2014 Crimean crisis

This redirect is about the secession crisis in Crimea. For the Russian military intervention there, see 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine. For pro-Russian protests in Ukraine outside of Crimea, see 2014 pro-Russian protests in Ukraine.

The Crimean crisis (Russian: Крымский кризис, Ukrainian: Кримська криза) is an ongoing international crisis involving Russia and Ukraine. Most developments apply to the Crimean peninsula, a multiethnic region of Ukraine comprising the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the administratively separate municipality of Sevastopol; both are populated by an ethnic Russian majority and a large minority of ethnic Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars. The demographics of Crimea have undergone dramatic changes in the past centuries.

The crisis unfolded in late February 2014 in the aftermath of the Ukrainian revolution, when—after months of protests by Euromaidan and days of violent clashes between protesters and police in the Ukrainian capital of Kiev—the Ukrainian parliament held a vote to impeach the President of Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych. However the vote failed to reach the three-fourths majority required to impeach a President according to the Constitution of Ukraine. Russian President Vladimir Putin said President Yanukovych was illegally impeached and that he regards him as Ukraine’s legitimate president. This was followed by the interim appointment of the Yatsenyuk Government as well as the appointment of a new Acting President of Ukraine, Oleksandr Turchynov, were seen by Russia as "self-proclaimed" in a "coup d'etat".

Beginning on 26 February, pro-Russian gunmen gradually took control of the Crimean peninsula. Russia claimed that the uniformed men were local self-defense forces, but they are widely believed to be Russian military personnel without insignia. While the gunmen occupied Crimea's parliament building, the Crimean parliament voted to dismiss the Crimean government, replace its Prime Minister and to call a referendum on Crimea's autonomy. Several days later, on March 11, after disagreements between Crimea, Sevastopol, and the newly appointed interim government in Ukraine, the Crimean parliament and the city council of Sevastopol adopted a resolution to show their intention to unilaterally declare themselves independent as a single united nation with the possibility of joining the Russian Federation as a federal subject—should voters approve to do so in an upcoming referendum.

On March 16, officials said that some 95.5% of voters in Crimea supported joining Russia. Election officials said the turnout was a record high, although many Tatars and opponents of the referendum were reported to have boycotted the vote. On March 17, the Crimean parliament officially declared its independence from Ukraine and requested to join the Russian Federation.

The Ukrainian parliament has stated that the referendum is unconstitutional. Russia declared that its troops would stay until the political situation has been normalized while recognizing both the recently appointed government of Crimea and mayor of Sevastopol, as well as the referendum and its possible outcome. The United States and the European Union said they consider the vote to be illegal, and warned that there may be repercussions for the Crimean ballot.

Background

See also: History of Crimea, Deportation of the Crimean Tatars, Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances, and 2010 Kharkiv Pact

Map of the Crimean peninsula. The Autonomous Republic of Crimea is colored yellow while Sevastopol is colored red.

Distribution of ethnicities in the Crimean peninsula according to the local 2001 census. Ethnic Russians comprise a majority at 58%.

The Crimean Khanate, a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, was conquered by the Russian Empire in 1783. Following its incorporation into the Russian Empire, Crimea became the "heart of Russian Romanticism" and the region continued to attract vacationers well after the Russian Empire was replaced by the Soviet Union. Crimea had autonomy within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic as the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from 1921 until 1945, when Joseph Stalin deported the Crimean Tatars, and abolished Crimean autonomy. In 1954, the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev, who was himself half-Ukrainian transferred the Crimean Oblast from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR, in a "symbolic gesture" that seemed insignificant at the time, since both republics were a part of the Soviet Union. Crimea's pre-1945 autonomy was re-established with the Crimean sovereignty referendum in 1991, the final year of the Soviet Union's existence.

The Autonomous Republic of Crimea has been part of an independent Ukraine since 1991, when the former constituent Republics of the Soviet Union became independent states. In 1992, the Crimean Parliament voted to hold a referendum to declare independence, while the Russian Parliament voted to void the cession of Crimea to Ukraine. In 1994, Russian nationalist Yuri Meshkov won the 1994 Crimean presidential election and organized a referendum on Crimea's status. Later in that same year, Crimea's legal status as part of Ukraine was recognized by Russia, which pledged to uphold the territorial integrity of Ukraine in the Budapest memorandum signed in 1994. This treaty (or "executive agreement" for purposes of US law), was also signed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France. However Ukraine revoked the Crimean constitution and abolished the office of Crimean President in 1995. Crimea would gain a new constitution in 1998 that granted the Crimean parliament lesser powers than the previous constitution, including no legislative initiative. Crimean officials would later seek to restore the powers of the previous constitution.

The further developments in Crimea and the future of Russian naval bases there have been a point of contention in Russian-Ukrainian relations. Under the Russian-Ukrainian Partition Treaty determining the fate of the military bases and vessels in Crimea – signed in 1997 and prolonged in 2010 - Russia is allowed to have up to 25,000 troops, 24 artillery systems (with a caliber smaller than 100 mm), 132 armored vehicles, and 22 military planes, on the Crimean peninsula. The Russian Black Sea fleet is allowed to stay in Crimea until 2042.

According to the 2001 census, ethnic Russians make up about 58% of the two million residents of Crimea. In Sevastopol, which houses a base for the Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet, ethnic Russians make up 70% of the city's population of 340,000. Ukrainians make up 24% of the Crimean population, while 12% are Crimean Tatars. Ethnic Russians did not become the largest population group in Crimea until the 20th century, after Soviet leader Joseph Stalin ordered the deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944 for alleged collaboration with Nazi invaders in World War Two. Crimean Tatars were not permitted to return to Crimea after their deportation in 1944, and became an international cause célèbre, until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The continuing return of Crimean Tatars to their homeland in Crimea since the Soviet collapse has caused persistent tensions with the Russian population of the peninsula. A news report claimed pro-Russian forces marking "X" on the doors of houses of Crimean Tatars. The leader of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Refat Chubarov protested against the intervention of Russia.

In the 2010 local parliamentary elections, the Party of Regions received 357,030 votes, while the second-placed Ukrainian Communist Party received 54,172 votes. Both parties were targeted by protesters during the 2014 Ukrainian revolution.

