List of 2004 Summer Olympics medal winners
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| 2004 Summer Olympics |
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This is a list of medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics, which were held in Athens, Greece.
| Contents | ||
| Leading medal winners Notes References Bibliography | ||
Archery
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's individual |
Marco Galiazzo Italy
|
Hiroshi Yamamoto Japan
|
Tim Cuddihy Australia
|
| Women's individual |
Park Sung-Hyun South Korea
|
Lee Sung-Jin South Korea
|
Alison Williamson Great Britain
|
| Men's team |
 South Korea (KOR)Im Dong-Hyun Jang Yong-Ho Park Kyung-Mo |
 Chinese Taipei (TPE)Chen Szu-yuan Liu Ming-huang Wang Cheng-pang |
 Ukraine (UKR)Dmytro Hrachov Viktor Ruban Oleksandr Serdyuk |
| Women's team |
South Korea (KOR) Lee Sung-Jin Park Sung-Hyun Yun Mi-Jin |
 China (CHN)He Ying Lin Sang Zhang Juanjuan |
Chinese Taipei (TPE) Chen Li Ju Wu Hui Ju Yuan Shu Chi |
Athletics
Track
Road
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's 20 km walk |
Ivano Brugnetti Italy
|
Paquillo Fernández Spain
|
Nathan Deakes Australia
|
| Women's 20 km walk |
Athanasia Tsoumeleka Greece
|
Olimpiada Ivanova Russia
|
Jane Saville Australia
|
| Men's 50 km walk |
Robert Korzeniowski Poland
|
Denis Nizhegorodov Russia
|
Aleksey Voyevodin Russia
|
| Men's marathon |
Stefano Baldini Italy
|
Mebrahtom Keflezighi United States
|
Vanderlei de Lima Brazil
|
| Women's marathon |
Mizuki Noguchi Japan
|
Catherine Ndereba Kenya
|
Deena Kastor United States
|
Field
* Athletes who participated in the heats only and received medals.
Badminton
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's singles |
Taufik Hidayat Indonesia
|
Shon Seung-mo South Korea
|
Sony Dwi Kuncoro Indonesia
|
| Women's singles |
Zhang Ning China
|
Mia Audina Netherlands
|
Zhou Mi China
|
| Men's doubles |
South Korea (KOR) Kim Dong-moon Ha Tae-kwon |
South Korea (KOR) Lee Dong-soo Yoo Yong-sung |
 Indonesia (INA)Eng Hian Flandy Limpele |
| Women's doubles |
China (CHN) Zhang Jiewen Yang Wei |
China (CHN) Huang Sui Gao Ling |
South Korea (KOR) Ra Kyung-min Lee Kyung-won |
| Mixed doubles |
China (CHN) Zhang Jun Gao Ling |
 Great Britain (GBR)Nathan Robertson Gail Emms |
 Denmark (DEN)Jens Eriksen Mette Schjoldager |
Baseball
Basketball
Boxing
Canoeing
Slalom
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's slalom C-1 |
Tony Estanguet France
|
Michal Martikán Slovakia
|
Stefan Pfannmöller Germany
|
| Men's slalom C-2 |
 Slovakia (SVK)Pavol Hochschorner Peter Hochschorner |
 Germany (GER)Marcus Becker Stefan Henze |
 Czech Republic (CZE)Jaroslav Volf Ondřej Štěpánek |
| Men's slalom K-1 |
Benoît Peschier France
|
Campbell Walsh Great Britain
|
Fabien Lefèvre France
|
| Women's slalom K-1 |
Elena Kaliská Slovakia
|
Rebecca Giddens United States
|
Helen Reeves Great Britain
|
Sprint
Cycling
Road
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's road race |
Paolo Bettini Italy
|
Sérgio Paulinho Portugal
|
Axel Merckx Belgium
|
| Women's road race |
Sara Carrigan Australia
|
Judith Arndt Germany
|
Olga Slyusareva Russia
|
| Men's time trial |
Viatcheslav Ekimov Russia
|
Bobby Julich United States
|
Michael Rogers Australia
|
| Women's time trial |
Leontien Zijlaard-Van Moorsel Netherlands
|
Deirdre Demet-Barry United States
|
Karin Thürig Switzerland
|
Track
Mountain bike
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's cross-country |
Julien Absalon France
|
José Antonio Hermida Spain
|
Bart Brentjens Netherlands
|
| Women's cross-country |
Gunn-Rita Dahle Flesjå Norway
|
Marie-Hélène Prémont Canada
|
Sabine Spitz Germany
|
Diving
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's 3 metre springboard |
Peng Bo China
|
Alexandre Despatie Canada
|
Dmitri Sautin Russia
|
| Women's 3 metre springboard |
Guo Jingjing China
|
Wu Minxia China
|
Yulia Pakhalina Russia
|
| Men's 10 metre platform |
Hu Jia China
|
Mathew Helm Australia
|
Tian Liang China
|
| Women's 10 metre platform |
Chantelle Newbery Australia
|
Lao Lishi China
|
Loudy Tourky Australia
|
| Men's Synchronized 3 metre springboard |
Thomas Bimis and Nikolaos Siranidis Greece
|
Tobias Schellenberg and Andreas Wels Germany
|
Steven Barnett and Robert Newbery Australia
|
| Women's Synchronized 3 metre springboard |
Wu Minxia and Guo Jingjing China
|
Vera Ilina and Yulia Pakhalina Russia
|
Irina Lashko and Chantelle Newbery Australia
|
| Men's Synchronized 10 metre platform |
