Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2008) |
| Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɹ | |||
| IPA Number | 151 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɹ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0279 | ||
| X-SAMPA | r\ | ||
| |||
The alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants is ⟨ɹ⟩, a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees, or in broad transcription ⟨r⟩; the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ⟨r\⟩.
For ease of typesetting, the vast majority[dubious ] of English phonemic transcriptions use the symbol ⟨r⟩ instead of ⟨ɹ⟩, even though the former symbol technically represents the alveolar trill.
Features
Features of the alveolar approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armenian | Eastern | սուրճ | [suɹtʃʰ] | 'coffee' | |
| Chukchi | ңирэк | [ŋiɹek] | 'two' | ||
| Dutch | Goois | [[[Dutch alphabet|door]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [doəɹ] | 'through' | Most dialects use an alveolar tap or trill. See Dutch phonology |
| Leiden dialect | [[[Dutch alphabet|rat]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɹat] | 'rat' | ||
| English | American dialects[1] | [[[English orthography|red]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɹ̠ˤʷɛd] | 'red' | Often retracted and labialized. In non-rhotic dialects, it occurs only before a vowel. May also be a labialized retroflex approximant; corresponds to an alveolar trill or alveolar tap in a few other dialects. For convenience it is often transcribed <r>. See English phonology |
| Australian | |||||
| Received Pronunciation | |||||
| Faroese | [[[Latin alphabet|róður]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: latn not supported for code: fo (help) | [ɹɔuwʊɹ] | 'rudder' | ||
| German | Westerwald[2] | [[[German orthography|Rebe]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɹeːbə] | 'vine shoot' | Most other dialects use a voiced uvular fricative or uvular trill. See German phonology |
| Siegerland[3] | |||||
| Upper Lusatian | |||||
| Portuguese | Many Central-Southern Brazilian dialects[citation needed] | [[[Portuguese orthography|verde]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈveɹdʒɪ] | 'green' | Syllable-final allophone of rhotic consonant and also /l/. See Portuguese phonology |
| Some countryside Central-Southern Brazilian dialects[citation needed] | [[[Portuguese orthography|temporal]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tẽjpoˈɾaɹ] | 'rainstorm' | ||
| Spanish | Some dialects[4] | doscientos | [do̞ɹˈθje̞nto̞s] | 'two hundred' | Allophone of /s/ in the syllable coda. See Spanish phonology |
| Vietnamese | [[[Vietnamese alphabet|rơ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɹəː] | 'to clean' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[5] | rdɨ | [ɹd̪ɨ] | 'pass' | Allophone of /ɾ/ before any consonant. |
See also
Notes
- ^ Hallé, Best & Levitt (1999:283) citing Delattre & Freeman (1968), Zawadzki & Kuehn (1980), and Boyce & Espy-Wilson (1997)
- ^ Wäller Platt: Die Aussprache
- ^ Kohler (1995:165f), cited in Universität zu Köln: Phonologische Analyse
- ^ Recasens (2004:436) citing Fougeron (1999) and Browman & Goldstein (1995)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
References
- Boyce, S.; Espy-Wilson, C. (1997), "Coarticulatory stability in American English /r/", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 101 (6): 3741–3753, doi:10.1121/1.418333, PMID 9193061
- Browman, L.; Goldstein (1995), "Gestural syllable position in American English", in Bell-Berti, F.; Raphael, L.J. (eds.), Producing Speech: Contemporary issues for K Harris, New York: AIP, pp. 9–33
{{citation}}: Missing|editor2=(help) - Delattre, P.; Freeman, D.C. (1968), "A dialect study of American R's by x-ray motion picture", Linguistics, 44: 29–68
- Fougeron, C (1999), "Prosodically conditioned articulatory variation: A Review", UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, vol. 97, pp. 1–73
- Hallé, Pierre A.; Best, Catherine T.; Levitt, Andrea; Andrea (1999), "Phonetic vs. phonological influences on French listeners' perception of American English approximants", Journal of Phonetics, 27 (3): 281–306, doi:10.1006/jpho.1999.0097
- Kohler, Klaus (1995), Einführung in die Phonetik des Deutschen, Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114
- Recasens, Daniel (2004), "The effect of syllable position on consonant reduction (evidence fromCatalan consonant clusters)", Journal of Phonetics, 32 (3): 435–453, doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2004.02.001
- Zawadski, P.A.; Kuehn, D.P. (1980), "A cineradiographic study of static and dynamic aspects of American English /r/", Phonetica, 37 (4): 253–266, doi:10.1159/000259995, PMID 7443796