According to the International Centre for Defense Studies, since the Orange Revolution in 2004, Russia has pressured Ukraine for its preferences to associate itself with the West. It has been stated that the information campaign in Crimea has become especially proficient and systematic, becoming particularly intense during the 2006–08 Ukraine bid for NATO membership. Each of Ukraines' attempts to achieve European integration has led to increased Russian hostility to the idea via its use of information campaign. Russia opposes Ukrainian integration with the West for various reasons, including a fear of NATO expanding to Russia's Western borders and Russia's claimed desire to include Ukraine in an Eurasian Union.

According to Taras Kuzio, during the Viktor Yushchenko presidency (2005–2010), Russia's relations with Ukraine deteriorated, prompting the Russian security service (FSB) and Russian military intelligence (GRU) to expand their covert support for pro-Russian forces in Southern Ukraine and Russian separatists in Crimea. Following the Orange Revolution and the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, American diplomatic cables leaked to the public noted that Russian military action against Ukraine was "no longer unthinkable."

Revolution in Kiev

Main articles: Euromaidan and 2014 Ukrainian revolution

Towards the end of 2013, Euromaidan protests began over the issue of the accession of Ukraine to the European Union, which the elected President Viktor Yanukovich rejected. Yanukovich had struck a deal with Putin which meant, among other things, that Russia would buy $15 billion in Ukrainian bonds, and discount gas prices to Ukraine by one-third. Tyahnybok, leader of an opposition far-right group was suspicious of the true cost to Ukraine for Russian support. The plan was for the $15 billion to come from the National Welfare Fund, one of the two successor funds from the January 2008 breakup of the Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation.

The protests escalated in early 2014 and eventually led to deaths of both protesters and police between 18 and 20 February. At least 88 people were killed, including at least seven police. President Yanukovich and the opposition leaders signed a compromise deal on February 21 that was brokered by the foreign ministers of France, Poland and Germany, but it soon became redundant as Yanukovich left the capital, government forces withdrew, and protesters took control of the city without resistance. On 21 February an impeachment bill was introduced in Ukrainian parliament, but no details were provided and the Ukrainian parliament did not vote to impeach Yanukovich according to the legal procedure. Nevertheless members of the opposition formed a new government. Russia refused to recognize the new authorities in Kiev, saying that they had come to power through armed insurrection by extreme-right political forces and unconstitutional methods. Several Western countries immediately recognized the government in Kiev.

Some residents of the eastern and southern parts of the country, which are primarily Russian-speaking and constitute President Yanukovich's support base, felt disenfranchised by these developments and protested against the government in Kiev. The Parliament of Crimea called for an extraordinary session on 21 February. The leader of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Refat Chubarov stated that he suspected that the session might ask for Russian military intervention.

On February 21, 2014, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) issued a statement which promised that "it will use severe measures to prevent any action taken against diminishing the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine." The same day the pro-Russian Party of Regions who held 80 of the 100 seats in the Crimean Parliament, did not discuss issues relating to the separation of Crimea from Ukraine and appeared to support the deal struck between President Yanukovich and the opposition to end the crises signed the same day.

On February 23, 2014, the Ukrainian parliament adopted a bill to repeal the law on minority languages, which—if signed by the Ukrainian President—would have established Ukrainian as the sole official state language of all Ukraine, including Crimea which is populated by a Russian-speaking majority. The Christian Science Monitor reported: "The [adoption of this bill] only served to infuriate Russian-speaking regions, [who] saw the move as more evidence that the antigovernment protests in Kiev that toppled Yanukovich's government were intent on pressing for a nationalistic agenda." A few days later, on March 1, 2014, the acting President of Ukraine, Oleksandr Turchynov, vetoed the bill effectively stopping its enactment.

The Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group and the Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union have both denied any human rights violations against Russian speakers in Ukraine that would justify Russia's actions.

Circumstances

The Russian-Ukrainian Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet signed in 1997 and prolonged in 2010, determined the status of the military bases and vessels in Crimea. Russia is allowed to maintain up to 25,000 troops, 24 artillery systems (with a caliber smaller than 100 mm), 132 armored vehicles, and 22 military planes, on the Crimean and Sevastopol. The Russian Black Sea fleet is allowed to stay in Crimea until 2042. However it is controversial if the recent troop movements are covered by the treaty.

Timeline of the events

Main article: Timeline of the 2014 Crimean crisis

February

See also: 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine and Crimean referendum, 2014

February 23

• In Simferopol a pro-Euromaidan rally of between 4,000–5,000 was held in support of the new Ukrainian authorities.
• In Sevastopol, thousands of people waved placards calling for "Mother Russia" to save them.

February 24

• Prime Minister of Crimea Anatolii Mohyliov declared that the region would carry out all laws passed by the Ukrainian parliament.
• More protesters rallied outside the Sevastopol administration offices. Pro-Russian demonstrators demanded the selection of a Russian citizen as mayor (which was refused by the city council) and planted Russian flags at city hall. Sevastopol chose Aleksei Chalyi as mayor replacing a mayor appointed from Kiev, Vladimir Yatsuba.

February 25

• Several hundred pro-Russian protesters gathered at the Crimean parliament demanding a referendum on Crimea's independence.

February 26

• Thousands of protesters clashed in Simferopol.
• At least a dozen pro-Russian volunteers took control of the main route of access to Sevastopol, setting up a checkpoint, with military vehicles under a Russian flag, on the main highway between the city and Simferopol.

File:МИТИНГ ТАТАР В КРЫМУ! Евромайдан.WebM

A Crimean Tatars demonstration, 26 February 2014.

February 27

• A group of unidentified armed men entered Crimea's parliament building, hoisting a Russian flag on the roof and Council of Ministers building. They were cheered by pro-Russian demonstrators who gathered round the buildings. The gunmen were said to be professionals and armed with rifles. While the gunmen occupied the building, the parliament held an emergency session. It voted to dismiss the government, terminate its powers, and replace Prime Minister Anatolii Mohyliov with Sergey Aksyonov. Aksyonov belonged to the Russian Unity party, which received 4% of the vote in the last election. It also voted to hold a referendum on greater autonomy on 25 May. The gunmen had cut all of the building's communications and took MPs' phones as they entered the building. No independent journalists were allowed inside the building while the votes were taking place. Some MPs claimed that votes were cast for them and other MPs, even though they were not in the chamber.
• The Ukrainian organization Right Sector officially announced that it does not intend to participate in any conflict on the territory of Crimea.
• The new Prime Minister of Ukraine, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, warned "We must immediately declare that anyone who is on the streets with guns – these people are prosecuted by law".