Tian Liang and Yang Jinghui China
|
Peter Waterfield and Leon Taylor Great Britain
|
Mathew Helm and Robert Newbery Australia
|
| Women's Synchronized 10 metre platform |
Lao Lishi and Li Ting China
|
Natalia Goncharova and Yulia Koltunova Russia
|
Blythe Hartley and Émilie Heymans Canada
|
Equestrian
Fencing
Field hockey
Football
Gymnastics
Artistic
Rhythmic
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Women's individual all-around |
Alina Kabaeva Russia
|
Irina Tchachina Russia
|
Anna Bessonova Ukraine
|
| Women's team all-around |
 Russia (RUS)Olesia Beluguina Olga Glatskikh Tatiana Kurbakova Natalia Lavrova Elena Murzina Yelena Posevina |
 Italy (ITA)Elisa Blanchi Fabrizia D'Ottavio Marinella Falca Daniela Masseroni Elisa Santoni Laura Vernizzi |
 Bulgaria (BUL)Zhaneta Ilieva Eleonora Kezhova Zornitsa Marinova Kristina Ranguelova Galina Tancheva Vladislava Tancheva |
Trampoline
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's individual |
Yuri Nikitin Ukraine
|
Alexander Moskalenko Russia
|
Henrik Stehlik Germany
|
| Women's individual |
Anna Dogonadze Germany
|
Karen Cockburn Canada
|
Huang Shanshan China
|
Handball
Judo
Modern pentathlon
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's individual |
Andrey Moiseev Russia
|
Andrejus Zadneprovskis Lithuania
|
Libor Capalini Czech Republic
|
| Women's individual |
Zsuzsanna Vörös Hungary
|
Jeļena Rubļevska Latvia
|
Georgina Harland Great Britain
|
Rowing
Sailing
Shooting
Softball
Swimming
* Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals.
Synchronised swimming
Table tennis
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's singles |
Ryu Seung-Min South Korea
|
Wang Hao China
|
Wang Liqin China
|
| Women's singles |
Zhang Yining China
|
Kim Hyang-Mi North Korea
|
Kim Kyung-Ah South Korea
|
| Men's doubles |
China (CHN) Chen Qi Ma Lin |
 Hong Kong (HKG)Ko Lai Chak Li Ching |
Denmark (DEN) Michael Maze Finn Tugwell |
| Women's doubles |
China (CHN) Wang Nan Zhang Yining |
South Korea (KOR) Lee Eun-Sil Seok Eun-Mi |
China (CHN) Guo Yue Niu Jianfeng |
Taekwondo
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's Flyweight (−58 kg) |
Chu Mu-Yen Chinese Taipei
|
Oscar Salazar Mexico
|
Tamer Bayoumi Egypt
|
| Women's Flyweight (−49 kg) |
Chen Shih-Hsin Chinese Taipei
|
Yanelis Labrada Cuba
|
Yaowapa Boorapolchai Thailand
|
| Men's Lightweight (−68 kg) |
Hadi Saei Iran
|
Huang Chih-hsiung Chinese Taipei
|
Song Myeong-Seob South Korea
|
| Women's Lightweight (−57 kg) |
Jang Ji-Won South Korea
|
Nia Abdallah United States
|
Iridia Salazar Mexico
|
| Men's Middleweight (−80 kg) |
Steven López United States
|
Bahri Tanrıkulu Turkey
|
Yousef Karami Iran
|
| Women's Middleweight (−67 kg) |
Luo Wei China
|
Elisavet Mystakidou Greece
|
Hwang Kyung-Sun South Korea
|
| Men's Heavyweight (+80 kg) |
Moon Dae-Sung South Korea
|
Alexandros Nikolaidis Greece
|
Pascal Gentil France
|
| Women's Heavyweight (+67 kg) |
Chen Zhong China
|
Myriam Baverel France
|
Adriana Carmona Venezuela
|
Tennis
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's singles |
Nicolás Massú Chile
|
Mardy Fish United States
|
Fernando González Chile
|
| Women's singles |
Justine Henin-Hardenne Belgium
|
Amélie Mauresmo France
|
Alicia Molik Australia
|
| Men's doubles |
 Chile (CHI)Fernando González Nicolás Massú |
Germany (GER) Nicolas Kiefer Rainer Schüttler |
 Croatia (CRO)Mario Ančić Ivan Ljubičić |
| Women's doubles |
China (CHN) Li Ting Sun Tiantian |
 Spain (ESP)Conchita Martínez Virginia Ruano Pascual |
 Argentina (ARG)Paola Suárez Patricia Tarabini |
Triathlon
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's triathlon |
Hamish Carter New Zealand
|
Bevan Docherty New Zealand
|
Sven Riederer Switzerland
|
| Women's triathlon |
Kate Allen Austria
|
Loretta Harrop Australia
|
Susan Williams United States
|
Volleyball
Beach
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's team |
Brazil (BRA) Ricardo Santos Emanuel Rego |
Spain (ESP) Javier Bosma Pablo Herrera |
 Switzerland (SUI)Stefan Kobel Patrick Heuscher |
| Women's team |
 United States (USA)Kerri Walsh Misty May |
Brazil (BRA) Adriana Behar Shelda Bede |
United States (USA) Holly McPeak Elaine Youngs |
Indoor
Water polo
Weightlifting
Wrestling
Freestyle
Greco-Roman
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's Bantamweight (−55 kg) |
István Majoros Hungary
|
Geidar Mamedaliyev Russia
|
Artiom Kiouregkian Greece
|
| Men's Featherweight (−60 kg) |
Jung Ji-Hyun South Korea
|
