures ever recorded
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Koppen_World_Map_BWh.png/280px-Koppen_World_Map_BWh.png)
According to the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO), the highest temperature ever recorded was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) on 10 July 1913 in Furnace Creek (Greenland Ranch), California, USA.[8] According to the WMO this temperature may have been the result of "a sandstorm that occurred at the time. Such a storm may have caused superheated surface materials to hit upon the temperature in the shelter".[8]
The former highest official temperature on Earth (held for 90 years by ‘Aziziya, Libya) was reassessed in July 2012 by the WMO which published a report that invalidated the record.[9]
There have been other unconfirmed reports of high temperatures, with readings as high as 66.8 °C (152.2 °F) in the Flaming Mountains of China in 2008.[10] However, these temperatures have never been confirmed, and are currently considered to have been recorder's errors,[11] thus not being recognised as world records.[12]
Christopher C. Burt, the weather historian writing for Weather Underground who shepherded the Libya reading's 2012 disqualification, believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is "a myth", and is at least 2.2 or 2.8 °C (4 or 5 °F) too high.[13] Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth could be at Death Valley, but is instead 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) recorded on 30 June 2013.[14] 53.9 °C (129.0 °F) was recorded another four times: 20 July 1960, 18 July 1998, 20 July 2005, and 7 July 2007.[15][16] On 21 July 2016, Mitribah in Kuwait also recorded a maximum temperature of 54.0 °C (129.2 °F), tying Death Valley's highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth, while Basra in Iraq reached 53.9 °C (129.0 °F) that day.[17] On 29 June 2017, the air at the airport of Ahvaz in Iran reached 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) as well.[18] In a second part to his analysis, he gave a list of 11 other occasions in which temperatures of 52.8 °C (127.0 °F) or more were reliably measured as well as the highest reliably measured temperatures on each continent.[19]
By continent
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
51.3 °C (124.3 °F) | El Bayadh, El Bayadh Province / Ouargla, Ouargla Province | 2 September 1979[21]/5 July 2018[20] |
![]() |
44.0 °C (111.2 °F) | Maun | 7 January 2016[22] |
![]() |
47.2 °C (117.0 °F) | Dori | 1984[23] |
![]() |
47.6 °C (117.7 °F) | Faya-Largeau | 22 June 2010[24] |
![]() |
36.0 °C (96.8 °F) | Hahaya International Airport | 15 November 2017[25] |
![]() |
43.8 °C (110.8 °F) | Navrongo | 26 March 2017[25] |
![]() |
45.0 °C (113.0 °F) | Koundara, Boké Region | 29 March 2017[25] |
![]() |
49.5 °C (121.1 °F) | Diffa | 7 September 1978[26] |
![]() |
46.4 °C (115.5 °F) | Yola | 3 April 2010[24] |
![]() |
50.0 °C (122.0 °F) | Dunbrody, Eastern Cape | 3 November 1918[27] |
![]() |
49.7 °C (121.5 °F) | Dongola | 25 June 2010[24] |
![]() |
47.7 °C (117.9 °F) | Lavumisa | ?[28] |
![]() |
55 °C (131 °F) | Kebili | 7 July 1931[29][notes 2] |
![]() |
50.7 °C (123.3 °F) | Semara | 13 July 1961[19] |
![]() |
42.4 °C (108.3 °F) | Mfuwe, Eastern Province | 13 October 2010[24] |
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
19.8 °C (67.6 °F) | Signy Research Station, South Orkney Islands | 30 January 1982[30] |
![]() |
17.5 °C (63.5 °F) | Esperanza Base, Trinity Peninsula | 24 March 2015[31][32] |
![]() |
−7.0 °C (19.4 °F) | Automated Weather Station D-80 (coordinates: 70°6'S, 134°53'W, elevation: 2,500 metres (8,202 ft)) | 28 December 1989[33] |
South Pole | −12.3 °C (9.9 °F) | Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station | 25 December 2011[34] |
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
49.9 °C (121.8 °F) | Farah | August 2009[35] |
![]() |
43.7 °C (110.7 °F) | Meghri | 1 August 2011[36][37] |
![]() |
46.0 °C (114.8 °F) | Julfa and Ordubad | ?[38] |
![]() |
45.1 °C (113.2 °F) | Rajshahi | 30 May 1972[39] |
![]() |
40 °C (104 °F) | Phuentsholing | 27 August 1997[40] |
![]() |
42.6 °C (108.7 °F) | Preah Vihear | 15 April 2016[41] |
![]() |
50.5 °C (122.9 °F) | Erbao Township, Turpan, Xinjiang | 10 July 2017[42] |
![]() |
39.0 °C (102.2 °F) | Wetland Park | 22 August 2017[25] |
![]() |
39.0 °C (102.2 °F) | Coloane | 22 August 2017[25] |
![]() |
51.0 °C (123.8 °F) | Phalodi, Rajasthan | 19 May 2016[43] |
![]() |
39.5 °C (103.1 °F) | Jatiwangi, Majalengka Regency, West Java / Semarang, Central Java |
December 2006 / 27 October 2015[44] |
![]() |
54 °C (129 °F) | Ahwaz Airport (OIAW) | 29 June 2017 [19][45][18] |
![]() |
53.9 °C (129.0 °F) | Basra | 22 July 2016[45][46] |
![]() |
54 °C (129 °F) | Tirat Zvi | 21 June 1942[47][notes 3] |
![]() |
41.1 °C (106.0 °F) | Kumagaya, Saitama | 23 July 2018[48] |
![]() |
50 °C (122 °F) | Jordan University Agriculture Research Center | 6 September 2002[49] |
![]() |
54.0 °C (129.2 °F) | Mitribah | 21 July 2016[45][46][notes 4] |
![]() |
44.0 °C (111.2 °F) | ? | ?[50] |
![]() |
42.3 °C (108.1 °F) | Seno | 12 April 2016[41] |
![]() |
40.1 °C (104.2 °F) | Chuping | 9 April 1998[51] |
![]() |
34.9 °C (94.8 °F) | Hanimaadhoo | 16 April 2016[41] |
![]() |
44.0 °C (111.2 °F) | Khongor, Darkhan-Uul Province | 24 July 1999[52] |
![]() |
47.2 °C (117.0 °F) | Myinmu | 14 May 2010[53][54] |
![]() |
46.0 °C (114.8 °F) | Chisapani | ?[55] |
![]() |
50.8 °C (123.4 °F) | Buraimi, Sohar, Qurayyat |
July 1990, May 2009, 30 May 2017 [56] |
![]() |
53.5 °C (128.3 °F) | Mohenjo-Daro Turbat |
26 May 2010[57][58] 28 May 2017[56][notes 5] |
![]() |
42.2 °C (108.0 °F) | Tuguegarao, Cagayan Valley | 12 April 1912, 11 May 1969[59] |
![]() |
50.4 °C (122.7 °F) | Doha | 14 July 2010[24] |
![]() |
42.3 °C (108.1 °F) | Belogorsk, Amur Oblast | 12 July 2010[60] |
![]() |
52.0 °C (125.6 °F) | Jeddah | 23 June 2010[61] |
![]() |
37.0 °C (98.6 °F) | Tengah | 17 April 1983[62] |
