Glottal stop
| IPA Number | 113 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| X-SAMPA | ? | ||
| |||
The glottal stop, or more fully, the voiceless glottal plosive, is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. It is found only marginally in English, represented for example by the hyphen in uh-oh! and by the apostrophe in Hawaiʻi among those attempting an authentic pronunciation of that name.
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is <ʔ>. It is called the glottal stop because the technical term for the gap between the vocal cords, which is closed up in the production of this sound, is the glottis.
Phonetic and phonological features
Features of the glottal stop:
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than being initiated from the glottis or from a velic closure.
- Its place of articulation is glottal which means it is articulated at and by the vocal cords (vocal folds).
- Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by completely obstructing the airflow in the vocal tract.
- Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibration of the vocal cords; necessarily so, because the vocal cords are held tightly together, preventing vibration.
- It is an oral consonant, which means the air released when the closure is relaxed is allowed to escape through the mouth rather than the nasal cavity.
- Because it is pronounced in the larynx, situated in the windpipe; i.e. it has no component involved in the description of movements of the organs of the mouth, for example the tongue, so the central/lateral dichotomy does not apply, and nor do the tongue-front features such as coronal and distributed.
Phonology and symbolization of the glottal stop in selected languages
While this segment is not a written[1] phoneme in English, it is present phonetically in nearly all dialects of English as an allophone of /t/ in the syllable coda. Speakers of Cockney and several other British dialects also pronounce an intervocalic /t/ between vowels as in city. Standard English inserts a glottal stop before a tautosyllabic voiceless plosive, e.g. sto’p, tha’t, kno’ck, wa’tch, also lea’p, soa’k, hel’p, pin’ch [2].
In many languages that don't allow a sequence of vowels, such as Persian, the glottal stop may be used to break up such a hiatus. There are intricate interactions between falling tone and the glottal stop in the histories of such languages as Danish (cf. stød), Chinese and Thai.
In the traditional Romanization of many languages, such as Arabic, the glottal stop is transcribed with an apostrophe, <’>, and this is the source of the IPA character <ʔ>. In many Polynesian languages that use the Latin alphabet, however, the glottal stop is written with a reversed apostrophe, <‘> (called ‘okina in Hawaiian), which, confusingly, is also used to transcribe the Arabic ayin and is the source of the IPA character for the voiced pharyngeal fricative <ʕ>. In Malay, it is represented by the letter <k>, and in Võro and Maltese by . Other scripts have whole letters used for representing the glottal stop, such as the Hebrew letter aleph.
In the graphic representation of most Philippine languages, the glottal stop has no consistent symbolization. In most cases, however, a word that begins with a vowel-letter (e.g. Tagalog aso 'dog') is always pronounced with an unrepresented glottal stop before that vowel (as also in Modern German and Hausa). Some orthographies employ a hyphen, instead of the reverse apostrophe, if the glottal stop occurs in the middle of the word (e.g. Tagalog pag-ibig 'love'). When it occurs in the end of a Tagalog word, the last vowel is written with a circumflex accent (if the accent is on the last syllable) or a grave accent (if the accent occurs at the penultimate syllable).