Roberto Monzón Cuba
|
Armen Nazaryan Bulgaria
|
| Men's Lightweight (−66 kg) |
Farid Mansurov Azerbaijan
|
Şeref Eroğlu Turkey
|
Mkhitar Manukyan Kazakhstan
|
| Men's Welterweight (−74 kg) |
Aleksandr Dokturishvili Uzbekistan
|
Marko Yli-Hannuksela Finland
|
Varteres Samurgashev Russia
|
| Men's Middleweight (−84 kg) |
Alexei Mishin Russia
|
Ara Abrahamian Sweden
|
Viachaslau Makaranka Belarus
|
| Men's Heavyweight (−96 kg) |
Karam Gaber Egypt
|
Ramaz Nozadze Georgia
|
Mehmet Özal Turkey
|
| Men's Super heavyweight (−120 kg) |
Khasan Baroyev Russia
|
Georgiy Tsurtsumia Kazakhstan
|
Rulon Gardner United States
|
Leading medal winners
27 competitors won at least three medals.[1]
| Athlete | Nation | Sport | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Michael Phelps | United States (USA)
|
Swimming | 6 | 0 | 2 | 8 |
| Petria Thomas |  Australia (AUS)
|
Swimming | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| Amanda Beard | United States (USA)
|
Swimming | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Grant Hackett | Australia (AUS)
|
Swimming | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Paul Hamm | United States (USA)
|
Gymnastics | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| Jodie Henry | Australia (AUS)
|
Swimming | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Otylia Jędrzejczak |  Poland (POL)
|
Swimming | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Carly Patterson | United States (USA)
|
Gymnastics | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| Aaron Peirsol | United States (USA)
|
Swimming | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Cătălina Ponor |  Romania (ROU)
|
Gymnastics | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Pieter van den Hoogenband |  Netherlands (NED)
|
Swimming | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Natalie Coughlin | United States (USA)
|
Swimming | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| Ian Thorpe | Australia (AUS)
|
Swimming | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Veronica Campbell |  Jamaica (JAM)
|
Athletics | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Kosuke Kitajima |  Japan (JPN)
|
Swimming | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Inge de Bruijn | Netherlands (NED)
|
Swimming | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| Kirsty Coventry |  Zimbabwe (ZIM)
|
Swimming | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Ian Crocker | United States (USA)
|
Swimming | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Justin Gatlin | United States (USA)
|
Athletics | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Brendan Hansen | United States (USA)
|
swimming | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Leisel Jones | Australia (AUS)
|
Swimming | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Laure Manaudou |  France (FRA)
|
Swimming | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Kaitlin Sandeno | United States (USA)
|
Swimming | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Roland Schoeman |  South Africa (RSA)
|
Swimming | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Bradley Wiggins |  Great Britain (GBR)
|
Cycling | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Marian Drăgulescu | Romania (ROU)
|
Gymnastics | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Antje Buschschulte | Germany (GER)
|
Swimming | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
Notes
- ^ Irina Korzhanenko of Russia won the women's shot put event, but her gold medal was revoked after testing positive for stanozolol.[2] The gold, silver and bronze medals were redistributed between the second, third and fourth placed finishers.[3]
- ^ Hungarian discus thrower Róbert Fazekas originally won the discipline,[4] but after failing to produce enough urine for a drug test, the IOC stripped him of his title and disqualified him from the competition.[5]
- ^ The IOC stripped Hungarian Adrián Annus of his gold medal when he failed to present himself for a mandatory second drug test five days after winning the hammer throwing event. The medal was reawarded to Koji Murofushi of Japan. The silver medal was given to Belarusian Ivan Tikhon and Turkey's Eşref Apak took the bronze.[6][7]
