List of criminal enterprises, gangs, and syndicates
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This is a listing of enterprises, gangs, and syndicates that are involved in organized crime. Tongs and outlaw motorcycle gangs, as well as terrorist, militant, and paramilitary groups are mentioned if they are involved in criminal activity for funding. However, since their stated aim and genesis is often ideological rather than commercial, they are distinct from mafia-type groups.
In several drug-producing or transit countries, drug traffickers have taken advantage of local corruption and lack of law enforcement to establish cartels turning in millions if not billions of dollars each year. Sometimes if government enforcement is particularly poor, the cartels become quasi-paramilitary organizations.
- Dominican drug cartels[1]
- Bolivian drug cartels (See also García Meza regime drug trafficking)
- Nicaraguan drug cartels (see also Contras)
- Peruvian drug cartels (see also Shining Path and Vladimiro Montesinos)
- Honduran drug cartels
- Venezuelan drug cartels (see also Colectivos)
Active
- Medellín Cartel[4][5][6][7][8][9] (See also Muerte a Secuestradores)
- Cali Cartel[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] (see also Los Pepes)
- Norte del Valle Cartel[5][6][8]
- North Coast Cartel[8]
- Leticia Cartel
- Los Rastrojos
- New Generation
- Los Nevados
- Los Machos
- Popular Revolutionary Antiterrorist Army of Colombia
- Bloque Meta[11]
- Libertadores del Vichada[12]
- Black Eagles
- Sinaloa Cartel[6][8][13][14]
- Milenio Cartel (defunct)
- Colima Cartel[14] (defunct)
- Artistas Asesinos (defunct)
- Gente Nueva
- Jalisco New Generation Cartel
- Los Ántrax
- Gulf Cartel[4][6][8][13]
- Los Zetas[13]
- Guatemala branch (defunct)
- Knights Templar Cartel
- La Familia Michoacana[13] (defunct)
- La Resistencia (defunct)
- Juárez Cartel[4][6][8][13] (disbanded)
- Tijuana Cartel[4][6][13] (disbanded)
- Oaxaca Cartel (defunct)
- Los Santos street gang
- Guadalajara Cartel[4][6][13] (defunct)
- Sonora Cartel[4][6] (defunct)
- Beltrán-Leyva Cartel[13][14] (defunct)
- Los Negros[13] (defunct)
- Los Pelones (defunct)
- Los Mazatlecos (still active)
- Guerreros Unidos (still active)
- South Pacific Cartel (defunct)
- Independent Cartel of Acapulco (defunct)
- La Barredora (defunct)
- Los Narcosatánicos (defunct)
Asia
- Golden Triangle[4][6][7][8][15]
- Burmese drug cartels(see also Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army)
- Khun Sa cartel[6][8] (see also Mong Tai Army)
- Red Wa Cartel (see also United Wa State Army and National Democratic Alliance Army)
- Hawngleuk Militia
- Han cartel
- Laotian drug cartels (see also Ouane Rattikone)
- Burmese drug cartels(see also Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army)
- Golden Crescent[4][8]
North American organized crime
Canada
- Rivard organization
- Red Scorpions
- Bacon Brothers
- West End Gang[6][9]
- Dubois Brothers
- Indo-Canadian organized crime
- Punjabi Mafia जोहल गिरोह (Canada)[9]
- Canadian mafia families
United States
- National Crime Syndicate[6][18]
- Prohibition-era gangs
- Polish Mob
- Dixie Mafia[18]
- Wall gang
- Greek-American organized crime
- Hispanic-American
- Assyrian/Chaldean mafia[10]
- Hawaii
- Los Angeles (See also Rampart scandal)
- Elkins mob
- Binion mob
Italian immigrants to the United States in the early 20th century formed various small-time gangs which gradually evolved into sophisticated crime syndicates which dominated organized crime in America for several decades. Although government crackdowns and a less-tightly knit Italian-American community have largely reduced their power, they remain an active force in the underworld
Active
- The Commission[17]
- The Five Families of New York City[4][6][17]
- Magaddino crime family[6][17]
- DeCavalcante crime family[6][17][28]
- The Chicago Outfit[4][6][10][17][23] (see also Unione Siciliane)
- Las Vegas crew (defunct)