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | аи | [ʔaj] | 'no' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Arabic | Standard[3] | الله | [ʔɑlˤˈlˤɑːh] | 'God, 'Allah' | See Arabic phonology |
| Metropolitan dialects[4] | شقة | [ʃæʔɐː] | 'apartment' | Corresponds to /q/ in Standard Arabic. | |
| Bikol | [[[Latin alphabet|ba-go]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbaːʔɡo] | 'new' | ||
| Burmese | [[[Burmese script|မ္ရစ္မ္ယား]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: mymr not supported for code: my (help) | [mjiʔ mjà] | 'rivers' | ||
| Cebuano | [[[Latin alphabet|bag-o]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbaːɡʔo] | 'new' | ||
| Chamorro | [[[Latin alphabet|halu'u]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [həluʔu] | 'shark' | ||
| Chechen | кхоъ / [[[Latin alphabet|qo']]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [qoʔ] | 'three' | ||
| Chinese | Shanghainese | [[[Chinese Characters|一级了]]/] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-wuu-Hani (help)[iqciqlheq] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʔiɪʔ.tɕiɪʔ.ʔlǝʔ] | 'superb' | |
| Chintang | [caʔwa] | 'water' | |||
| Danish | [[[Danish alphabet|hånd]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [hɞnʔ] | 'hand' | See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch[5] | [[[Dutch orthography|beamen]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bəʔamən] | 'to confirm' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Cockney[6] | [[[English orthography|cat]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kʰɛ̝ʔ] | 'cat' | Allophone of /t/. See glottalization and English phonology |
| GA | [kʰæʔt] | ||||
| RP or GA[7] | button | [b̥ɐʔn̩] | 'button' | ||
| Finnish | [[[Finnish alphabet|linja-auto]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈlinjɑʔˈɑuto] | 'bus' | See Finnish phonology | |
| German | northern dialects | [[[German orthography|Beamter]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bəˈʔamtɐ] | 'civil servant' | See German phonology |
| western dialects | [[[German orthography|Verwaltung]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˌfɔʔˈvaltʊŋ] | 'management', 'administration' | ||
| Guaraní | [[[Guaraní alphabet|avañe’ẽ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [aʋaɲẽˈʔẽ] | 'Guaraní' | Occurs only between vowels | |
| Hawaiian[8] | [[[Hawaiian alphabet|ʻeleʻele]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʔɛlɛˈʔɛlɛ] | 'black' | See Hawaiian phonology | |
| Hebrew | מאמר | [maʔamaʁ] | 'article' | See Hebrew phonology | |
| Indonesian | [[[Latin alphabet|bakso]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˌbaʔˈso] | 'meatball' | Allophone of /k/ or /ɡ/ in the syllable coda | |
| Kabardian | Iэ | [ʔɛ] | 'to tell' | ||
| Malay | [[[Latin alphabet|tidak]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈtidaʔ] | 'no' | Allophone of final /k/ in the syllable coda, pronounced before consonants or at end of word | |
| Maltese | [[[Maltese alphabet|qattus]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʔattus] | 'cat' | ||
| Nez Perce | [[[Americanist phonetic notation|yáakaʔ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈjaːkaʔ] | 'black bear' | ||
| Persian | معني | [maʔni] | 'meaning' | See Persian phonology | |
| Pirahã | [[[Latin alphabet|baíxi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈmàí̯ʔì] | 'parent' | ||
| Rotuman[9] | ʻusu | [ʔusu] | 'to box' | ||
| Seri | [[[Seri alphabet|he]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʔɛ] | 'I' | ||
| Tagalog | [[[Filipino orthography|iihi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˌʔiːˈʔiːhɛʔ] | 'will urinate' | ||
| Tahitian | puaʻa | [puaʔa] | 'pig' | ||
| Tongan | tuʻu | [tuʔu] | 'stand' | ||
| Vietnamese | a | [ʔaʔ] | 'by the way' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Võro | piniq | [ˈpinʲiʔ] | 'dogs' | ||
| Welayta | [ʔirʈa] | 'wet' | |||
See also
- List of phonetics topics
- Stød in Danish
- Saltillo (linguistics)
- Hamza in Arabic
References
- ^ Kortlandt, Frederik (1989). "The spread of the Indo-Europeans" (PDF).
- ^ Brown, Gillian. 1977:27. Listening to spoken English. London: Longman.
- ^ Thelwall (1990:37)
- ^ Watson (2002:17)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Sivertson (1960:111)
- ^ Roach (2004:240)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:139)
- ^ Blevins (1994:492)
Bibliography
- Blevins, Juliette (1994), "The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology", Oceanic Linguistics, 33(2): 491–516
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005). Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.). Blackwell.
{{cite book}}: Text "authorlink-Peter Ladefoged" ignored (help) - Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–245
- Schane, Sanford A (1968), French Phonology and Morphology, Boston, Mass.: M.I.T. Press
- Sivertsen, Eva (1960), Cockney Phonology, Oslo: University of Oslo
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