Unmarked soldiers on patrol at Simferopol International Airport, 28 February 2014

February 28

• A group of 50–119 soldiers in military uniform without insignia of identification moved in on Simferopol International Airport.
• Later in the day, the Sevastopol International Airport was occupied in a similar manner as was Simferopol's airport.
• A missile boat of the Russian Federation blocked Balaklava Harbor, where ships of the Ukrainian Sea Guard are stationed. Eight Russian military helicopters were moved to Sevastopol from Anapa.
• Serhiy Kunitsyn claimed to journalists that 13 Russian planes IL-76 with Russian Airborne Troops landed in the Hvardiyske military airport in Hvardiiske. Kunitsyn stated that each plane may hold about 150 people. The claims were never confirmed. The Ministry of Defense of Ukraine acknowledged the threat of possible takeovers of military units in Crimea during the night on Saturday by radical forces.
• Facing possible Russian intervention, US President Barack Obama stated that any military action would "come at a cost," following his denunciation of Russian aggression in the region. Russia's ambassador to the UN, Vitaly Churkin, said that any Russian military movements in Crimea were within Moscow's long-standing arrangement with Ukraine on the deployment of military assets.

March

See also: Declaration of Independence of Crimea and Sevastopol and Republic of Crimea

File:Selbstverteidigung.jpg

A Crimean paramilitary stands guard with riot shields painted in the Crimean tricolor flag in Simferopol, 2 March 2014

Soldiers in Simferopol, 2 March 2014

Armed troops outside the Crimean Parliament in Simferopol. 1st March 2014

March 1

• The Crimean Prime Minister Sergey Aksyonov appealed directly to Russian President Vladimir Putin for help to ensure peace.
• Protests against the new government in Kiev and in support of Russians in Crimea occurred throughout Eastern and Southern Ukraine.
• The acting president of Ukraine, Turchynov, signed a decree declaring the appointment of Sergei Aksyonov as the head of the government of Crimea to be unconstitutional.
• Russian President Vladimir Putin formally asked the Federation Council for permission to use Russian military forces in Ukraine. Hours later, the Federation Council voted unanimously to grant permission. The Consulate of the Russian Federation in Simferopol started to issue Russian passports to former Berkut police who were fleeing Ukraine.
• The Ukrainian Navy did not leave its base in Sevastopol. Ukrainian journalists were prohibited from entering the Crimean region. Ukrainian media claimed that decisions to replace the government and hold a referendum in Crimea were falsified.
• According to Damon Wilson, vice president of the Atlantic Council, the United States Congress was "considering authorizing [a] defense arms package to Ukraine".

Russian Tigrs near Ukrainian military base in Perevalne

March 2

• Acting President Olexander Turchynov ordered all Ukrainian military reservists to be called up. At a Ukrainian military base near the village of Perevalne, there was a standoff between a handful of Ukrainian marines loyal to Kiev and the surrounding Russian forces.
• The newly appointed chief of the Ukrainian Navy, Denis Berezovsky, announced in a televised statement that he refuses to follow orders from the government in Kiev. He was replaced by Serhiy Hayduk. The government of Crimea announced the formation of its own Defence Ministry. No other defections were reported by independent media.
• The 204th Tactical Aviation Brigade of the Ukrainian Air Force, armed with 45 MiG-29 fighters and 4 L-39 trainers based at the airport of Belbek switched sides over to the Government of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Out of the 49 aircraft only four are intact along with one fighter training aircraft.

March 3

• According to Ukrainian officials, Ukrainian troops stationed in Crimea were urged to surrender by 4 March at 5 a.m. (0300 GMT) or face an armed confrontation via an ultimatum issued by Alexander Vitko, the commander of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. This ultimatum was however denied by Russian officials and turned out to be false as no confrontations were reported after the deadline expired. Russian soldiers seized a ferry terminal in the city of Kerch, the easternmost point of Crimea.

March 5

• The Council of Ministers of Crimea announced that "more than 700 soldiers and officers" from the 50th, 55th and 147th antiaircraft missile regiments, stationed in Yalta, Feodosia and Fiolent respectively, defected to the Autonomous Republic of Crimea side by "declaring their readiness to defend the population of Crimea". Altogether, as of 5 March the Crimeans claim to have 6000 defectors from the Ukrainian Armed Forces on their side. Also, three deputies of the Batkivshchyna party submitted a bill in the Verkhovna Rada that would abolish the country's official neutrality, and make "Euro-Atlantic integration and NATO membership" a foreign policy priority for Ukraine.
• Robert Serry, the UN secretary-general's envoy to Crimea, left Ukraine after being besieged by an angry mob chanting pro-Russia slogans. Serry is expected to continue his work in Kiev due to situation in Crimea.
• The Shevchenko district court of Kiev ruled on the detention of the self-proclaimed leaders Sergey Aksyonov and Vladimir Konstantinov. The Security Service of Ukraine was charged to bring them to court. The General Prosecutor of Ukraine opened criminal proceedings against the commander of Black Sea Fleet Aleksandr Vitko on the facts of incitement to treason and sabotage organization.

March 6

• The Supreme Council of Crimea voted for full accession as part of the Russian Federation after more than six decades as part of Ukraine. The Supreme Council's decision will be put to the Crimean people via referendum if the request is granted by Russia. The previously announced referendum scheduled for 30 March, will be moved up to 16 March 2014, and its question will be altered to reflect the Supreme Council's 6 March vote of whether to accept reunification with Russia or not. A Ukrainian government minister argued that any referendum would be unconstitutional. Council member Pilunsky declared that the decision did not meet the quorum.
• Observers of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) made attempts to get inside the Crimean peninsula, however they were stopped at border checkpoints by pro-Russian forces. The contingent consists of 42 people from 22 countries and led by Hungarian Lt. Col. Gábor Ács. The mission arrived in Ukraine on 6 March and has a mandate to work in Crimea till March 12. They were deterred by warning shots while attempting to enter Crimea on 8 March.