- Philadelphia crime family[6][9][17][28]
- Pittsburgh crime family[17][18]
- Patriarca crime family[17]
- Cleveland crime family[17][23]
- Los Angeles crime family[17]
- Kansas City crime family[17]
- Trafficante crime family[17]
- Detroit Partnership[17][18][23]
- Milwaukee crime family[17]
- New Orleans crime family[6][17][18]
Defunct
- Morello crime family[6][17]
- Genna crime family[17]
- Porrello crime family[17]
- St. Louis crime family[17]
- Rochester Crime Family[17]
- Bufalino crime family[17]
- Dallas crime family[17]
- Denver crime family[17]
- San Francisco crime family[17]
- San Jose crime family[17]
- Seattle crime family
- Omaha crime family
- Licavoli Mob[6][17]
- Cardinelli gang
- New York Camorra
- East Harlem Purple Gang[30]
- New York City
- Boston
- Los Angeles
- Cohen crime family (mix between Jewish and Italian members)[17][18][19]
- The Purple Gang[6][19][23]
- Zwillman gang[19]
- Kid Cann's gang[19]
- Birger mob[20]
- Cleveland Syndicate
Certain members of the Black Panther Party, particularly the Oakland chapter, also engaged in criminal activities such as drug dealing and extortion.[34]
- New York City
- The Family
- Detroit
- Philadelphia
- Oakland, California
- Baltimore
- Washington, D.C.
- Rayful Edmond organization[35]
- Chicago
- Theodore Roe's gambling ring
- Stokes organization
- Atlantic City
- Miami
- Rosemond Organization
- Prohibition-era Chicago gangs
- Boston
- Danny Hogan's gang
- Danny Walsh gang
- Tom Dennison empire
- Nucky Johnson's Organization
- Danny Greene's Celtic Club[6][38]
- K&A Gang
- New York
European organized crime
- Organized crime in Sweden
- Dutch 'Penose'
- French Milieu (See also Service d'Action Civique)
- Greece
- Ireland (See also Irish Republican Army)
- Spain (see also ETA)
- Poland (See also Group 13)
- Slovak mafia
- Romani clans
- Czech Republic
- The Belgian Milieu
Organized crime in Italy, especially the south, has existed for hundreds of years and has given rise to a number of notorious organizations with their own traditions and subculture which have managed to infiltrate almost every part of Italian society.[44] The Italian mafia is often thought of as being the archetype for organized crime worldwide.
- 'Ndrangheta[4][6][44]
- Camorra[4][6][10][44]
- Sacra Corona Unita[4][5][6][44]
- Stidda[6]
- Mala del Brenta[44]
- Basilischi
- Rome
- Milanese gangs
Balkan organized crime
Balkan organized crime gained prominence in the chaos following the communist era, notably the transition to capitalism and the wars in former Yugoslavia.
- Albanian mafia[4][5][44]
- Kosovan mafia(see also Kosovo Liberation Army)
- Albania
- Gang of Çole
- Gang of Gaxhai
- Gang of Pusi i Mezinit
- Lazarat marijuana growers
- Rudaj Organization[52] (New York City)
- Gang of Ismail Lika
- Dobroshi gang[53] (International)
- Naserligan[39] (Sweden)
- K-Falangen (Sweden)
- Bosnian mafia[4]
- Bulgarian mafia[5][6] (see also Multigroup)
- Serbian mafia[4][5]
- Montenegrin mafia[4][5] (see also allegations of Milo Đukanović's involvement in cigarette smuggling)
- Macedonian mafia
- Frankfurt mafia
- Bajrush klan
- Nezim klan'
- Romanian mafia
- Băhăian organisation
- Clanu Camataru
- Clanu Coordunenilor
- Clanu Rosianu
- Craiova Underground Killers Gang
- Croatian organized crime (see also Croatian National Resistance, involved in racketeering in the United States during the Cold War)
Post-Soviet organized crime
Although organized crime existed in the Soviet era, the gangs really gained in power and international reach during the transition to capitalism. The term Russian Mafia, 'mafiya' or mob is a blanket (and somewhat inaccurate) term for the various organized crime groups that emerged in this period from the 15 former republics of the USSR and unlike their Italian counterparts does not mean members are necessarily of Russian ethnicity or uphold any ancient criminal traditions, although this is the case for some members.