![]() |
41.0 °C (105.8 °F) | Hongcheon | 1 August 2018[63] |
![]() |
49.4 °C (120.9 °F) | ? | ?[64] |
![]() |
40.2 °C (104 °F) | Taitung County | 9 May 2004[65] |
![]() |
44.6 °C (112.3 °F) | Mae Hong Son | 28 April 2016[41] |
![]() |
48.8 °C (119.8 °F) | Mardin-Kocatepe (Kızıltepe) | 14 August 1993[66] |
![]() |
50.1 °C (122.2 °F) | Repetek Biosphere State Reserve, Karakum Desert | 28 July 1983[67][68] |
![]() |
52.1 °C (125.8 °F) | Al Jazeera Border Gate | July 2002[69][70] |
![]() |
42.7 °C (108.9 °F) | Con Cuông/Tương Dương (tied) | 30 May 2015[71]/12 May 1966[72] |
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
40.5 °C (104.9 °F) | Bad Deutsch-Altenburg | 8 August 2013[73] |
![]() |
38.9 °C (102.0 °F) | Gomel | 7 August 2010[24] |
![]() |
38.8 °C (101.8 °F) | Uccle | 27 June 1947[74][75] |
![]() |
46.2 °C (115.2 °F) | Mostar | 31 July 1901[76] |
![]() |
45.2 °C (113.3 °F) | Sadovo, Plovdiv Province | 5 August 1916[77] |
![]() |
42.8 °C (109.0 °F) | Ploče | 5 August 1981[78] |
![]() |
45.6 °C (114.1 °F) | Lefkoniko | 1 August 2010[24] |
![]() |
40.4 °C (104.7 °F) | Dobřichovice, Prague-West District | 20 August 2012[79] |
![]() |
36.4 °C (97.5 °F) | Holstebro, Midtjylland | 10 August 1975[80] |
![]() |
35.6 °C (96.1 °F) | Võru | 11 August 1992[81] |
![]() |
37.2 °C (99.0 °F) | Liperi | 29 July 2010[82] |
![]() |
44.1 °C (111.4 °F) | Conqueyrac / Saint-Christol-lès-Alès | 12 August 2003[83] |
![]() |
40.3 °C (104.5 °F) | Kitzingen, Lower Franconia, Bavaria | 5 July 2015 / 7 August 2015[84] |
![]() |
48.0 °C (118.4 °F) | Athens [notes 7] | 10 July 1977[86] |
![]() |
41.9 °C (107.4 °F) | Kiskunhalas | 20 July 2007[87] |
![]() |
30.5 °C (86.9 °F) | Teigarhorn, Djúpivogur | 22 June 1939[88][89] |
![]() |
33.3 °C (91.9 °F) | Kilkenny Castle, County Kilkenny | 26 June 1887[90] |
![]() |
47.0 °C (116.6 °F) | Foggia, Apulia [notes 8] | 25 June 2007[91][92] |
![]() |
37.8 °C (100.0 °F) | Ventspils | 4 August 2014[93] |
![]() |
37.5 °C (99.5 °F) | Zarasai, Utena County | 30 July 1994[94] |
![]() |
45.7 °C (114.3 °F) | Demir Kapija, Demir Kapija | 24 July 2007[95][96] |
![]() |
43.8 °C (110.8 °F) | Malta International Airport | 9 August 1999[97][98] |
![]() |
42.4 °C (108.3 °F) | Falesti | 7 August 2012[99] |
![]() |
44.8 °C (112.6 °F) | Podgorica & Danilovgrad | 16 August 2007 / 8 August 2012[100] |
![]() |
38.6 °C (101.5 °F) | Warnsveld | 23 August 1944[101] |
![]() |
35.6 °C (96.1 °F) | Nesbyen, Buskerud | 20 June 1970[102] |
![]() |
40.2 °C (104.4 °F) | Prószków [notes 9] | 29 July 1921[104] |
![]() |
47.4 °C (117.3 °F) | Amareleja, Beja | 1 August 2003[105] |
![]() |
44.5 °C (112.1 °F) | Ion Sion, Brăila County | 10 August 1951[106] |
![]() |
45.4 °C (113.7 °F) | Utta, Kalmykia | 12 July 2010[107] |
![]() |
40.3 °C (104.5 °F) | Serravalle | 3 August 2017, 9 August 2017[25] |
![]() |
44.9 °C (112.8 °F) | Smederevska Palanka, Podunavlje | 24 July 2007[108] |
![]() |
40.3 °C (104.5 °F) | Hurbanovo | 20 July 2007[109] |
![]() |
40.8 °C (105.4 °F) | Cerklje ob Krki | 8 August 2013[110] |
![]() |
49.9 °C (121.8 °F) | Seville | 4 Aug 1881[111] |
![]() |
38.0 °C (100.4 °F) | Ultuna, Uppsala County/ Målilla, Kalmar County (tied) |
9 July 1933 / 29 June 1947[112] |
![]() |
41.5 °C (106.7 °F) | Grono, Moesa District | 11 August 2003[113] |
![]() |
42.0 °C (107.6 °F) | Luhansk | 12 August 2010[114] |
![]() |
40.7 °C (105.3 °F) | Vatican City | 2 August 2017[25] |
![]() |
38.5 °C (101.3 °F) | Faversham, Kent | 10 August 2003[115] |
![]() |
34.2 °C (93.6 °F) | Guernsey Airport | August 2003[116] |
![]() |
30.8 °C (87.4 °F) | Knockarevan, County Fermanagh / Belfast, County Antrim (tied) |
30 June 1976 / 12 July 1983[115] |
![]() |
33.2 °C (91.8 °F) | Motherwell, North Lanarkshire | 28 June 2018[117] |
![]() |
35.2 °C (95.4 °F) | Hawarden Bridge, Flintshire | 2 August 1990[115] |
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
34.2 °C (93.6 °F) | The Valley | 12 September 2015[71] |
![]() |
34.9 °C (94.8 °F) | V. C. Bird International Airport, St. John's | 12 August 1995[118][119] |
![]() |
35.0 °C (95.0 °F) | Terrance B. Lettsome International Airport | 22 July 2016[120] |
![]() |
45.0 °C (113.0 °F) | Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan Midale, Saskatchewan |
5 July 1937[121] |
![]() |
34.9 °C (94.8 °F) | Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman | 21 August 2016[120] |
![]() |
38.8 °C (101.8 °F) | Jucarito (Granma Province) | 17 April 1999[122] |
![]() |
35.5 °C (95.9 °F) | Canefield Airport | 3 October 2015[71] |
![]() |
43.0 °C (109.4 °F) | Mao | 31 August 1954[123] |
![]() |
30.1 °C (86.2 °F) | Ivittuut | 23 June 1915[124][125][126] |
![]() |
45 °C (113 °F) | Estanzuela, Zacapa | ?[127] |
![]() |
40.0 °C (104.0 °F) | San Francisco | 20 March 1998[128] |
![]() |
52.0 °C (125.6 °F) | Mexicali area | 28 July 1995[129][130] |
![]() |
40 °C (104 °F) | Mona Island | 2 July 1996[131] |
![]() |
56.7 °C (134.1 °F) | Furnace Creek Ranch (formerly Greenland Ranch), Death Valley, California |
10 July 1913[13][132][notes 10] |
![]() |
37 °C (99 °F) | Saint Thomas/ Cruz Bay |
4 August 1994 and 23 June 1996[131] 31 July 1988[131] |
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
50.7 °C (123.3 °F) | Oodnadatta, South Australia | 2 January 1960[133][134][135] |
![]() |
35.6 °C (96.1 °F) | Utirik Atoll | 24 August 2016[120] |
![]() |
42.4 °C (108.3 °F) | Rangiora, Canterbury / Jordan, Marlborough (tied) |
7 February 1973[136] |
![]() |
35 °C (95 °F) | Koror | 22 March 2018[137] |
![]() |
35.3 °C (95.5 °F) | Asau | 24 December 1968[138] |
![]() |
36.1 °C (97.0 °F) | Honiara, Guadalcanal Province | 1 February 2010[24] |
![]() |
35.5 °C (95.9 °F) | Niuafoou | 1 February 2016[120] |
![]() |
36.2 °C (97.2 °F) | Lamap Malekula | 8 February 2016[120] |
![]() |
35.8 °C (96.4 °F) | Futuna Airport | 10 January 2016[120] |
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
48.9 °C (120.0 °F) * | Rivadavia, Salta Province | 11 December 1905[133][139][140] |