March 7

• Three Ukrainian television channels have been shut down in the Crimea, including the largest local broadcaster not run by the Crimean state, and two that have been replaced by Russian state television.
• Amnesty International and the Committee to Protect Journalists have both claimed that human rights of journalists, human rights activists, and pro-Ukrainian protestors have been violated by the occupying forces. John Dalhuisen, Europe and Central Asia Director at Amnesty International stated "Attempting to monitor the human rights situation in Crimea has become a near impossible task. Self-styled Crimean self-defence groups are harassing pro-Ukrainian protesters, journalists and human rights monitors with complete impunity."

Unmarked soldier guarding Ukrainian military base in Perevalne, March 9

March 9

• Russian President Vladimir Putin in a phone call with German Chancellor Angela Merkel and British Prime Minister David Cameron, has defended breakaway moves by the pro-Russian leaders of Crimea by saying their actions are aimed at protecting the legitimate interests of the population of the region, according to the Kremlin. Ms Merkel, however, told Mr Putin the referendum violated Ukraine's constitution and was against international law.
• In Sevastopol, pro-Russian groups attacked peaceful Ukrainian protesters gathered to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the birth of the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko.

March 10

• The self-styled Crimean Prime Minister Sergey Aksenov proposed an agreement with Crimean Tatars who constitute more than 12 percent of the Crimean population. Under the deal, Tatar representatives will be offered a vice premiership and at least two more posts in the local government. The Crimean Tatars declined this offer.
• The parliament of Crimea sent an official invitation to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) to send a mission to observe the referendum on March 16. The next day the Deputy Prime Minister of Crimea, Rustam Temirgaliyev, said they did not invite the OSCE to observe the referendum in an official manner. He explained that only a verbal invitation was indeed made by Prime Minister of Crimea, Sergei Aksionov, but not an official invitation. Later the OSCE chair, Switzerlands Foreign Minister Didier Burkhalter declared the referendum as illegal in its current form as its in contradiction with the Ukrainian constitution and that the OSCE will not send a mission to observe it.
• Over 1 billion hryvna ($110 million) belonging to the regional budget of Crimea was frozen by the post-Maidan government in Kiev.

March 11

• The Crimean parliament voted and approved a declaration on the independence of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol from Ukraine, as the Republic of Crimea, with 78 votes out of 100 in favor. The Bakhchasaray air defense base was taken over by 30 Crimean "self-defence forces" personnel.

March 12

President Barack Obama talks with acting Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk at the conclusion of their bilateral meeting in the Oval Office, March 12, 2014.

• A set of press regulations was issued by the Crimean parliament concerning the referendum on 16 March, stating, among other things, that authorized journalists covering the elections are obliged "not to spread material with negative content"
• The multinational OSCE observation mission published a report about their observations which "produced significant evidence of equipment consistent with the presence of Russian Federation military personnel in the vicinity of the various roadblocks encountered". Their entrance was refused at gunpoint.
• The UN Human Rights Envoy Ivan Simonovic had to cancel his trip to Crimea as the current situation does not permit his travel. He intended to observe the human rights situation, which was Russia's explanation for its engagement in Crimea.

March 13

• Russia has voiced support for the deployment of an OSCE monitoring mission in Ukraine, including Crimea, the chairman of the European security group said on Thursday, calling this a possible "big step forward."

March 14

• The United States and Russia found no middle ground on the Ukrainian crisis, after six hours of talks in London.
• Rostec, a Russian-state arms agency, announced that it had intercepted a surveillance drone flying over the skies of Crimea on 14 March, which belonged to the Bavaria-based 66th Military Intelligence Brigade of the United States Army. It disabled the drone "with the help of the EW (electronic warfare) complex Avtobaza," and as a result, "the device made an emergency landing and passed into the possession of the [Crimean] self-defense forces almost unbroken." The company further claimed that this is the second U.S. drone to be intercepted over Crimea since the crisis began. The Pentagon subsequently denied Rostec's claims, saying that "there is zero truth" to the reports.

March 15

File:Crimea Vote March 2014.jpg

A woman casts her ballot during the referendum on the status of Crimea, March 16, 2014

• A group of 30 international observers arrived in Crimea ahead of the 16 March referendum. The observers’ mission includes representatives from Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, France and Poland.
• A day before the Crimean referendum, tens of thousands of Russian demonstrators held anti-war protests in Moscow opposing Russian military invention in Ukraine. It was the largest protest in Russia since the 2011–13 Russian protests.
• Gennady Basov, the leader of the Russian Bloc party and a deputy of Sevastopol City Council, were kidnapped by unknown people.
• Russia vetoed a US-sponsored UN resolution declaring the upcoming referendum on the future status of autonomous republic of Crimea invalid. China abstained, while 13 other members - US, UK, France, Luxembourg, Chile, Argentina, Lithuania, Jordan, Nigeria, Chad, Rwanda, Australia and South Korea - vote in favor.
• The Supreme Council of Ukraine adopted a decision to dissolve the Supreme Council of Crimea.

March 16

Further information: Crimean referendum, 2014

• Crimeans vote in a referendum to rejoin Russia or return to its status under the 1992 constitution.
• The defence ministries of Ukraine and Russia agree on a truce in Crimea until March 21, according to the acting Ukrainian defence minister.

March 17

Further information: Accession of Crimea to the Russian Federation

Vladimir Putin with Vladimir Konstantinov, Sergey Aksyonov and Aleksei Chalyi.

• On March 17, the Crimean parliament officially declared its independence from Ukraine and requested, after 60 years as part of the Ukrainian nation, for full accession to the Russian Federation.
• President Obama declared sanctions on 11 Ukrainian and Russian officials considered responsible for the crisis.
• Markets surged as investors worries faded after the referendum passed without violence. The Dow Jones Industrial Average increased by nearly 1%.
• The European Union sanctioned several Russian officials and military commanders.
• Russia recognizes independence of Crimea.
• Reşat Ametovyaky, an ethnic Crimean Tatar, was found dead in the Belogorskiy Region of Crimea. He was abducted on March 3 after the announcement of partial military mobilization in Ukraine, he disappeared on his way to the recruitment office. He was found dead with signs of torture. His hands were handcuffed and his head was covered in duct tape.