- Russian-Jewish mafia
- Brothers' Circle (Existence is debatable)
- Russian mafia (See also Lubyanka Criminal Group, Three Whales Corruption Scandal and Sergei Magnitsky)
- Ukrainian mafia (See also Ukrainian oligarchs and Oleksandr Muzychko)
- Lithuanian mafia
- Estonian mafia
- Transnistrian mafia
Caucasian crime syndicates
See also Caucasus Emirate
- Georgian mafia[56] (See also Mkhedrioni and Forest Brothers)
- Armenian mafia[59]
- Azeri mafia
- Chechen mafia[4][5][56] (See also Special Purpose Islamic Regiment and Kadyrovtsy)
Asian organized crime
East Asian criminal organizations
See also Kenji Doihara's criminal activities and Aum Shinrikyo
The yakuza of Japan are similar to the Italian mafias in that they originated centuries ago and follow a rigid set of traditions, but have several aspects that make them unique, such as their full-body tattoos and their fairly open place in Japanese society. Many yakuza groups are umbrella organizations, smaller gangs reporting to a larger crime syndicate.
Active yakuza groups
- Roku-daime Yamaguchi-gumi 六代目山口組[4][5][6][60]
- Yoshitomi Group
- Yon-daime Yamaken-gumi 四代目山健組[6][60]
- Ni-daime Kodo-kai 二代目弘道会[6]
- Ni-daime Takumi-gumi 二代目宅見組[60]
- Go-daime Kokusui-kai 五代目國粹会[60]
- Inagawa-kai 稲川会[4][6][60]
- Sumiyoshi-kai 住吉会[5][6][60]
- Sumiyoshi-ikka Shinwa-kai 住吉一家親和会
- Kansuke Juni-daime 勘助十二代目
- Sumiyoshi-ikka Shinwa-kai 住吉一家親和会
- Kobe Yamaguchi-gumi
- Matsuba-kai 松葉会[60]
- Kyokuto-kai 極東会[60]
- Dojin-kai[60] 道仁会
- Yon-daime Kudo-kai[60] 四代目工藤會
- Roku-daime Aizu-Kotetsu-kai 六代目会津小鉄会[60]
- Okinawa Kyokuryu-kai 沖縄旭琉会[60]
- Kyushu Seido-kai 九州誠道会
- Go-daime Kyosei-kai 五代目共政会[60]
- San-daime Fukuhaku-kai 三代目福博会
- Soai-kai 双愛会[60]
- Yon-daime Kyokuryu-kai 四代目旭琉会[60]
- San-daime Kyodo-kai 三代目俠道会[60]
- Taishu-kai 太州会[60]
- Shichi-daime Goda-ikka 七代目合田一家[60]
- Toa-kai 東亜会[6]
- Ni-daime Azuma-gumi 二代目東組[60]
- Yon-daime Asano-gumi 四代目浅野組[60]
- Hachi-daime Sakaume-gumi 八代目酒梅組
- Yon-daime Kozakura-ikka 四代目小桜一家[60]
- Ni-daime Shinwa-kai 二代目親和会[60]
Defunct yakuza groups
- Kantō-kai 関東会[60]
- Ni-daime Honda-kai 二代目本多会[60]
- Yamaguchi-gumi
- Goto-gumi 後藤組[60]
- Suishin-kai 水心会[61]
- Ichiwa-kai 一和会[5][60]
- San-daime Yamano-kai 三代目山野会[60]
- Nakano-kai 中野会[6][60]
- Kyokuto Sakurai-soke-rengokai 極東桜井總家連合会[60]
Triads and other Chinese criminal organizations
The Triads is a popular name for a number of Chinese criminal secret societies, which have existed in various forms over the centuries (see for example Tiandihui). However, not all Chinese gangs fall into line with these traditional groups, as many non-traditional criminal organizations have formed, both in China and the Chinese diaspora.