![]() |
46.7 °C (116.1 °F) | Villamontes, Tarija Department | 29 October 2010 [24][notes 13] |
![]() |
44.7 °C (112.5 °F) | Bom Jesus, Piauí | 21 November 2005 [141] |
![]() |
44.9 °C (112.8 °F) | Quillón, Biobio Region[notes 14] | 26 January 2017[142][143] |
![]() |
45.0 °C (113.0 °F) | Puerto Salgar, Cundinamarca | 29 December 2015 [144] |
![]() |
38.0 °C (100.4 °F) | Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni | 27 September 2016[120] |
![]() |
44.0 °C (111.2 °F) | Paysandú, Paysandú Department | 20 January 1943[145][146] |
![]() |
43.6 °C (110.5 °F) | Santa Ana de Coro, Falcón | 29 April 2015[71] |
Other high-temperature records
- Greatest 2-minute temperature increase: 27 °C (49 °F), from −20 °C (−4 °F) to 7 °C (45 °F); Spearfish, South Dakota, on 22 January 1943.[147]
- Most consecutive days above 37.8 °C (100 °F): 160 days; Marble Bar, Western Australia from 31 October 1923 to 7 April 1924.[148]
- Most consecutive days above 43.3 °C (110 °F): 84 days; Death Valley, California from 14 June through 5 September, 1917.[149]
- Most consecutive days above 48.9 °C (120 °F): 43 days; Death Valley, California from 6 July through 17 August 1917.[150]
- Surface temperature: 93.9 °C (201.0 °F), in Death Valley, California, 15 July 1972.[3] (Not verified)
- Highest temperature during rain: 46.1 °C (115.0 °F), in Needles, California, 13 August 2012.[151]
- Highest overnight low temperature: 44.2 °C (111.6 °F) at the Khasab weather station (WMO Index = 41241) in Oman on 17 June 2017.[152][a]
- Highest minimum temperature for a 24-hour period and for a calendar day: 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) at Qarayyat, Oman on 25 June 2018.[154]
- Highest average monthly temperature: 42.3 °C (108.1 °F), in Death Valley, California, for the month of July 2018.[155][156]
Humidity
- Highest dew point temperature: A dew point of 35 °C (95 °F) was observed at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, at 3:00 p.m. on July 8, 2003.[157]
Cold
Lowest temperatures ever recorded
By continent
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
−13.8 °C (7.2 °F) | Mécheria | 28 January 2005[21] |
![]() |
5 °C (41 °F) | Markoye | January 1975[23] |
![]() |
−21.0 °C (−5.8 °F) | ? | ?[158] |
![]() |
−23.9 °C (−11.0 °F) | Ifrane | 11 February 1935[159] |
![]() |
−2.4 °C (27.7 °F) | Bilma | 13 January 1995[26] |
![]() |
−20.1 °C (−4.2 °F) | Buffelsfontein, near Molteno, Eastern Cape | 23 August 2013[160] |
![]() |
−1.0 °C (30.2 °F) | Zalingei | December 1961 and January 1962[161] |
![]() |
−6.7 °C (19.9 °F) | Big Bend | ?[28] |
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
−89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) | Vostok Station | 21 July 1983[133][147][162][notes 15] |
Dome A | −82.5 °C (−116.5 °F) | Dome A | July 2005[163] |
South Pole | −82.8 °C (−117.0 °F) | Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station | 23 June 1982[164] |
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
−52.2 °C (−62.0 °F) | Shahrak | January 1964[35] |
![]() |
−42.0 °C (−43.6 °F) | Paghakn and Ashocq | 1961[36] |
![]() |
−33.0 °C (−27.4 °F) | Julfa and Ordubad | ?[38] |
![]() |
2.6 °C (36.7 °F) | Tetulia Upazila | 8 January 2018[165] |
![]() |
−52.3 °C (−62.1 °F) | Mohe County, Heilongjiang Province | 13 February 1969[166] |
![]() |
−6.0 °C (21.2 °F) | Tai Mo Shan | 24 January 2016[167] |
![]() |
−33.9 °C (−29.0 °F) | Dras, Jammu and Kashmir | 22 March 1911[168] |
![]() |
−46.0 °C (−50.8 °F) | Saqqez | 1972[169] |
![]() |
−14.2 °C (6.4 °F) | Merom Golan | 10 January 2015[170] |
![]() |
−41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) | Asahikawa, Hokkaidō | 25 January 1902[48] |
![]() |
−16.0 °C (3.2 °F) | Shoubak | 15 December 2013[49] |
![]() |
−53.6 °C (−64.5 °F) | ? | ?[50] |
![]() |
7.8 °C (46.0 °F) | Cameron Highlands | 1 February 1978[51] |
![]() |
17.2 °C (63.0 °F) | Hulhulé Island, located at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport | 11 April 1978[171] |
![]() |
−55.3 °C (−67.5 °F) | Züüngovi, Uvs Province | December 1976[52] |
![]() |
−6.0 °C (21.2 °F) | Hakha | 30 December 1990[172] |
![]() |
−26.0 °C (−14.8 °F) | Thakmarpha, Mustang district | ?[55] |
![]() |
−43.6 °C (−46.5 °F) | Chunggangjin | 12 January 1933[173] |
![]() |
6.3 °C (43.3 °F) | Baguio | 18 January 1961[59][174] [notes 16] |
![]() |
1.5 °C (34.7 °F) | Abu Samra | 5 February 2017[25] |
![]() |
−67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) | Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, both in Sakha Republic |
7 February 1892 6 February 1933[176] |
![]() |
−12.0 °C (10.4 °F) | Turaif | ?[177] |
![]() |
19.0 °C (66.2 °F) | Paya Lebar | 14 February 1989[62] |
![]() |
−32.8 °C (−27.0 °F) | Yangpyeong | 5 January 1981[178] |
![]() |
−23.0 °C (−9.4 °F) | Idlib | January 1951[179] |
![]() |
−18.4 °C (−1.1 °F) | Yushan | 31 January 1970[180] |
![]() |
−1.4 °C (29.5 °F) | Sakon Nakhon | 2 January 1974[181] |
![]() |
−46.4 °C (−51.5 °F) | Van-Çaldıran | 9 January 1990[66] |
![]() |
−36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) | Daşoguz Region | ?[67] |
![]() |
−5.4 °C (22.3 °F) | Jebel Jais | 3 February 2017[25] |
![]() |
−6.1 °C (21.0 °F) | Sa Pa | 4 January 1974[182] |
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
−47.1 °C (−52.8 °F) | Grünloch doline | 19 February 1932[183] |
![]() |
−42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) | Slavnom, Vitsebsk Voblast | 17 January 1940[184] |
![]() |
−30.1 °C (−22.2 °F) | Valley of the Lesse in Rochefort | 20 January 1940[185] |
![]() |
−42.5 °C (−44.5 °F) | Igman in Sarajevo Canton | 24 January 1963[186] |
![]() |
−38.3 °C (−36.9 °F) | Tran | 25 January 1947[77] |
![]() |
−34.6 °C (−30.3 °F) | Gračac | 13 January 2003[187] |
![]() |
−16 °C (3 °F) | ||
![]() |
−42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) | Litvínovice | 11 February 1929[79] |
![]() |
−31.2 °C (−24.2 °F) | Thisted Municipality, North Denmark Region | 8 January 1982[80] |
![]() |