Other (non-Russian) involvement

On March 2, 2014, Pavel Chernev, former member of the nationalist Attack party and current political secretary of "Orthodox Dawn" (Bulgarian: Православна Зора, Pravoslavna Zora) who is known for his pro-Putin views, revealed that the Bulgarian branch of the organization will be sending a group of Bulgarian volunteers to "protect ethnic Russians and ethnic Bulgarians from forceful Ukrainization". Chernev also claimed that they had already sponsored "tens of Orthodox fighters" (non-Bulgarians) to fly to Moscow and Crimea. According to Bulgarian sources, drawing on reports made by Al Jazeera, 20 Bulgarian nationals are presently in Crimea. They are part of the paramilitary formation Dobrovolets/Доброволец, which is under the control of Russian troops.

A group of Chetniks, a Serbian nationalist paramilitary force, have traveled to Crimea to support Russia. Chetniks claim to be in Russia's favour for support during the Yugoslav Wars. Their commanders Bratislav Jivković and Milutin Malisić have participated in previous armed conflicts - Jivković in the Bosnian War as part of the Serb Volunteer Guard while Malisić has been involved in the protection of the Serbian minority in Kosovo in the aftermath of the Kosovo War.

Economic consequences

As a result of the crisis, the two leading indexes of the Moscow Exchange fell in trading on March 3, 2014: the MICEX 10 declined 10.79 percent, equating to a loss in market capitalization of nearly $60 billion, and the RTS Index declined 12.01 percent to its lowest level since September 2009. The next day, though, the MICEX rose 5.25%, recovering part of the losses. In response to this and the decline of the ruble, the Central Bank of Russia raised its interest rate from 5.5 to 7.0% and spent up to US$12 billion in reserves to bolster the currency. The possibility for international sanctions against Russia has also been raised.

There are worries that Russian gas exports into Europe and Ukraine may become disrupted by the current conflict. Thirty percent of Europe's gas is imported from Russia, half of which flows through Ukrainian pipelines. On 1 March Russian Energy Ministry decided to halt the subsidies of Russian gas for Ukraine. The crisis could also affect worldwide grain supplies. Prices will likely rise because Ukraine is one of the world's largest exporters of wheat and grain.

Domestic responses

Ukraine

Share of Ukrainian citizens who think that Ukraine should unite with Russia in one country, by region, February 2014

Three ex‐presidents of Ukraine accused Russia of interfering in Crimean affairs. Interim president Oleksandr Turchynov at the start of the protests warned that there is a "serious risk" of separatism in parts of the country. On February 27, 2014, the Central Election Commission of Ukraine claimed that regional referendum is impossible due to lack of necessary legislative basis for such. On February 27, 2014, the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada Oleksandr Turchynov was instructed to develop a new law "about language". On 28 February a freelance journalist wrote on Twitter that President Yanukovych said that any military actions are unacceptable and he will not ask Russia for it. According to President Yanukovych he believed that Crimea must remain part of Ukraine.

The new Prime Minister of Ukraine Arseniy Yatsenyuk stated in his maiden speech on 27 February that "Ukraine will use all legal constitutional methods to preserve the territorial integrity of the state. Crimea was, is and will be a part of Ukraine!".

On February 27, 2014, the MFA of Ukraine, in response to the MID statement, stated that the responsibility for non-compliance with the agreement on settlement of the crisis lies on President Viktor Yanukovych. "In Ukraine, the importance of the crisis settlement Agreement, signed on 21 February 2014 by the lawful President of Ukraine and opposition leaders, and witnessed by officials of Germany, France and Poland, is honoured. In this regard, we express disappointment that the representative of the Russian Federation, who also participated in the negotiation and drafting of the document, refused to testify this Agreement. It is possible that it was that factor that become at the end one of the reasons for the rejection by the lawfully elected President of Ukraine to fulfill arrangements of the Agreement aimed at stabilizing the domestic life in the country," – said in the document.

On February 28, 2014, the Verkhovna Rada adopted a resolution on events in Crimea: "Verkhovna Rada demands from the Russian Federation to stop steps that have signs of encroachment on state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, including to refuse supporting separatism in Ukraine in any form".

The Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada Oleksandr Turchynov dismissed Yuriy Ilyin as the Chief of the General Staff. During the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution Ilyin was reportedly preparing a military operation against the protest movement in Kiev. Ilyin reportedly had a heart attack after meeting with the newly appointed mayor of Sevastopol.

Due to the events in Crimea, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine initiated bilateral consultations with Russia and indicated its readiness to initiate consultations within the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances framework if it receives no response.

The General Prosecutor office intended to raise the issue of the extradition of Viktor Yanukovych, who was confirmed to be in Russia. On 28 February, foreign observers speculated that Russia could extradite Yanukovych to the proper authorities only in exchange for Ukrainian non-intervention in Crimea. On 28 February the General Prosecutor of Ukraine Oleh Makhnitsky formally asked Russia to extradite Yanukovych.

On 28 February Dmytro Yarosh, the leader of the Right Sector, denounced reports of Right Sector putting together armed units to be sent to Crimea; "Right Sector hopes that a way out of this difficult situation will be found exclusively in the political field, without using forcible methods. Right Sector believes that all parties and non-governmental organizations of Ukraine should forget strife and unite when it comes to the preservation of Ukraine's integrity. We should help politicians in settling this conflict peacefully". On 1 March initial reports said that Dmytro Yarosh asked Dokka Umarov, a Chechen militant associated with al-Qaeda, for support of Ukraine; but later it was announced that this was a fake statement from his hacked account.

On March 1, 2014, the acting president of Ukraine signed an edict in which he pointed out that appointment of Sergey Aksyonov as the Chairman of the Councils of Ministers of Crimea was in violation of the Constitution of Ukraine and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.