- Hong Kong-based Triads
- Sio Sam Ong (小三王)
- Chinese-American gangs (See also Tongs)
- Wah Ching 華青[63]
- Ping On
- Black Dragons 黑龍[64]
- Jackson Street Boys 積臣街小子[65]
- Secret societies in Singapore
- Ang Soon Tong昂很快塘
- Ghee Hin Kongsi 酥油軒懸空寺
- Hai San 海新
- Wah Kee華記
- Ah Kong 新加坡黑手黨
- Taiwan-based Triads
- Mainland Chinese crime groups (see also Hanlong Group)
- Chongqing group 重慶組
- Defunct
- Honghuzi gangs
- Green Gang 青帮
- Boshe group
- Triads in Cholon
Southeast Asian criminal organizations
- Chao pho
- Filipino crime gangs (See also Abu Sayyaf and New People's Army)
- Cambodian crime gangs
- Teng Bunma organization
- Indonesia
- Preman (See also Pancasila Youth and insurgency in Aceh)
- Malaysian crime gangs
Vietnamese Xã Hội Đen
- Bình Xuyên[68]
- Đại Cathay's mafia during the 60s
- Năm Cam's mafia of the 90s[4][6]
- Khánh Trắng's "Đồng Xuân Labor Union", a crime syndicate under the guise of a legal entity
- Dung Hà's gang
South Asian criminal organizations
- Indian mafia (See also Insurgency in Northeast India)
- Sri Lankan criminal groups (See also Tamil Tigers, Eelam People's Democratic Party and Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal)
- Pakistani mafia (See also Peoples' Aman Committee, Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Muttahida Qaumi Movement and ISI involvement with drugs)
- Mafia Raj
- Dacoit gangs
- Singh gang
- Veerappan gang
- Devi gang
Middle Eastern organized crime
- Israeli mafia[4][10][45] (see also Stern Gang)
- Abergil Crime Family משפחת אברג'יל[4][5]
- Alperon crime family אלפרון משפחת פשע[4]
- Zeev Rosenstein organization זאב רוזנשטיין הארגון[4]
- Palestinian organized crime ( See also Abu Nidal Organization)
- Doghmush clan
- Turkish mafia[4][5][71]
- Crime groups in Turkey (see also Deep state and Yüksekova Gang)
- Kurdish mafia (see also Kurdistan Workers' Party)
- Turkish organised crime in Great Britain
- Turkish organised crime in Germany
- Imac clan (Netherlands)
- Iranian organized crime (see also People's Mujahedin of Iran#Fraud and money laundering, Jundallah and illegal activities of the IRGC)
- Lebanese mafia (See also Lebanese Civil War militias)
Australian organized crime
Caribbean crime groups
- Chadee gang (Trinidad & Tobago) (see also Jamaat al Muslimeen)
- Jamaican Yardies & Posses[6][8][37][43]
- No Limit Soldiers
- Phantom death squad (Guyana)
- Zoe Pound (Haitian, see also Tonton Macoute)
African criminal organisations
*Mai-Mai militia gangs
- Cape Verdean organized crime
- Mungiki[78]
- Nigerian organized crime[4][5][8][28][37][44]
- Le Roux organization
- Moroccan hashish smugglers
Cybercrime networks
As society enters the Information Age, certain individuals take advantage of easy flow of information over the Internet to commit online fraud or similar activities. Often the hackers will form a network to better facilitate their activities. On occasion the hackers will be a part of a criminal gang involved in more 'blue collar crime', but this is unusual.
- ShadowCrew[79]
- Avalanche[79]
- DarkMarket[79]
- Legion of Doom
- Carder.su
- Tor Carding Forum
- HackBB
- Masters of Deception[79]
- Russian cybercrime
- Russian Business Network[80]
- Anton Gelonkin internet fraud group[80]
- Leo Kuvayev internet spam group[81]
- CyberVor
- Darknet markets
Drug and smuggling rings
Smuggling is a behavior that has occurred ever since there were laws or a moral code that forbade access to a specific person or object. At the core of any smuggling organization is the economic relationship between supply and demand. From the organization's point of view, the issues are what the consumer wants, and how much the consumer is willing to pay the smuggler or smuggling organization to obtain it.