- ^ Cyclist María Luisa Calle finished third in the women's 25 kilometre points race,[8] but the IOC revoked her bronze medal after failing a drug test that detected heptaminol in her system.[9] The medal was given to fourth placed American Erin Mirabella.[10][11] Calle appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, who on 27 October 2005 upheld her claim that the anti-migraine pill Neo-Saldina she took contained isometheptene, which transforms into heptaminol during laboratory tests. Isometheptene was not banned during the 2004 Summer Olympics.[12] Mirabella relinquished the bronze medal saying, "I still feel like I need some time to absorb everything and get a better understanding of the decision, but if the IOC asks, it's only fair to give the medal back ... I want to do what is right and what is fair."[12][13]
- ^ a b Bettina Hoy of Germany competed in the individual and team eventing disciplines, and earned enough points to win gold medals in both events; however, one hour after she had ridden, the ground jury panel reviewed the results and decided that Hoy had crossed the start line twice. She was docked fourteen points, which dropped her to ninth place in the individual event and her team into fourth place. Hoy appealed, and the committee reversed the penalty, thereby reinstating her gold medals, but the United States, French, and British teams quickly filed a joint complaint of their own with the Court of Arbitration for Sport. Three days later, the CAS overturned the previously successful appeal, stating that the appeals panel did not have the authority to overturn the ground jury's decision. Great Britain's Leslie Law and Pippa Funnell were awarded the gold and bronze medals, respectively, in the individual eventing discipline with the United States' Kimberly Severson taking silver, and the French team were awarded the gold medal in the team eventing discipline. The British and United States teams were awarded silver and bronze, respectively.[14][15]
- ^ Cian O'Connor of Ireland at the 2004 Summer Olympics won the gold medal in the men's individual jumping event,[16] but was later stripped of his medal when his horse, Waterford Crystal, tested positive for two banned substances, fluphenazine and zuclophenthixol.[17] It was passed to Brazilian Rodrigo Pessoa, who finished in second place.[18]
- ^ a b The German equestrian team jumping squad finished in first place and won gold, ahead of the United States and Swedish teams; however, Ludger Beerbaum's horse, Goldfever, later tested positive for the banned substance betamethasone.[19] Upon being found guilty of riding a drugged horse, the International Equestrian Federation (FIE) recommended to the IOC that the German be stripped of their gold medals and passed to the United States.[20] In January 2005, the FIE disqualified Beerbaum and Goldfever, and recalculated the German team's points as if they had never participated. The gold medals were given to the United States, Sweden took the silver medals, and Germany were awarded the bronze medals, as the remaining team members still earned enough points to be placed above the Netherlands in fourth position.[21]
- ^
- ^ Leonidas Sampanis of Greece was awarded the bronze medal in the men's featherweight class of weightlifting; however, after testing positive for elevated levels of testosterone, the IOC disqualified him and awarded the bronze to fourth-placed Israel José Rubio from Venezuela.[24][25] Sampanis' drug test results caused ripples in the philately world, as the day after he appeared on the podium to receive his medal, Hellenic Post began selling commemorative postage stamps which had to be withdrawn when he was disqualified.[26][27]
- ^ Hungarian heavyweight weightlifter Ferenc Gyurkovics won the silver medal, but after testing positive for the anabolic steroid oxandrolone, was disqualified and had his medal revoked. It was re-awarded to the Ukraine's Igor Razoronov. Fourth-placed Russian Gleb Pisarevskiy was awarded the bronze medal.[28][29]
- ^ Yuriy Bilonog of Ukraine was stripped of his gold medal in December 2012 after a retest of his sample found traces of oxandrolone metabolite, which had been undetected in 2004.[30]
- ^ Svetlana Krivelyova of Russia was stripped of her bronze medal in December 2012 after a retest of her sample found traces of oxandrolone metabolite, which had been undetected in 2004.[30]
- ^ Iryna Yatchenko of Belarus was stripped of her bronze medal in December 2012 after a retest of her sample found traces of methandienone metabolite, which had been undetected in 2004.[30]
- ^ Ivan Tsikhan of Belarus was stripped of his silver medal in December 2012 after a retest of his sample found traces of methandienone metabolite, which had been undetected in 2004.[30]