The incumbent and two former presidents of Ukraine – Leonid Kravchuk, Leonid Kuchma and Viktor Yushchenko—called on Ukraine to renounce the Kharkiv Agreements. Leonid Kuchma's press-center later denounced such a statement on behalf of Leonid Kuchma.

On March 1, 2014, the acting President of Ukraine purportedly ordered the Armed Forces of Ukraine to full combat readiness.

On March 1, 2014 the Oblast council of Luhansk Oblast voted to demand giving Russian language the status of second official language, stopping ″persecution of Berkut fighters″, disarming Maidan self-defense units and banning a number of far-right political organizations like Svoboda and UNA-UNSO. In the case of the authorities failing to comply with the demands, the Oblast council reserved itself the ″right to ask for help from the brotherly people of the Russian Federation.″

The General Prosecutor of Ukraine filed new charges against the President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych, accusing him, among other charges, of calls to overthrow the constitutional order in Ukraine.

On March 4, 2014 the district administration court of Kiev cancelled the decision of the council concerning a no confidence vote to the Council of Ministers of Crimea and the appointment of Aksyonov as a chairman of the Council of Ministers of Crimea as well as declared illegal organization and conduct of a local referendum on improving the status and powers of autonomy.

On March 17, 2014 Ukraine recalled its ambassador Volodymyr Yelchenko from the Russian Federation officially to discuss the situation about Crimea.

Autonomous Republic of Crimea

Map denoting the subdivisions of Ukraine and the percentage of people that indicated Russian as their native language in the latest local census. Sevastopol identifies itself as the highest at 90.6% followed immediately by Crimea at 77.0%.

Operations of the Kerch ferry were suspended on February 27, 2014. The Ukrainians in Crimea called on Ukrainian officials to secure peace and security for Crimeans and for European officials to influence the Russian position in regards to separatist attitudes. The new chairman of the Council of Ministers hopes to receive financial help from the Russian Federation with support from Viktor Yanukovych. In the telephone conversation Volodymyr Konstantinov explained to Nestor Shufrych (MP) that Crimea does not want a secession, but only to expand its right. The former chief of the general staff Yuriy Ilyin was reported to be hospitalized with a heart attack in the Ukrainian Navy hospital in Sevastopol.

Members of the Crimean government have declared their acceptance of Yanukovych as the legitimate President of Ukraine, deputy chairman of the Crimean parliament Konstantin Bakharev has said: "Today, Yanukovych is the legitimate president," though he also addressed issues concerning him saying, "But we have questions for him, questions as the leader of the government about his moral responsibility before the society, before the party he once led, and before Crimeans."

About one thousand residents of Crimea, mainly Crimean Tatars, have left Crimea for Ukraine.

Party of Regions MP Yuriy Miroshnychenko urged the Crimean government to stop the referendum. Another Party of Regions MP, Hanna Herman, commented the same day about Yanukovych's press conference, "He needs to ... prevent the illegal referendum."

Viktor Yanukovych

Late at night on February 27, 2014, the President of Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych, who is wanted along with Zakharchenko under suspicion of mass killing of people, arrived in Rostov-on-Don escorted by jet fighters. On 28 February he conducted a press-conference. In this press conference Yanukovych stated "Crimea must remain part of the Ukrainian state retaining broad autonomy rights". According to him the unrest in Crimea was "an absolutely natural reaction to the bandit coup that has occurred in Kiev"; and he stated he was confident that the people of Crimea "do not want to obey and will not obey nationalists and bandits". He insisted that military action was "unacceptable" and that he would not request Russian military intervention. Still on March 4, 2014 Russia's Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Vitaly Churkin showed a photocopy of the letter allegedly signed by Victor Yanukovich on 1 March 2014 where he demanded Russian military intervention in Ukraine.

On March 11, 2014 Yanukovych vowed to return to Ukraine, calling upon the Ukrainian Armed Forces to not follow the "criminal orders" of the acting government in Kiev. Yanukovych attacked the acting government in Ukraine as being a "band of ultranationalists and neo-fascists" that have replaced his government, and criticized their supposed Western backers.

The Russian Federation

Request ("ultimatum") by Council of Ministers of Crimea to Ukrainian 55th Anti-Aircraft Artillery regiment in Yevpatoria to lay down arms under control of Russian Black Sea Fleet for the period of Crimean referendum

The State Duma Committee on Commonwealth of Independent States Affairs, headed by Leonid Slutsky, visited Simferopol on February 25, 2014 and said: "If the parliament of the Crimean autonomy or its residents express the wish to join the Russian Federation, Russia will be prepared to consider this sort of application. We will be examining the situation and doing so fast." They also stated that in the event of a referendum for Crimea region joining Russian Federation they would consider its results "very fast". Later Slutsky announced that he was misunderstood by Crimean press and no decision regarding simplifying the process of acquiring Russian citizenship for people in Crimea has been made yet. And added that if "fellow Russian citizens are in jeopardy you understand that we do not stay away". On 25 February in a meeting with Crimean politicians he stated that Viktor Yanukovich was still the legitimate president of Ukraine. That same day in the Russian Duma, they announced they were determining measures so that Russians in Ukraine who 'did not want to break from the Russian World' could acquire Russian citizenship.

On February 26, 2014 Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered the Russian Armed Forces to be "put on alert in the Western Military District as well as units stationed with the 2nd Army Central Military District Command involved in aerospace defense, airborne troops and long-range military transport." Despite media speculation it was for in reaction to the events in Ukraine Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu said it was in separate consideration from the unrest in Ukraine. On February 27, 2014, the Russian government dismissed accusations about violation by the Russian side of the basic agreements in regards of the Black Sea Fleet: "All movements of armored vehicles are undertaken in full compliance with the basic agreements and did not require any approvals".

On February 27, 2014, the Russian governing agencies presented the new law project on granting citizenship.

The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs called on the West and particularly NATO to "abandon the provocative statements and respect the neutral status of Ukraine". In its statement the ministry claims that agreement on settlement of the crisis which was signed on 21 February and was witnessed by foreign ministries from Germany, Poland and France has to this date, not been implemented (Vladimir Lukin from Russia had not signed it).