−43.5 °C (−46.3 °F) | Jõgeva, Jõgeva County | 17 January 1940[81] |
![]() |
−51.5 °C (−60.7 °F) | Kittilä, Lapland | 28 January 1999[82] |
![]() |
−41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) | Mouthe, Doubs | 17 January 1985[189] |
![]() |
−45.9 °C (−50.6 °F) | Funtensee, Berchtesgadener Land, Bavaria | 24 December 2001[190] |
![]() |
−27.8 °C (−18.0 °F) | Ptolemaida | 27 January 1963[85] |
![]() |
−35 °C (−31 °F) | Görömbölytapolca | 16 February 1940[87] |
![]() |
−37.9 °C (−36.2 °F) | Grímsstaðir | 21 January 1918[88] |
![]() |
−19.1 °C (−2.4 °F) | Markree Castle, County Sligo | 16 January 1881[90] |
![]() |
−49.6 °C (−57.2 °F) | Busa Fradusta, Pale di San Martino | 10 February 2013[191] |
![]() |
−43.2 °C (−45.8 °F) | Daugavpils | 8 February 1956[93] |
![]() |
−42.9 °C (−45.2 °F) | Utena, Utena County | 1 February 1956[94] |
![]() |
−31.5 °C (−24.7 °F) | Berovo, Berovo Municipality | 27 January 1954[192] |
![]() |
1.4 °C (34.5 °F) | Malta International Airport | 29 January 1981[97][98] |
![]() |
−35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) | Brătușeni, Edineț District | 20 January 1963[99] |
![]() |
−27.4 °C (−17.3 °F) | Winterswijk | 27 January 1942[101] |
![]() |
−51.4 °C (−60.5 °F) | Karasjok, Finnmark | 1 January 1886[102] |
![]() |
−41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) | Siedlce, Masovian Voivodeship | 11 January 1940[104] |
![]() |
−16.0 °C (3.2 °F) | Penhas da Saúde, Covilhã Municipality Miranda do Douro |
16 January 1945 and 5 February 1954[193] |
![]() |
−38.5 °C (−37.3 °F) | Bod, Braşov County | 25 January 1942[194] |
![]() |
−58.1 °C (−72.6 °F) | Ust' Shchugor, Komi Republic | 31 December 1978[86] |
![]() |
−39.5 °C (−39.1 °F) | Karajukica Bunari, Zlatibor District | 13 January 1985[108] |
![]() |
−41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) | Vígľaš-Pstruša | 11 February 1929[109] |
![]() |
−34.5 °C (−30.1 °F) | Babno Polje | 15 February 1956 / 16 February 1956 / 13 January 1968[notes 17][195] |
![]() |
−30 °C (−22 °F) | Calamocha Airport, Teruel Province | 17 December 1963[196] |
![]() |
−52.6 °C (−62.7 °F) | Vuoggatjålme, Lappland | 2 February 1966[112] |
![]() |
−41.8 °C (−43.2 °F) | La Brévine | 12 January 1987[113] |
![]() |
−41.9 °C (−43.4 °F) | Luhansk | 8 January 1935[114][197] |
![]() |
−26.1 °C (−15.0 °F) | Newport, Shropshire | 10 January 1982[115] |
![]() |
−18.7 °C (−1.7 °F) | Castlederg, County Tyrone | 24 December 2010[115] |
![]() |
−27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) | Braemar, Aberdeenshire Altnaharra, Sutherland |
11 February 1895 and 10 January 1982 30 December 1995[115] |
![]() |
−23.3 °C (−9.9 °F) | Rhayader, Powys | 21 January 1940[115] |
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
16.1 °C (61.0 °F) | V. C. Bird International Airport, Antigua | 31 December 1974 and 28 January 1976[118][119] |
![]() |
−63.0 °C (−81.4 °F) | Snag, Yukon | 3 February 1947[147][198] |
![]() |
11.1 °C (52.0 °F) | Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman | ?[199] |
![]() |
0.6 °C (33.1 °F) | Bainoa, Mayabeque Province | 18 February 1996[122][200] |
![]() |
−7.0 °C (19.4 °F) | Valle Nuevo, La Vega Province | 17 January 1983[201] |
![]() |
−66.1 °C (−87.0 °F) | North Ice | 9 January 1954[202] |
![]() |
−11.5 °C (11.3 °F) | Olintepeque, Quetzaltenango Department | ?[127] |
![]() |
2.0 °C (35.6 °F) | Bajo Grande, Chiriquí Province | 20 February 1995[128] |
![]() |
4 °C (40 °F) | Aibonito/San Sebastian | 9 March 1911/ 24 January 1966[131] |
![]() |
10.6 °C (51.0 °F) | Anna's Hope, Saint Croix | 31 January 1954[131] |
![]() ( ![]() |
−62.2 °C (−80.0 °F) | Prospect Creek, Alaska | 23 January 1971[203] |
![]() ( ![]() |
−11.1 °C (12.0 °F) | Mauna Kea, Hawaii | 17 May 1979[204] |
![]() (Mainland) |
−57.0 °C (−70.6 °F) | Rogers Pass, Montana | 20 January 1954[205] |
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
−32.8 °C (−27.0 °F) | Sarmiento, Chubut Province | 1 June 1907[206] |
![]() |
−14.0 °C (6.8 °F) | Caçador, Santa Catarina | June 1952[207][208] |
![]() |
−37 °C (−34.6 °F) | Coyhaique Alto, Aysen Region | 21 June 2002[209] |
![]() |
−7.5 °C (18.5 °F) | Pratts Gill, Boquerón Department | 13 July 2000[210] |
![]() |
−25.2 °C (−13.4 °F) | Mazo Cruz, Puno Region | 30 June 1966[211] |
![]() |
−11.0 °C (12.2 °F) | Melo, Cerro Largo Department | 14 June 1967[145][146] |
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
−23.0 °C (−9.4 °F) | Charlotte Pass, New South Wales | 29 June 1994[134] |
![]() |
−25.6 °C (−14.1 °F) | Ranfurly, Central Otago | 18 July 1903[212] |
![]() |
11.1 °C (52.0 °F) | Afiamalu | 29 September 1971[138] |
Other low-temperature records
- Fastest temperature drop: 27.2 °C (49 °F) in 5 minutes; Rapid City, South Dakota, 10 January 1911.[147]
- Coldest summer (month of July in the Northern Hemisphere): −33 °C (−27.4 °F) degrees; Summit Camp, Greenland on 4 July 2017.[213]
Precipitation
- Least per year (locale): 0.2 millimetres (0.0079 in) per year or less, Quillagua, Antofagasta Region, Chile.[214]
Rain
- Most in one minute: 38 mm (1.5 in); Barot, Guadeloupe, 26 November 1970.[215]
- Most in one hour: 305 mm (12.0 in) in 42 minutes. Holt, Missouri, United States, 22 June 1947.[86]
- Most in 12 hours (1/2 day): 1,144 mm (45.0 in); Cilaos, Réunion, 8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.[86]
- Most in 24 hours (1 day): 1,825 mm (71.9 in); Cilaos, Réunion, 7–8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.[86]
- Most in 48 hours (2 days): 2,493 mm (98.1 in); Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 15–16 June 1995.[86]
- Most in 72 hours (3 days): 3,929 mm (154.7 in); Commerson, Réunion, 24–26 February 2007.[86]
- Most in 96 hours (4 days): 4,869 mm (191.7 in); Commerson, Réunion, 24–27 February 2007.[86]
- Most in one year: 26,470 mm (1,042 in); Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 1860–1861.[86]
- Most from a single tropical storm: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.