References
- General
- Specific
- ^ "2004 Athina Summer Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ Bose, Mihir (23 August 2004). "Shot put earns a dubious distinction as first and last test positive for drugs". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ "Shot champ stripped of gold". BBC Sport. 23 August 2004. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ "Robert Fazekas of Hungary wins men's discus gold". People's Daily. 24 August 2004. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ Bose, Mihir (25 August 2004). "Discus champion stripped of gold". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ "Hammer throw champ's gold taken". USA Today. Associated Press. 29 August 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ "Annus loses hammer gold". BBC Sport. 29 August 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ "Slyusareva strikes gold". BBC Sport. 25 August 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ "Colombians in Calle appeal". BBC Sport. 1 September 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ "Women's points race: Calle Williams positive, Mirabella gets bronze". Velo News. Agence France Presse. 29 August 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ "U.S. cyclist will win race to her mailbox". NBC Sports. Associated Press. 1 September 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ a b Vinton, Nathaniel (28 October 2005). "U.S. Sprinter Loses Gold Medal". New York Times. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ "IOC to return cyclist's Olympic medal". CBC Sports. Associated Press. 27 October 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ "GB given gold after appeal". BBC Sport. 21 August 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ "Eventing chaos explained". BBC Sport. 21 August 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ "O'Connor claims gold medal". BBC Sport. 27 August 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ "Ireland stripped of Olympic medal". CNN. 28 March 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ "O'Connor loses Olympic gold medal". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. 27 March 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ "U.S. could get gold after German horse flunks Olympic drug test". USA Today. Associated Press. 11 November 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ Fowler, Jonathan (3 December 2004). "German rider guilty of doping at Olympics". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ "Germany to be stripped of Olympic show jumping gold". USA Today. Associated Press. 6 January 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ "Ukrainian rowing team loses bronze for doping". Sports Illustrated. Associated Press. 26 August 2004. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ "Rower fails drugs test". BBC Sport. 26 August 2004. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ "Sampanis stripped of bronze". BBC Sport. 22 August 2004. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ Grohmann, Karolos; Howden, Daniel (20 August 2004). "More disgrace as Greek medallist fails test". Independent Online (South Africa). Reuters. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ "Drug cheat creates Olympic rarity". Stamp Magazine. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ "Living People on Stamps". Royal Mail. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ "Positive drug tests lead to another stripped medal, expulsion". USA Today. Associated Press. 28 August 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ "Silver medallist thrown out". BBC Sport. 28 August 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ a b c d "BBC Sport - Olympic drug tests: Four athletes stripped of 2004 Athens medals". BBC News. 5 December 2012.
Bibliography
- Miller, David (2003). Athens to Athens: The Official History of the Olympic Games and the IOC, 1894–2004. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 1-84018-587-2.
- The Olympic Games: Athens 1894 – Athens 2004. Dorling Kindersley. 2004 [First published 1996]. ISBN 0-7566-0400-1.
- Wallechinsky, David; Loucky, Jaime (2008). The Complete Book of the Olympics. Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-84513-330-6.
- Official report of the XXVIII Olympiad: Results (PDF). Vol. 2. Athens Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. November 2005. ISBN 960-88101-8-3. Retrieved 23 July 2009.