According to ITAR-TASS on February 28 the Russian Ministry of Transport discontinued its further talks with Ukraine in regards to the Kerch Strait Bridge project. However, on 3 March Dmitry Medvedev, the Prime Minister of Russia, signed a decree creating a subsidiary of Russian Highways (Avtodor) to build a bridge at an unspecified location along the Kerch strait.

On Russian social networks there is a movement to gather volunteers who served in the Russian army to go to Ukraine.

On February 28 President Putin stated it was of "extreme importance of not allowing a further escalation of violence and the necessity of a rapid normalisation of the situation in Ukraine" in telephone calls with key EU leaders. Already on 19 February the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs referred to the Euromaidan revolution as the "Brown revolution".

The Federation Council approved that Russia may introduce a limited contingent of Russian troops in Crimea for the security of the Black Sea Fleet and the Russians.

In Moscow, on March 2, 2014 an estimated 27,000 rallied in support of the Russian government's decision to intervene in Ukraine. Up to 15,000 participated in a similar rally in St. Petersburg, while around 12,000 rallied in Krasnodar. The rallies received considerable attention on Russian state TV and were officially sanctioned by the government.

Russian President Vladimir Putin (seated, middle) speaks to the press on 4 March, denouncing the events in Kiev as an "unconstitutional coup", and insisting that Moscow has a right to protect Russians in Ukraine.

Meanwhile, on March 1, 2014 five people who were picketing next to the Federation Council building against the invasion of Ukraine were arrested. The next day about 200 people protested at the building of the Russian Ministry of Defense in Moscow against Russian military involvement. About 500 people also gathered to protest on the Manezhnaya Square in Moscow and the same number of people on the Saint Isaac's Square in Saint Petersburg. On 2 March about eleven protesters demonstrated in Yekaterinburg against Russian involvement, with some wrapped in the Ukrainian flag. Protests were also held in Chelyabinsk on the same day. The opposition to the military intervention was also expressed by rock musician Andrey Makarevich, who wrote in particular: "You want war with Ukraine? It will not be the way it was with Abkhazia: the folks on the Maidan have been hardened and know what they are fighting for – for their country, their independence. [...] We have to live with them. Still neighborly. And preferably in friendship. But it's up to them how they want to live". The Professor of the Department of Philosophy at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations Andrey Zubov was fired for his article in Vedomosti, criticizing Russian military intervention.

State-run pollster VTSIOM released an opinion poll conducted on March 1-2 showing that President Vladimir Putin's approval rating increased among the Russian public since the Crimean crisis began, up to 67.8%, which is Putin's highest approval rating since May 2012. Additionally, 71% of respondents agreed with the statement that Russia should "more actively defend the interests of Russians in Crimea", while only 17% thought it would be "better not to come into conflict with the Ukrainian authorities".

On March 4, 2014 at press conference in Novo-Ogaryovo President Putin expressed his view on the situation that if a revolution took place in Ukraine, it is a new country with which Russia did not conclude any treaties. He brought up an analogy with events of 1917 in Russia, when as a result of the revolution the Russian Empire fell apart and a new state was created. However, he stated Ukraine would still have to honor its debts.

Russian politicians have speculated that there are already 143,000 Ukrainian refugees in Russia. The Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs refuted those claims of refugees increase in Russia. At a briefing on 4 March 2014, the director of department of information policy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Yevhen Perebiynis claimed that Russia was misinforming its own citizens as well as the entire international community to justify its own actions in the Crimea.

On March 5, 2014 an anchor of the Russian-owned international news channel RT America, Abby Martin, in an interview with Piers Morgan, said she "did not agree" with how her employer RT was covering the Ukrainian crisis, but claims RT still supports her despite her differences of opinion. Also on 5 March 2014, another RT America anchor, Liz Wahl, of the network's Washington, DC bureau, resigned on air, explaining that she could not be "part of a network that whitewashes the actions of Putin" and citing her Hungarian ancestry and the memory of the Soviet repression of the Hungarian Uprising as a factor in her decision.

Prominent dissident Mikhail Khodorkovsky said that Crimea should stay within Ukraine with broader autonomy.

International reactions

Main article: International reactions to the 2014 Crimean crisis

International reaction to the 2014 Crimean crisis according to official governmental statements.

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  Statements only voicing concern or hope for peaceful resolution to the conflict

  Support for Ukrainian territorial integrity

  Condemnation of Russian actions

  Condemnation of Russian actions as a military intervention or invasion

  Support for Russian actions and/or condemnation of the Ukrainian interim government

  "Recognition of Russian interests"

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  Ukraine

  Russia

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  No official statements / No data available

International reaction have called for restraint and urged a quick and peaceful resolution to the crisis. The United States government has imposed sanctions against persons they deem to have violated or assisted in the violation of Ukraine's sovereignty. The European Union has suspended talks with Russia on economic and visa related matters; and is considering more stringent sanctions against Russia in the near future, including asset freezes. The EU Commission decided on 11 March to enter into a full free-trade agreement with Ukraine this year. * On March 12 the European Parliament rejected the upcoming referendum on independence in Crimea, which they saw as manipulated and contrary to international and Ukrainian law. The United Nations Security Council has held three emergency sessions since 28 February. The G7 bloc of developed nations (the G8 minus Russia) made a joint statement condemning Russia and announced that they will suspend preparations for the upcoming G8 summit in Sochi in June. The Visegrád Group has issued a joint statement urging Russia to respect Ukraine's territorial integrity and for Ukraine to take into account its minority groups to not further break fragile relations. It has urged for Russia to respect Ukrainian and international law and in line with the provisions of the 1994 Budapest Memorandum.

China said "We respect the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine". A spokesman restated China's belief of non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations and urged dialogue. However, India said that Russia has "legitimate interests" in Crimea and called for "sustained diplomatic efforts" and "constructive dialogue" to resolve the crisis. Both Syria and Venezuela openly support Russian military action. Syrian President Bashar al Assad said that he supports Putin's efforts to "restore security and stability in the friendly country of Ukraine", while Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro condemned Ukraine's "ultra-nationalist" coup. Sri Lanka described Yanukovych's removal as unconstitutional and considered Russia's concerns in Crimea as justified.

Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk called for change in EU energy policy as Germany's dependence on Russian gas poses risks for Europe. Russia is dependent on energy export but no country had by 11 March cancelled trade or energy trade with Russia.