- Highest average annual total (observed over 10 years): 11,872 mm (467.4 in) (over 38 years) and 12,701 mm (500.0 in) (1998–2010); Mawsynram, Meghalaya, India or 13,466 mm (530.2 in) (1980–2011); López de Micay, Cauca, Colombia.[86][216]
Snow
- Most in a 24-hour period: 2.56 meters (100.8 inches) in Capracotta, Italy on 5 March 2015.[217]
- Most in one calendar month: 9.91 meters (390 inches) of snow fell in Tamarack, California in January 1911, leading to a snow depth in March of 11.46 meters (451 inches) (greatest measured in North America).[218][219]
- Most in one season (1 July – 30 June): 29.0 meters, (95 ft); Mount Baker, Washington, United States, 1998 through 1999.[218]
- Most in one-year period: 31.5 meters (102 ft); Mount Rainier, Washington, United States, 19 February 1971 to 18 February 1972.[147]
- Deepest snowfall recorded: 11.82 meters (38.8 ft) on Mt. Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.[220]
Wind speed
- Fastest ever recorded: 484±32 km/h (302±20 mph) 3-second gust; Observed by a DOW (Doppler On Wheels) radar unit in a tornado between Oklahoma City and Moore, Oklahoma on 3 May 1999.[221]
- Fastest recorded with an anemometer: 113.2 m/s or 407 km/h (253 mph) 3-second gust; one of five extreme gusts during a series of 5-min time periods; Barrow Island (Western Australia), 10 April 1996, during Cyclone Olivia.[222][223]
- Fastest recorded with an anemometer outside a tropical cyclone: 372 km/h (231 mph) sustained 1-minute average; Mount Washington, New Hampshire, 12 April 1934.[222][223]
- Fastest daily average: 174 km/h (108 mph); Port Martin (Adélie Land), Antarctica, 24-hour period from 21 March 1951 to 22 March 1951.[147]
Tornadoes
Deadliest in history
- On Earth: Approximately 1,300 deaths (Daulatpur–Saturia tornado); Manikganj District, Bangladesh on 26 April 1989.[224]
- In North America: 695 deaths (Tri-State Tornado); Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, United States, 18 March 1925.[147]
- In Europe: 600 or more (Grand Harbour Tornado); Valletta, Malta, 23 September 1551 or 1556 (sources conflict).[225]
- In South America: 63 deaths, San Justo, Santa Fe, Argentina, 10 January 1973.[226]
- In Australia: Three deaths, Kin Kin, Queensland tornado, 14 August 1971.[227]
Outbreaks
- Largest and most severe: The 2011 Super Outbreak: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span of 24 hours, with a total of 337 occurring throughout the duration of the outbreak. They affected six US states, and included 11 EF4s and 4 EF5s.[228]
Tropical cyclones
Most intense (by minimum surface air pressure)
- Most intense ever recorded: 870 hPa (25.69 inHg); eye of Super Typhoon Tip over the northwest Pacific Ocean, 12 October 1979.[147]
- Most intense in the Western Hemisphere: 872 hPa (25.75 inHg); eye of Hurricane Patricia over the eastern Pacific Ocean, 23 October 2015.[229]
- Most intense ever recorded on land: 892 hPa (26.35 inHg); Craig Key, Florida, United States, eye of the Labor Day Hurricane, 2 September 1935. While other landfalling tropical cyclones potentially had lower pressures, data is vague from areas other than the Atlantic basin, especially before the invention of weather satellites.[230]
- Most intense landfall (estimated): 884 hPa (26.10 inHg); Rakiraki District, Viti Levu, Fiji, during Cyclone Winston, 20 February 2016. Although no official land pressure readings were recorded at the landfall site, it is estimated the Winston made landfall with the aforementioned pressure.[231]
Most precipitation
- Most precipitation from a single tropical storm: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.
Other severe weather
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hailstone.jpg/220px-Hailstone.jpg)
Hail
- Heaviest officially recorded: 1.02 kg (2.25 lb); Gopalganj District, Bangladesh, 14 April 1986.[232]
- Largest diameter officially measured: 20 cm (8.0 in) diameter, 47.3 cm (18.625 in) circumference; Vivian, South Dakota, 23 July 2010.[233]
- Largest circumference officially measured: 47.6 cm (18.75 in) circumference, 17.8 cm (7.0 in) diameter; Aurora, Nebraska, 22 June 2003.[232][234]
Lightning
- Longest lightning bolt: 321 km (199 mi) on 20 June 2007 in Oklahoma.[235][236]
- Longest duration for a single lightning flash: 7.74 seconds on 30 August 2012 in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France.[235][236]
- Most strikes per year: Catatumbo lightning in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela earned the top spot receiving an average rate of about 233 flashes per square kilometer per year.[237][238]
Ultraviolet index
- Highest ultraviolet index measured: On 29 December 2003, a UV index of 43.3 was detected at Chile/Bolivia's Licancabur volcano.[239]
Other categories
- Highest air pressure ever recorded [above 750 meters (2,461 feet)]: 1,084.8 hPa (32.03 inHg); Tosontsengel, Khövsgöl Province, Mongolia, 19 December 2001.[240] This is the equivalent sea-level pressure; Tosontsengel is located at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) above sea level. The highest adjusted-to-sea-level barometric pressure ever recorded (below 750 meters) was at Agata, Evenhiyskiy, Russia (66°53’N, 93°28’E, elevation: 261 m (856.3 ft)) on 31 December 1968 of 1,083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).[241] The discrimination is due to the problematic assumptions (assuming a standard lapse rate) associated with reduction of sea level from high elevations.[240][241]
See also
- 2013 extreme weather events
- Extremes on Earth
- List of extreme temperatures in Canada
- U.S. state temperature extremes
- United Kingdom weather records
- Weather extremes in Canada
Notes
- ^ According to Christopher Burt, Africa's hottest reliably measured temperature is 50.7°C (123.3°F) at Semara, Western Sahara on 13 July 1961.[19] This value has been surpassed on 5 July 2018 when 51.3 °C (124.3 °F) was recorded at Ouargla, Algeria on 5 July 2018.[20]
- ^ The validity of this record is questioned.[15]
- ^ The temperature has been reported as 54C, however this has been showed to be an error.[15]
- ^ According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is currently under investigation.[46]
- ^ The Pakistan Meteorological Department later rounded the temperature on 28 May 2017 in Turbat to 54.0°C, which would be an Asian record shared with Kuwait as well as the highest reliably measured temperature on earth.[56]
- ^ According to Christopher Burt, Europe's hottest reliably measured temperature is 48.5°C (119.3°F) at Catenanuova, on Sicily, Italy on 10 August 1999.[19]
- ^ A temperature of 48.7 °C has also been measured on the same day in Tatoi, however it is not considered to be the official temperature record for Greece.[85]
- ^ A disputed record temperature of 48.5 °C (119.3 °F) was measured on 10 August 1999 in Catenanuova, Sicily.[91] Christopher Burt considered this measurement reliable in 2016.[19]
- ^ Record measured on German territory at that time: Proskau, Landkreis Oppeln, Oberschlesien (now Prószków, Opole Voivodeship). The record in Poland proper at that time was attained on the same day by the village of Zbiersk at 40.0 °C.[103]
- ^ a b According to Christopher Burt, North America's hottest reliably measured temperature is 54.0°C (129.2°F) at Furnace Creek, United States on June 30, 2013.[19]
- ^ On 16 January 1889, a temperature of 53 °C (128 °F) was recorded at Cloncurry, Queensland. It was measured with a non-standard thermometer, so it is unknown if this reading was valid or not.[133] The reading is not recognised by Australia's Bureau of Meteorology.[134]
- ^ According to Christopher Burt, South America's hottest reliably measured temperature is 47.3°C (117.1°F) at Campo Gallo, Argentina on 16 October 1936.[19]
- ^ Temperature reached on multiple occasions; this is the most recent.
- ^ This record is disputed because of the forest fires that occurred around the town of Quillón. It is highly probable those fires have influenced this record.
- ^ This temperature is considered the lowest ever officially recorded in Antarctica and in the World, as it was perceived by ground-positioned thermometers in 1983. Satellite analyses made on 10 August 2010 pointed to a temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) near Dome F in Queen Maud Land, but this record is not officially listed because it was measured by remote sensing methods that are not totally consistent, unlike the 1983 temperature. See Lowest temperature recorded on Earth for details.
- ^ It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures in Mt. Pulag in the Philippines which is 2,922 meters above sea level plunges as low as 2 °C (35.6 °F). PAGASA cannot verify[175]
- ^ The lowest unofficially measured temperature in Slovenia was recorded at Komna on 9 January 2009 and reached −49 °C (−56 °F).
References
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization: Global Weather & Climate Extremes". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
- ^ a b c Mildrexler, David J.; Zhao, Maosheng; Running, Steven W. "Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2011: 855–860. Bibcode:2011BAMS...92..855M. doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1.
- ^ a b Kubecka, Paul (2001). "A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature". Weather. 56 (7): 218–221. Bibcode:2001Wthr...56..218K. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x.
- ^ Table 9.2, p. 158, Dryland Climatology, Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 1139500244.
- ^ Garratt, J. R. (1992). "Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures". Journal of Applied Meteorology. 31 (9): 1096–1105. Bibcode:1992JApMe..31.1096G. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite Archived 14 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.
- ^ The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, American Geophysical Union fall meeting, 9 December 2013.