- England
- Hawkhurst Gang[82] (historical)
- The Aldington Gang[82](historical)
- Organ trafficking organizations
- Gurgaon organ trafficking network
- Arms trafficking organizations
- Russian arms traffickers
- Viktor Bout's organization[5][6]
- Leonid Minin's organization
- Monzer al-Kassar's organization
- Tomislav Damnjanovic organization
- Soghanalian organization
- Russian arms traffickers
- People smuggling
- Lai Changxing organization
- Bedouin smugglers
- Subotić Tobacco mafia (alleged)
- North American drug rings
- Garza organization
- Jesse James Hollywood's drug ring
- The Brotherhood of Eternal Love[7]
- Black Tuna Gang[6][7]
- The Company[84]
- Jung organization[7]
- Mancuso organization[85]
- Chagra organization[84]
- "Freeway" Rick Ross[35]
- Ike Atkinson[29]
- Cournoyer organization
- Cowboy Mafia
- Pizza Connection[86][87]
- The Yogurt Connection[88]
- Bali Nine
- Mr Asia syndicate[75]
- The French Connection[6][7][8]
- The Couscous connection
- Valencia drug ring
- Brian Brendan Wright's drug empire[6]
- Howard Marks[89]
- Rum-running organization
- Remus organization
- Yashukichi network
- Edward Ezra's opium smuggling operation
- Tyrrell organisation
- Guinea-Bissau cocaine traffickers
Prison gangs
Prisons are a natural meeting place for criminals, and for the purposes of protection from other inmates and business prisoners join gangs. These gangs often develop a large influence outside the prison walls through their networks. Most prison gangs do more than offer simple protection for their members. Most often, prison gangs are responsible for any drug, tobacco or alcohol handling inside correctional facilities. Furthermore, many prison gangs involve themselves in prostitution, assaults, kidnappings and murders. Prison gangs often seek to intimidate the other inmates, pressuring them to relinquish their food and other resources. In addition, prison gangs often exercise a large degree of influence over organized crime in the "free world", larger than their isolation in prison might lead one to expect.
- Primeiro Comando da Capital (First Command of the Capital)[4][5][6] (São Paulo, Brazil)
- Vory v zakone (вор в законе)[6][56][58][59] (Prisons in Russia and other post-Soviet countries)
- The Numbers Gang[90] (Prisons in South Africa)
- Brödraskapet (The Brotherhood)[39] (Kumla Prison, Sweden)
- The Overcoat Gang (Prisons in Australia)
- Philippines
Youth gangs have often served as a recruiting ground for more organized crime syndicates, where juvenile delinquents grow up to be full-fledged mobsters, as well as providing muscle and other low-key work. Increasingly, especially in the United States and other western countries, street gangs are becoming much more organized in their own right with a hierarchical structure and are fulfilling the role previously taken by traditional organized crime.
North America
- Albanian Boys Inc
- Chicago
- Italian-American street gangs
- Green Street Counts
- Zoe Pound[91]
- Pacific-Islander American gangs
- Native Mob
- Savage Skulls (defunct)
African-American
- Chicago
- Black P. Stones (Jungles)
- Bloods[1][4][6][78][91][97]
- Crips[1][4][6][78][91][97]
- 12th Street Gang[100]
- Errol Flynns[101]
- Westmob
- Hidden Valley Kings
- New York City
- Decepticons (defunct)
- Black Spades (defunct)
- GS9
- Boston
Asian-American
- New York City Chinatown
- Asian Boyz 亞洲
- Chung Ching Yee (Joe Boys) 忠精義[104]
- Menace of Destruction 毀滅的威脅
- Tiny Rascal gang
- Fullerton Boys
- Satanas
- Viet Boyz
Hispanic
- Latin Kings[1][6][78][91][96]
- Ghetto Brothers
- New York City Dominican gangs
- California
- White Fence
- Whittier gang
- Fresno Bulldogs[91]
- Lott Stoner Gang
- Norteños[6][78][91]
- Sureños[6][78][91]
- 38th Street gang[99]
- Culver City Boys 13[99]
- Santa Monica 13
- Azusa 13
- Puente 13
- OVS
- Eastside Bolen Parque 13
- Northside Bolen Parque 13
- El Monte Flores 13
- Venice 13[99]
- Tooner Ville Rifa 13[105]
- Clanton 14
- Varrio Nuevo Estrada
- Playboys
- Avenues[78][91][99]
- Logan Heights Gang
- Pomona 12th Street Sharkies
- Chicago
- Los Mexicles
- Latin Syndicate
Historical
- Irish American
- Bottoms Gang
- 19th Street Gang
- Bowe Brothers