On 13 March, German Chancellor Angela Merkel warned Moscow it risks massive damage to Russia, economically and politically, if it refuses to change course on Ukraine.

Sanction list

Some sanctions are published mainly to prevent Russian and Crimean officials and politicians to travel to Canada, the United States, and the EU. The Canadian prime minister has published the following sanction list: Sergey Glazyev (Sergey Yur’yevich Glaz’yev), Andrei Klishas (Andrei Klishas), Valentina Matviyenko (Valentina Ivanovra Matviyenko), Yelena Mizulina (Yelena Borisovna Mizulina), Dmitry Rogozin (Dmitry Olegovich Rogozin), Leonid Slutsky (Leonid Eduardovich Slutskiy) and Vladislav Surkov (Vladislav Yur’yevich Surkov). Apart from the Russians, also some Ukrainian persons are included Sergey Aksyonov (Serhiy Valeriyovich Aksyonov), Volodymyr Konstantynov (Volodymyr Andriyovych Konstantynov) and Viktor Medvedchuk (Viktor Volodymyrovich Medvedchuk).

The European union sanction list: Sergey Aksyonov (also Canada), Volodymyr Konstantynov (also Canada), Rustam Temirgaliev, Denis Berezovsky, Aleksei Chaliy, Pyotr Zima, Yuriy Zherebtsov, Sergey Tsekov, Victor Ozerov, Vladimir Dzhabarov, Andrei Klishas (also Canada), Nikolai Ryzhkov, Evgeny Bushmin, Aleksandr Totoonov, Oleg Panteleev, Sergey Mironov, Sergey Zheleznyak, Leonid Slutsky (also Canada), Aleksandr Vitko, Anatoliy Sidorov and Aleksandr Galkin.

The USA sanction list: Vladislav Surkov (also Canada and the EU), Sergey Glazyev (also Canada), Leonid Slutsky (also Canada and the EU), Andrei Klishas (also Canada and the EU), Valentina Matviyenko (also Canada), Dmitry Rogozin (also Canada), Yelena Mizulina (also Canada), Sergey Aksyonov (also Canada and the EU), Volodymyr Konstantynov (also Canada), Volodymyr Konstantynov (also Canada), Viktor Medvedchuk (also Canada) and Viktor Yanukovych.

Japan announced milder sanctions than the US and EU. These include suspension of talks relating to military, space, investment, and visa requirements.

Legal aspects

See 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine: Legal aspects for more detail

Both Russia and Ukraine are signatories to the Charter of the United Nations. The ratification of said charter has several ramifications in terms of international law, particularly those that cover the subjects of sovereignty, self-determination, acts of aggression, and humanitarian emergencies. Vladimir Putin on one hand, claims that the Russian intervention on Ukraine is for humanitarian purposes. Ukraine and other nations, on the other hand, argue that such intervention is a violation of Ukraine's sovereignty.

Commentary

Several scholars, including Alexander J. Motyl, Paul A. Goble, Timothy D. Snyder, and Andreas Umland, have discussed the possibility of Russian military intervention in Crimea specifically, due to its unique geopolitical nature and demographics.

Nina L. Khrushcheva, the great-granddaughter of former Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and a Russian Affairs professor at the The New School, says that the aim of Crimea is not necessarily independence from Ukraine, but rather continued dependence on Russia. However, this has instead led Putin to justify continued backing for Yanukovych as well as his own desires to re-take the peninsula. Nevertheless, she acknowledges that Putin's long term goal may not be annexation of Crimea, since this could cause ethnic Crimean Tatars, who had been forcibly displaced by Stalin to Central Asia, to demand a return to Crimea and possibly cause the Islamic insurgency to spread out of the Northern Caucasus. Furthermore, she also states that if Russia sets a precedent of recovering "lost territory", this could inspire countries such as China or Georgia to demand back their own "stolen lands".

Russian opposition leader, chess Grandmaster Garry Kasparov, former US National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, former US secretary of state Hillary Clinton, Ukrainian MP Lesya Orobets (Batkivshchyna), former foreign minister of the Czech Republic, Karel Schwarzenberg, as well as the Foreign Affairs Minister of Canada John Baird compared Russia's actions to Nazi Germany's policy before the start of World War II, after the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin.

Ukraine's Chief Rabbi, Yaakov Bleich, described Putin's accusations of anti-semitism from Ukrainians towards Jews as a pretense for invasion as "what the Nazis did during the time of the Anschluss in Austria."

Commentaries and editorials published by China's state-run Xinhua News Agency and Global Times supported Russia's position on the situation.

Related places

• Building of the Supreme Council of Crimea, was seized on 27 February 2014
• Sevastopol, a city with special status in Crimea
• Kerch Strait Bridge, planned bridge spanning the Strait of Kerch
• Donuzlav Lake, sinking of a tugboat Shakhter and an anti-submarine ship Ochakov, on 5–6 March 2014
• Perevalne, Ukrainian garrison was surrounded by the Russian troops
• Armyansk and Dzhankoy, checkpoints, established on 27 February 2014
• Chonhar, a checkpoint, standoff since 8 March 2014
• Port Krym, a strategic ferry connection with Russia's Port Kavkaz

See also

2

References

Footnotes

Other references

2

Further reading

• Bremmer, Ian (1994). "The Politics of Ethnicity: Russians in the New Ukraine". Europe-Asia Studies. 46 (2): 261–283. doi:10.1080/09668139408412161.
• Hagendoorn, A.; Linssen, H.; Tumanov, S. V. (2001). Intergroup Relations in States of the former Soviet Union: The Perception of Russians. New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-84169-231-X.
• Legvold, Robert (2013). Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-first Century and the Shadow of the Past. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51217-6.
• Snyder, T. Beneath the Hypocrisy, Putin Is Vulnerable. Here's Where His Soft Spots Are. New Republic. 1 March 2014.

External links

• Ukraine crisis at BBC News Online
• Crisis in Crimea at the Kyiv Post
• Ukraine turmoil at RT
• Ukraine Crisis in Maps at The New York Times
• Crisis in Ukraine at CNN
• Ukraine Live Blog at Al Jazeera English