- ^ a b "World: Highest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ Fadli, Khalid; Cerveny, Randall; Burt, Christopher; Eden, Philip; Parker, David; Brunet, Manola; Peterson, Thomas. "World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (2): 199–204. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..199E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ "Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 92: 855–860. July 2011. Bibcode:2011BAMS...92..855M. doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ^ Weather Extremes Archived 25 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Weather Underground – Retrieved 14 September 2012.
- ^ Burt, Christopher C (2004). Extreme Weather. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 36. ISBN 0-393-32658-6. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
- ^ a b "Doubts Cloud Death Valley's 100-year Heat Record". Retrieved 30 December 2013.
- ^ Burt, Christopher C. (22 July 2016). "Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Burt, Christopher C. "Hottest air temperatures reported on Earth". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Burt, Christopher C. "Summary of Southwest Heat Event through July 2nd". Weather Underground. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
- ^ Masters, Jeff (22 July 2016). "Eastern Hemisphere's All-Time Temperature Record: Kuwait Fries in 54°C (129.2°F) Heat". Weather Underground, Jeff Masters. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Temperatures in Iranian city of Ahvaz hit 129.2F (54C), near hottest on Earth in modern measurements". independent.com. 30 June 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Burt, Christopher C. (19 August 2016). "Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth: PART TWO". Weather Underground. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
- ^ a b Watts, Jonathan (13 July 2018). "Heatwave sees record high temperatures around world this week". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
- ^ a b "Seconde Communication Nationale de L'Algerie Sur Les Changements Climatiques a la CCNUCC" (PDF) (in French). Ministere de L'Amenagement du Territoire et de L'Environnement. 2010. p. 27. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ "Botswana: Heat Wave Breaks Maximum Temperature Records".
- ^ a b "Programme D'Action National D'Adaptation a la Variabilite et aux Changements Climatiques (Pana du Burkina Faso)" (PDF) (in French). Ministere de L'Environnnement et du Cadre de Vie. p. 11. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Masters, Jeff (7 August 2010). "Bolivia ties its all-time heat record". Weather Underground. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Masters, Jeff (18 January 2018). "NOAA: Earth Had Its Third Warmest Year on Record in 2017". Wunderground. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
- ^ a b "Troisieme Communication Nationale A La Conference Des Parties De La Conventioncadre Des Nations Unies Sur Les Changements Climatiques" (PDF). Republique de Niger. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
- ^ "What are the temperature, rainfall and wind extremes in SA?". South African Weather Service. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
- ^ a b "Groundwater Resources of Swaziland" (PDF). Swaziland Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Use and Energy. December 1992. p. 6. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ^ Khalid Ibrahim El Fadli; Randall S. Cerveny; Christopher C. Burt; Philip Eden; David Parker; Manola Brunet; Thomas C. Peterson; Gianpaolo Mordacchini; Vinicio Pelino; Pierre Bessemoulin; José Luis Stella; Fatima Driouech; M.M Abdel wahab; Matthew B. Pace (2012). "World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94: 199–204. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..199E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
- ^ "WMO Region VII (Antarctica): Highest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
- ^ Mccarthy, Tom (31 March 2015). "Antarctica records unprecedented high temperatures in two new readings". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ^ "WMO Region VII (Antarctica mainland & adjoining islands): Highest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
- ^ "WMO Region VII (Antarctica plateau>2500m): Highest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
- ^ "Heat wave: South Pole hits record high temperature on Christmas Day". United States Antarctic Program. 29 December 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
- ^ a b inc, Ibp (1 September 2013). Afghanistan Constitution and Citizenship Law Handboook – Strategic Information and Basic Laws. Int'l Business Publications. ISBN 9781438778358.
{{cite book}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - ^ a b "Republic of Armenia Third National Communication on Climate Change" (PDF). Ministry of Nature Protection. 2015. p. 3. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ "Hottest Day on Record – 43.7 Celsius". Hetq Online. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ a b Mahmudov, Rza. "Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic". Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
- ^ "Bangladesh records highest temperature 42.2 degree Celsius in last 14 years". Asian Tribune. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^ Passang Norbu (14 June 2013). "The heat has got into the Himalayas". Kuensel. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d "Exceptional Heat Wave 2016". Meteo France. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ^ "50.5℃!全国最高气温问世 未来或将再创新纪录". baijiahao.baidu.com.
- ^ "Indian summer makes history, Phalodi in Rajasthan boils at 51°C". Skymet Weather.
- ^ "Indonesia ties all-time national heat record". Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Samenow, Jason (22 July 2016). "Two Middle East locations hit 129 degrees, hottest ever in Eastern Hemisphere, maybe the world". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
- ^ a b c Tapper, James (23 July 2016). "Think you're hot? Spare a thought for Kuwait, as mercury hits record 54C". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ^ "Climate Extremes in Israel". Israel Meteorological Service. 21 June 1942. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
- ^ a b "former National Rankings". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
- ^ a b "القيم المتطرفة" (in Arabic). Jordanian Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
- ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b "General Climate Information". Malaysia Meteorological Department. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
- ^ a b "Mongolia: Assessment Report on Climate Change 2009" (PDF). Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism, Mongolia. September 2009. pp. 36–37. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Myint, Yee (2 May 2016). "Heat takes its toll". Myanmar Times. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Soe, Kyaw (25 February 2016). "Warnings of strong El Niño through June". Myanmar Times. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ a b "Nepal". Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Jeff Masters, Historic Heat Wave Sweeps Asia, the Middle East and Europe, June 6, 2017
- ^ "WMO Statement on the Status of the Global Climate in 2010" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. p. 8. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ^ "Record breaking heat in Pakistan: Highest maximum temperature was recorded 53.5°C in MohenjuDaro and 53 in Sibbi. Extreme heat likely to subside from Thursday evening". Pakistan Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 12 September 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
- ^ a b "Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). Government of the Philippines. 29 December 2014. p. 6. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
- ^ "Wunder Blog". Weather Underground. 19 July 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
- ^ "saudigazette". Archived from the original on 30 September 2015.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Historical Extremes". Meteorological Service Singapore. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ "한반도 폭염 신기원…서울 39.6도·홍천 41.0도". news1. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
- ^ "Initial National Communication of the Syrian Arab Republic" (PDF). Ministry of state for Environmental Affairs. April 2010. pp. 18–20. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
- ^ "Temperature hits 38.7℃, breaks 82-year-old record". Taipei Times. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
- ^ a b "Türkiye'de ve Dünyada Kaydedilen En Düşük ve En Yüksek Değerler". Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
- ^ a b "Third National Communication of Turkmenistan Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan. 2015. pp. 12–13. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
- ^ "Report on implementation of the UNCCD in Turkmenistan". Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan. 2000. p. 7. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
- ^ Ponce de Leon, Janice (11 August 2016). "Debunking weather myths in the UAE". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
- ^ Croucher, Martin (12 July 2013). "UAE weather: Temperature soars to near record level". The National. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
- ^ a b c d Masters, Jeff (27 January 2016). "Sixteen National/Territorial All-Time Extreme Heat Records Set in 2015". Wunderground. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
- ^ "Viet Nam Assessment Report on Climate Change (VARCC)" (PDF). Institute of Strategy and Policy on Natural Resources and Environment. p. 31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
- ^ "Neuer Hitze-Rekord: 40,5°C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg". ZAMG. 9 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "Quelles furent les records de température enregistrés durant le 20e siècle en Belgique?" (in French). Institut Royal Météorologique. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
- ^ "Mois après mois, ce que l'on peut attendre du climat belge". Evènements marquants depuis 1901 (in French). Institut Royal Météorologique. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
- ^ "Federal Hydrometeorological Institute". Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ^ a b "Bulgaria Second National Communication" (PDF). Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ "Croatia Sixth National Communication" (PDF). Retrieved 19 July 2016.
