Jump to content

Voiced dental and alveolar plosives

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 176.121.228.40 (talk) at 14:00, 1 August 2016 (→Dental or denti-alveolar). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Voiced alveolar stop
d
IPA Number104
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)d
Unicode (hex)U+0064
X-SAMPAd
Braille⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)

The voiced alveolar stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar stops is ⟨d⟩ (although the symbol ⟨d̪⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental stop, and ⟨d̠⟩ the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
  • There are four specific variants of [d]:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Voiced dental stop
d̪
Audio sample

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Armenian Eastern[1] դեմք / demk’ [d̪ɛmkʰ]ⓘ 'face' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Western տալ / tal [d̪ɑl] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Basque [[[Basque alphabet|diru]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d̪iɾu] 'money' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Belarusian[2] падарожжа [päd̪äˈroʐʐä] 'travel' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Bengali দাম [d̪am] 'price' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Catalan[3] [[[Catalan orthography|dit]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈd̪it̪] 'finger' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Chinese Wu 唐 [d̪ɑ̃] 'the Tang dynasty'
Dinka[4] [[[Dinka alphabet|dhek]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d̪ek] 'distinct' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar /d/.
Dutch Belgian [[[Dutch orthography|ding]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d̪ɪŋ] 'thing' Laminal denti-alveolar.
English Dublin[5] [then] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d̪ɛn] 'then' Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to [ð] in other dialects; in Dublin it may be [d͡ð] instead.[5] See English phonology
Southern Irish[6]
Geordie[7] Word-initial allophone of /ð/; may be realized as [ð] instead.[7]
Ulster[8] dream [d̪ɹim] 'dream' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /d/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
French[9] [[[French orthography|dais]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d̪ɛ] 'canopy' Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Georgian[10] კუდი [ˈkʼud̪i] 'tail' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Hindustani[11] [[[Devanāgarī|दूध]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: deva not supported for code: hi (help) / دودھ [d̪uːd̪ʱ] 'milk' Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Irish [[[Irish orthography|dorcha]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə] 'dark' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology
Italian[12] [[[Italian alphabet|dare]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈd̪äːre] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Kashubian[13] [example needed] Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz[14] [[[Kyrgyz alphabet|дос]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d̪os̪] 'friend' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian[15] [[[Latvian alphabet|drudzis]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈd̪rud̪͡z̪is̪] 'fever' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Marathi दगड [d̪əɡəɖ] 'stone' Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
Pashto ﺪﻮﻩ [ˈd̪wɑ] 'two' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Polish[16] [[[Polish orthography|dom]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d̪ɔm]ⓘ 'home' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[17] Many dialects [[[Portuguese orthography|dar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈd̪aɾ] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਦਾਲ [d̪ɑːl] 'lentils' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Russian[18] дышать [d̪ɨ̞ˈʂätʲ] 'to breathe' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology
Slovene[19] [danes] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈd̪àːnəs̪] 'today' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Spanish[20] [[[Spanish orthography|hundido]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ũn̪ˈd̪ið̞o̞] 'sunken' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Turkish [[[Turkish orthography|dal]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d̪äɫ] 'twig' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[21] дерево [ˈd̪ɛrɛβ̞ɔ] 'tree' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek[22] [example needed] Laminal denti-alveolar.
Zapotec Tilquiapan[23] 'dan' [d̪aŋ] 'countryside' Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe дахэ [daːxa] 'pretty'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic [wada] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [waːda] 'to do' Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [ð̞] in other varieties.
Czech [[[Czech orthography|do]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [do] 'into' See Czech phonology
Dutch[24] [[[Dutch orthography|dak]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [dɑk] 'roof' See Dutch phonology
English Most speakers [[[English orthography|dash]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈdæʃ] 'dash' See English phonology
Finnish [[[Finnish alphabet|sidos]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈsido̞s] 'bond' See Finnish phonology
Greek [[[Greek alphabet|ντροπή]]/dropí] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [dro̞ˈpi] 'shame' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew דואר [ˈdoʔaʁ] 'mail' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian [[[Hungarian orthography|adó]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɒdoː] 'tax' See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian[25] [dacing] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈdätʃɪŋ] 'balancing scale'
Japanese[26] 男性的/[[[Romanization of Japanese|danseiteki]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [dãnse̞ːte̞ki] 'masculine' See Japanese phonology
Kabardian дахэ [daːxa] 'pretty'
Korean 아들/adeul [adɯl] 'son' See Korean phonology
Luxembourgish[27] [brudder] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈbʀudɐ] 'brother' More often voiceless [t].[27] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay [[[Malay alphabet|dahan]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [dähän] 'branch'
Maltese [[[Maltese alphabet|dehen]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [den] 'wit'
Thai ดาว [daːw] 'star'
West Frisian [doarp] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈdwɑrp] 'village'
Yi ꄿ/[[[Yi script|dda]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [da˧] 'competent'

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic دين [diːn] 'religion' Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology.
English Broad South African[28] [[[English orthography|dawn]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [doːn] 'dawn' Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[28][29][30]
Scottish[29] [dɔn]
Welsh[30] [dɒːn]
German Standard[31] [[[German orthography|Dach]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [dax] 'roof' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[31] See Standard German phonology
Norwegian Standard Eastern[32] [[[Norwegian alphabet|dans]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d̻ɑns] 'dance' Partially voiced or fully voiceless [t]. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[32] See Norwegian phonology
Persian[33] اداره [edaːre] 'office' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[33] See Persian phonology
Slovak[34][35] [[[Slovak alphabet|do]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d̻o̞]ⓘ 'into' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[34][35] See Slovak phonology
Swedish Central Standard[36] [[[Swedish alphabet|dag]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [dɑːɡ] 'day' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.[36] May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology

See also

References

  1. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  2. ^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  3. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  4. ^ Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.
  5. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
  6. ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
  7. ^ a b Watt & Allen (2003), p. 270.
  8. ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
  9. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  10. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  11. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
  12. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  13. ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
  14. ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  15. ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  16. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  17. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  18. ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
  19. ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  20. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  21. ^ S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". arXiv:0802.4198.
  22. ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
  23. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  24. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  25. ^ Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
  26. ^ Okada (1991), p. 94.
  27. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  28. ^ a b Lass (2002), p. 120.
  29. ^ a b Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
  30. ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 388.
  31. ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 47.
  32. ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000:22)
  33. ^ a b Mahootian (2002:287–289)
  34. ^ a b Kráľ (1988), p. 72.
  35. ^ a b Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
  36. ^ a b Riad (2014:46)

Bibliography

  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003), Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3895868434
  • Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
  • Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
  • Maddieson, Ian (1984), Patterns of Sound, Cambridge University Press
  • Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997), Persian, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-02311-4
  • Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Nau, Nicole (1998), Latvian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3-89586-228-2
  • Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
  • Padluzhny, Ped (1989), Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, ISBN 5-343-00292-7
  • Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109
  • Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980), Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski
  • Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605
  • Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006). "Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview" (PDF). Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
  • Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Indonesian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (2): 209–213, doi:10.1017/s0025100308003320
  • Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
  • Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
  • Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, vol. 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_plosives&oldid=732517071"