- 40 Thieves[106]
- Dead Rabbits[106]
- Gopher Gang[106]
- Grady Gang[106]
- Five Points Gang[6][10][106]
- Daybreak Boys[106]
- Tenth Avenue Gang[106]
- Kerryonians[106]
- Roach Guards[106]
- Whyos[18][106]
- Chichesters[106]
- Marginals[106]
- Live Oak Boys[106]
- Potashes
- Bottoms Gang
- New York
- Neighbors' Sons[106]
- Boodle Gang
- Loomis Gang
- Baxter Street Dudes
- Honeymoon Gang
- Mandelbaum organization
- Dutch Mob[106]
- Eastman Gang[19][106]
- Batavia Street Gang[106]
- Bowery Boys[106]
- Charlton Street Gang[106]
- Gas House Gang[106]
- Lenox Avenue Gang[106]
- Crazy Butch Gang[106]
- Hudson Dusters[106]
- Humpty Jackson Gang[106]
- Slaughter House Gang[106]
- Cherry Hill Gang[106]
- Swamp Angels[106]
- Yakey Yakes[106]
- Hook Gang[106]
- Tub of Blood Bunch[106]
- Baltimore
- Sydney Ducks
- Chicago
- Yellow Henry Gang
Europe
- Gangs in the United Kingdom
- Denmark
- Turkish-German gangs
- Apaches (Belle Époque period)
- Red Wall Gang (Dublin)
- Gangs in South Africa
- Cape Ganglands
- Gangs in Nigeria
- Morocco
Asia
Oceania
Other
- Timber mafia
- Football hooliganism groups
- Prostitution rings
- Spy rings
- Burglary rings
- Fraud rings (See also List of Ponzi schemes)
- Illegal gambling rings
- Human trafficking rings
- Wildlife trafficking rings
- Kidnapping
- Black Death Group (alleged)
- The College Kidnappers
- Criminals-for-hire
- The Chickens and the Bulls
Historical
- Black Hand[9][17]
- Thuggee[6] (See also Criminal Tribes Act)
- Garduna[4][6]
- Markham Gang[9]
- England
- Early crime syndicates
- Jonathan Wild's crime ring[43]
- Charles Hitchen's crime ring[43]
- Forty Elephants
- Ikey Solomon gang
- Worth gang
- Street gangs
- Early crime syndicates
- Predecessors to modern yakuza (See also Genyōsha)
- Tekiya 的屋[60]
- Bakuto 博徒[60]
- Kabukimono 傾奇者 (カブキもの)
- American Frontier gangs (See also List of Old West gangs)
- Ames organization
- Soap Gang criminal empire, Denver, Creede, Colorado, and Skagway, Alaska 1880s-1890s.[118]
- Swearengen gang
- Banditti of the Prairie
- Dodge City Gang
- Dennison syndicate
- Ringvereine (Weimar Germany)
- Historic prostitution rings
- Zwi Migdal[119]
- Red Light Lizzie and associates
- Jane the Grabber and associates
- Historical Russian gangs (See also Early life of Joseph Stalin)
- Stuppagghiari
See also
- Continuing Criminal Enterprise
- Crime family
- Gang
- Illegal drug trade
- Secret combination (Latter Day Saints)
- List of guerrilla movements
- List of bank robbers and robberies
- List of computer criminals
- List of confidence tricks
- List of crime bosses
- List of Depression-era outlaws
- List of designated terrorist organizations
- List of hooligan firms
- List of law enforcement agencies
- List of Mexico's 37 most-wanted drug lords
- List of most wanted fugitives in Italy
- List of post-Soviet mobsters
- List of non-state groups accused of terrorism
- List of outlaw motorcycle clubs
- Mafia
- Mafia state
- Organized crime
- Police corruption
- Political corruption
- Racket
- Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
- War on Drugs
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h "New York/New Jersey High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis 2008 - Drug Trafficking Organizations". Justice.gov. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
- ^ "Supreme Court orders arrests of three". Diario Libre. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
- ^ "Criminal Groups". insightcrime.org. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj Shanty, Frank & Mishra, Patit (2007) Organized crime : from trafficking to terrorism, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-337-8
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Glenny, Misha (2009) McMafia, Vintage Books, ISBN 1-4000-9512-3
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct Newton, Michael (2007) Gangsters Encyclopedia, Anova Books, ISBN 1-84340-402-8
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "DEA History Book, Part 1" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
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ignored (|url-status=
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