- ^ a b "Česká republika – Česká nej". atlasceska.cz. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ a b "Vejrekstremer i Danmark" (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ^ a b "Weather records". Estonian Weather Services. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
- ^ a b "Lämpötilaennätyksiä" (in Finnish). Finnish Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
- ^ http://www.meteo.fr/meteonet/temps/france/clim/prod/tmd/dept30/TMD300803.pdf
- ^ "Wetterrekorde – Lufttemperatur". DWD. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
- ^ a b http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/1468-rekor-thermokrasias
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Global Weather & Climate Extremes". World Meteorological Organisation. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
- ^ a b "Website of the Hungarian Meteorological Service". Met.hu. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
- ^ a b Einarsson, Markús. Climate of Iceland pg 683. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
- ^ Heat Wave Hits Iceland, New Records Set Iceland Review 31 July 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
- ^ a b "Temperature – Climate – Met Éireann – The Irish Meteorological Service Online". Met.ie. 2 January 1979. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b "BATTUTI I RECORD DI CALDO: Italia del Sud nella fornace africana, punte di +47 °C" (in Italian). Meteogiornale. 25 June 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ "Il record italiano di caldo: +48.5 °C" (in Italian). CentroMeteoToscana. 7 July 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ a b LVGMC Twitter account. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2014. Template:Lv icon
- ^ a b "(Meteorologiniai rekordai Lietuvoje)" (in Lithuanian). Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
- ^ "Second National Communication on Climate Change" (PDF). Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning. December 2008. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ "Climate in DEMIR KAPIJA in July 2007 – Historical weather records". Tutiempo.net. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
- ^ a b "The Second Communication of Malta to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Xhange" (PDF). Ministry of Resources and Rural Affairs. May 2010. pp. 40–41. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
- ^ a b Galdies, Charles (2011). "The Climate of Malta: statistics, trends, and analysis 1951–2010" (PDF). National Statistics Office. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
- ^ a b "Recorduri meteorologice în Republica Moldova" (in Romanian). Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
- ^ Masters, Jeff. "2012: Earth's 10th warmest year on record, and warmest with a La Niña". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Dagrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland – De top 10 van De Bilt op 1 Januari". weergegevens.nl.
- ^ a b "Klima". met.no. Archived from the original on 29 November 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Super User. "Pogoda i Klimat".
{{cite web}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - ^ a b "Zakład Klimatologii – Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków". Klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Extremes Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IPMA
- ^ THERMAL EXTREMES Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie
- ^ "Погода и Климат – В России установлен новый абсолютный температурный максимум". Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
- ^ a b "TEMPERATURE REGIME IN SERBIA, Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia". Hidmet.gov.rs. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
- ^ a b "Historial Extremes: Review of historical extremes (extreme values) of selected meteorological elements at the territory of Slovak republic". Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
- ^ "V Cerkljah ob Krki namerili rekordnih 40,8 stopinje Celzija" (in Slovenian). 24ur.com. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
- ^ {{cite web |last1=Benayas |first1=Victoria |url=https://https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&ymd=2005-02-23&t=1783 |title=Highest Temperature Ever Recorded in Europe |publisher=Great Falls Tribune}
- ^ a b "Svenska temperaturrekord". Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
- ^ a b "Records Suisse". MeteoSwiss. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ^ a b "Кліматичні рекорди" (in Ukrainian). Central Observatory for Geophysics. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g "UK climate – Extremes". Met Office. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
- ^ http://www.islandfm.com/hottest-july-day-ever/
- ^ "Scotland 'breaks temperature record'". BBC News. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
- ^ a b "Our Climate". Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- ^ a b "Normal Daily Temperature: TEMPERATURE AT V.C. Bird International Airport". Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g Cite error: The named reference
JeffMasters2016records
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Top Weather Events of the 20th Century". Environment Canada. May 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
- ^ a b "Principales indicadores del clima, año 2015" (PDF). Panorama Ambiental. Cuba 2015 (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- ^ Mejía, Mariela (7 January 2011). "Frío extremo, calor agobiante" (in Spanish). Diario Libre. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
- ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/06/10/greenland-witnessed-its-highest-june-temperature-ever-recorded-on-thursday/
- ^ http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm
- ^ https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/
- ^ a b "Datos metorologicos de los departamentos" (in Spanish). INSIVUMEH. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
- ^ a b "Extreme Temperatures". Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- ^ Christopher Burt. "Early Summer Heat Broils Northern Hemisphere". Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ O.R.García Cueto et al. (2013) Extreme temperature scenarios in Mexicali, Mexico under climate change conditions, Atmósfera 26:4, pp. 509-520
- ^ a b c d e "All Time Extremes for PR and VI". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
- ^ World: Highest Temperature Archived 4 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
- ^ a b c d Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
- ^ a b c "Australian Temperature Extremes" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. 1 April 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
- ^ "50.5 °C – W.A.'s Highest Ever Temperature". Bureau of Meteorology. 20 February 1998. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ "Carl Walrond. 'Natural environment', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 25-Sep-2007". Teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ Masters, Jeff (18 April 2018). "March 2018: Earth's 5th Warmest March on Record". Wunderground. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
- ^ a b "Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Samoa Agriculture Competitiveness Enhancement Project" (PDF). World Bank. 2 December 2011. p. 53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
- ^ "Continental Weather & Climate Extremes: Based on World Meteorological Organization Defined Regions". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
- ^ The record of 49.1 °C (120.4 °F) in Villa de María, Córdoba Province, Argentina, on 2 January 1920, is disputed and considered dubious"Servicio Meteorólogico Nacional (Argentina)". Retrieved 31 March 2014.
- ^ "Piauí tem a temperatura mais alta em 96 anos". 26 November 2005.
- ^ "En Bío Bío se registró temperatura máxima de la historia de Chile" (in Spanish). Biobiochile.cl. 27 January 2017. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Quillón tuvo hoy la temperatura más alta de la historia de Chile: 44.9 grados a la sombra". The Clinic. 26 January 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
- ^ "Informe Técnico Diario N°364". IDEAM. 30 December 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
- ^ a b "Clima del Uruguay" (in Spanish). Red Académica Uruguaya. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
- ^ a b "Boletín meteorológico" [Meteorologic records of Uruguay] (in Spanish). Dirección Nacional de Meteorología. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Lyons, Walter A (1997). The Handy Weather Answer Book (2nd ed.). Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink press. ISBN 0-7876-1034-8.
- ^ "Marble Bar heatwave, 1923–1924". Australian Climate Extremes. Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". NOAA. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
- ^ "Weather and Climate Death Valley National Park" (PDF). U.S. National Park Service. July 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
- ^ Jeff Masters (15 August 2012). "Hottest rain on record? Rain falls at 115°F".
- ^ Masters, Jeff (21 June 2017). "A World Record Low Humidity? 116°F With a 0.36% Humidity in Iran". Wunderground. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
- ^ "July Daily Normals And Records" (PDF). The Death Valley Climate Book. National Weather Service. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- ^ Burt, Christopher (13 July 2018). "Heat Records Falling Around the World in 2018". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
- ^ Ian, Livingston. "Death Valley Sets New Global Record for Hottest Single Month". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ Fritz, Angela (7 August 2017). "Death Valley just experienced the hottest month ever recorded on Earth". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ Iranian city soars to record 129 degrees: Near hottest on Earth in modern measurements
- ^ "Lesotho – National report on climate change" (PDF). Ministry of Natural Resources. April 2000. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
- ^ "WMO Region I (Africa): Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
- ^ "New minimum temperature record for South Africa". Retrieved 12 June 2014.
- ^ "Sudan". Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Budretsky, A.B. (1984). "New absolute minimum of air temperature". Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (in Russian) (105). Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat.
- ^ Web Team (5 September 2005). "Australian Antarctic Division". Aad.gov.au. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ "Office of Polar Programs". Nsf.gov. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ "Cold claims 8 more". Retrieved 8 January 2018.
- ^ https://www.unpopularscience.co.uk/extreme-cold-in-china/
- ^ 多雨極寒的一月. 5 February 2016 – via YouTube.
- ^ De, U.; Dube, R.; Rao, G. (2005). "Extreme Weather Events over India in the last 100 years" (PDF). Journal of Indian Geophysical Union. 3 (3): 173–187. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
- ^ "رکورد گرمترین و سردترین نقطه ایران مربوط به کی و کجاست؟ / ثبت دمای بالای 71 درجه تا 46 درجه زیر صفر".
- ^ Judah Ari Gross, "Golan sees record low temperatures during storm", The Times of Israel, 12 January 2015.
- ^ "Climate of Maldives". Maldives Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ^ Cho, Myo. "High of 40C, low of 13C in Yangon for 2003". Government of Myanmar. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ 선종일 (1 August 1942). "Korean Climate". User.chollian.net. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Luces, Kim (31 January 2014). "'Abnormally cold' temperatures recorded in January". GMA News. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
However, these are nothing compared to the all-time lowest temperature ever felt in Baguio City and in the Philippines – the 6.3-degree cold felt on January 18, 1961.
- ^ Yap, DJ (25 January 2013). "Zero in Mt. Pulag? Pagasa clueless". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
- ^ "Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
- ^ "Second National Communication" (PDF). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. p. 2. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
kma
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "أبرد شتاء مر على سوريا منذ عام 1950 !". طقس سوريا – طقس العرب.
- ^ "The Climate". Yushan National Park. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
- ^ "The Climate of Thailand" (PDF). Thai Meteorological Department. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ "Vì sao miền Bắc lạnh bất thường?" (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
- ^ http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf
- ^ Baglasov Andrey; Belov Alexandr; Sinitsa Valentina; Bychenkov Alexandr. "Department of Hydrometeorology". Pogoda.by. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ "KMI (Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute) site". Kmi.be. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ "Interview with the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute of BiH". Klix.ba. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
- ^ "Apsolutno najniža temperatura zraka u Hrvatskoj" (in Croatian). Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
- ^ "Lowest temperatures – list of records for every European country". Retrieved 1 July 2018.
- ^ "MétéoFrance". Comprendre.meteofrance.com. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ Andreas Wagner (August 2009). "Wetterextreme (Temperaturspanne von bis zu 146,5°C)". MeteoGroup. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
- ^ "Record di freddo in Italia: -49.6°C sulle Pale di San Martino".
- ^ "Климатски екстреми" (in Macedonian). Hydrometeorological Service. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
- ^ "Terras da Beira – "Reveillon" português sem chuva, mas a bater o dente de frio" (in Portuguese). 27 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ infoTURIST (25 January 1942). "Romania". Infoturist.ro. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ "Slovenski vremenski rekordi" (PDF) (in Slovenian). Slovenian Environment Agency. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Resumen de extremos climatológicos en España" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
- ^ "Погодные рекорды Украины | Новости Украины | СЕГОДНЯ". Segodnya.ua. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ "WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Caymanclimate
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "III Congreso Cubano de Meteorología" [Third Cuban Congress of Meteorology] (PDF) (in Spanish). ACQ & Asociados. p. 36. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
Desde el punto de vista sinóptico, se realizó un estudio del día 18 de febrero de 1996, cuando se registraron temperaturas notablemente frías en la región occidental, y muy frías en el resto del país. Ese día, en la estación meteorológica de Bainoa se registró el record nacional de 0.6°C.
- ^ Cassá Bernaldo de Quirós, Constancio (July 2012). "Valle Nuevo: su historia y naturaleza" (PDF). Clío (in Spanish) (184). Academia Dominicana de la Historia: 222. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "WMO Region VI (Europe): Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
- ^ "National Climate Extremes Committee: Existing Records". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
- ^ "State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC): Records by State". National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ^ "Top Ten Montana Weather Events of the 20th Century". National Weather Service Unveils Montana's Top Ten Weather/Water/Climate Events of the 20th Century. National Weather Service. Retrieved 9 March 2007.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Global Weather & Climate Extremes Archive". Arizona State University. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ^ "História de Caçador" [Quarta-feira pode ter recorde de temperatura mínima neste ano em Santa Catarina] (in Portuguese). A Notícia. 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
Caçador has the lowest recorded temperature, officially, in Brazil, of −14 °C in 1952. Another record, unofficial, of −17.8 °C in 1996-06-29, at the summit of Morro da Igreja, Urubici, also in Santa Catarina, would give the record to this locality.
- ^ "Recordes de Frio em SC". Retrieved 17 October 2014.
- ^ "Bajas temperaturas ponen en alerta a sector agrícola en Aysén" (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 August 2017.
- ^ Template:Es icon Con 1,2 grados bajo cero en Asunción, la ola polar llegó para quedarse Archived 2 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, La Nación. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
- ^ Programa de Capacitación Para la Estimación del Riesgo Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Biblioteca Virtual en Prevención y Atención de Desastres (BVPAD). Retrieved 30 August 2009.
- ^ "New record for New Zealand's coldest day". TVNZ. 12 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ "*Impressive cold in Greenland and near record accumulations of snow and ice". vencore weather. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
- ^ Christopher C. Burt. "Time to Update World's Driest and Wettest Locations?". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Service Hydrologique de 1'O.R.S.T.O.M: Intensité extraordinaire de la précipitation du 26 novembre 1970 dans la région des Grands-Fonds de Guadeloupe" (PDF). Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- ^ Christopher Burt, New Wettest Place on Earth Discovered?, March 18, 2013
- ^ Steve Almasy; CNN (10 March 2015). "100 inches of snow in 24 hours for Capracotta, Italy". CNN.
{{cite web}}
:|author2=
has generic name (help) - ^ a b Burt, Christopher (2004), Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book, W.W. Norton & Co., p. 77, ISBN 0-393-32658-6
- ^ Frank H. Forrester, 1001 Questions Answered about the Weather (ISBN 0486242188), page 235: "The greatest amount of snowfall for a calendar month occurred at Tamarack, California, in January, 1911—390 inches."
- ^ "News". The Weather Channel. 10 February 2015.
- ^ Center for Severe Weather Research (2006). "Doppler On Wheels". Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second)". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ a b "Info note No.58 — World Record Wind Gust: 408 km/h". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ "Tornadoes in Bangladesh". Tornadoproject.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Research: Tornado Extremes". TORRO. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ " "A 39 años del tornado en San Justo, el único F5 en toda Sudamérica y Latinoamérica". Uno Santa Fe. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
- ^ National Climate Centre. "Australian Climate Extremes-Storm". BOM. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
- ^ World: Largest tornado Outbreak Archived 26 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine at the World Meteorological Organization website
- ^ "Catastrophic Landfall Expected in Mexico Friday; Patricia Becomes Strongest Hurricane Ever Recorded". weather.com. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
- ^ American Meteorological Society, Journal of Climate, August 15, 2014, A Reanalysis of the 1931–43 Atlantic Hurricane Database, Landsea et al., pg. 6114
- ^ Diamond, Howard (5 July 2017). "Southwest Pacific Enhanced Archive for Tropical Cyclones (SPEArTC)". Retrieved 6 July 2017.
- ^ a b "Appendix I – Weather Extremes" (PDF). San Diego, California: National Weather Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ NWS (30 July 2010). "Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July 23, 2010". Aberdeen, South Dakota: National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found". National Geographic. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b Lang, Timothy; Pédeboy, Stéphane; Rison, William; Cerveny, Randall; Montanyà, Joan; Chauzy, Serge; MacGorman, Donald; Holle, Ronald (September 2016). "WMO World Record Lightning Extremes: Longest Reported Flash Distance and Longest Reported Flash Duration". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 98 (6): 1153. Bibcode:2017BAMS...98.1153L. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0061.1.
- ^ a b "WMO rules on longest distance and longest duration lightning flashes". World Meteorological Organization. 16 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
- ^ "NASA – Earth's New Lightning Capital Revealed". Nasa.gov. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
- ^ Albrecht, Rachel; Goodman, Steven; Buechler, Dennis; Blakeslee, Richard; Christian, Hugh (December 2016). "Where are the lightning hotspots on Earth?". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 97 (11): 2051. Bibcode:2016BAMS...97.2051A. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1.
- ^ "Blazing World Record: Strongest UV Rays Measured in South America". LiveScience.com.
- ^ a b "World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters". Arizona State University. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 meters". Arizona State University. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help)
External links
- National Climate Extremes Committee
- Global Weather & Climate Extremes (Arizona State University)