Voiced dental fricative
| Voiced dental fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ð | |||
| IPA Number | 131 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ð | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+00F0 | ||
| X-SAMPA | D | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
.svg)
| Voiced dental approximant | |
|---|---|
| ð | |
| ð̞ | |
| Audio sample | |
The voiced dental fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English speakers as the th sound in father. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is eth, or [ð]. This was taken from the Old English and Icelandic letter eth, which could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced interdental non-sibilant fricative. This symbol is also sometimes used to represent the dental approximant, a similar sound not known to contrast with a dental non-sibilant fricative in any language,[1] though that is more clearly written with the lowering diacritic, ⟨ð̞⟩. Other possible transcriptions of the dental approximant include ⟨ʋ̠⟩ (retracted [ʋ]), ⟨ɹ̟⟩ (advanced [ɹ]) and ⟨ɹ̪⟩ (dentalized [ɹ]), though none of them are commonly used.
The dental non-sibilant fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, and not just against the back of the upper teeth, as they are with other dental consonants.
This sound, and its unvoiced counterpart, are rare phonemes. The great majority of languages of Europe and Asia, such as German, French, Persian, Japanese, and Mandarin, lack this sound. Native speakers of those languages in which the sound is not present often have difficulty enunciating or distinguishing it, and replace it with a voiced alveolar sibilant [z], a voiced dental stop or voiced alveolar stop [d], or a voiced labiodental fricative [v]; known respectively as th-alveolarization, th-stopping, and th-fronting. As for Europe, there seems to be a great arc where this sound (and or the unvoiced variant) is present. Most of mainland Europe lacks the sound. However, some "periphery" languages as Gascon, Welsh, English, Elfdalian, Northern Sami, Mari, Greek, Albanian, Sardinian, some dialects of Basque and most speakers of Spanish have this sound in their consonant inventories, as phonemes or allophones.
Within Turkic languages, Bashkir and Turkmen have both voiced and voiceless dental non-sibilant fricatives among their consonants. Among Semitic languages, they are used in Modern Standard Arabic, albeit only by some speakers, as well as in some dialects of Hebrew and Neo-Aramaic.
Features
Features of the voiced dental non-sibilant fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. It does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
- Its place of articulation is dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal. Note that most stops and liquids described as dental are actually denti-alveolar.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, the undertack diacritic may be used to indicate an approximant [ð̞].
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | [idhull] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [iðuɫ] | 'idol' | ||
| Aleut | Atkan dialect | dax̂ | [ðɑχ] | 'eye' | |
| Arabic | Standard[2] | ذهب | [ˈðahab] | 'gold' | See Arabic phonology |
| Aromanian[3] | zală | [ðalə][stress?] | 'butter whey' | Corresponds to [z] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology | |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [wada] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [waːð̞a] | 'doing' | Common in the Tyari, Barwari and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic dialects. Corresponds to [d] in other varieties. | |
| Bashkir | ҡаҙ | 'goose' | |||
| Basque[4] | [adar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [að̞ar] | 'horn' | Allophone of /d/ | |
| Berber | Kabyle | ḏuḇ | [ðuβ] | 'to be exhausted' | |
| Berta | [fɛ̀ːðɑ̀nɑ́] | 'to sweep' | |||
| Catalan[5] | [fada] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈfað̞ə] | 'fairy' | Fricative or approximant. Allophone of /d/. See Catalan phonology | |
| Dahalo[6] | [example needed] | Weak fricative or approximant. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̪/, and may be simply a plosive [d̪] instead.[6] | |||
| Elfdalian | baiða | [ˈbaɪða] | 'wait' | ||
| English | [[[English orthography|this]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ðɪs] | 'this' | See English phonology | |
| Fijian | [ciwa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ðiwa] | 'nine' | ||
| German | Austrian[7] | [leider] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈlaɛ̯ða] | 'unfortunately' | Intervocalic allophone of /d/ in casual speech. See German phonology |
| Greek | [[[Greek alphabet|δάφνη]]/dáfni] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈðafni] | 'laurel' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gwich’in | [niidhàn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [niːðân] | 'you want' | ||
| Hän | [ë̀dhä̀] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ə̂ðɑ̂] | 'hide' | ||
| Harsusi | [ðebeːr] | 'bee' | |||
| Hebrew | Iraqi | אדוני | 'my lord' | Commonly pronounced [d]. See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Judeo-Spanish | Many dialects | קריאדֿור (Aki Yerushalayim orthography - Kriador) | [kɾiɑˈðor] | 'creator' | Intervocalic allophone of /d/ in many dialects. |
| Kagayanen[8] | ? | [kað̞aɡ] | 'spirit' | ||
| Mari | Eastern dialect | шодо | [ʃoðo] | 'lung' | |
| Norman | Jèrriais | méthe | [með] | 'mother' | |
| Northern Sami | [[[Northern Sami orthography|dieđa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d̥ieðɑ] | 'science' | ||
| Norwegian | Meldal dialect[9] | [i] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ð̩ʲ˕ː] | 'in' | Syllabic palatalized frictionless approximant[9] corresponding to /iː/ in Standard Eastern Norwegian. See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Gascon | [que divi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ke ˈð̞iwi] | 'what I should' | Allophone of /d/. See Occitan phonology |
| Portuguese | European[10] | [nada] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈn̪äðɐ] | 'nothing' | Northern and central dialects. Allophone of /d/, mainly after an oral vowel.[11] See Portuguese phonology |
| Sardinian | [nidu] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'nest' | Allophone of /d/ | ||
| Sioux | Lakota | ? | [ˈðaptã] | 'five' | |
| Spanish | Most dialects[12] | [dedo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈd̪e̞ð̞o̞] | 'finger' | Ranges from close fricative to approximant.[13] Allophone of /d/. See Spanish phonology |
| Peninsular[14] | [jazmín] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [xäðˈmĩn] | 'Jasmine' | Fricative. Allophone of /θ/ before voiced consonants, often in free variation with [θ] | |
| Swahili | [[[Latin script|dhambi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ðɑmbi] | 'sin' | Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound. | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[15] | [bada] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbɑːð̞ä] | 'to take a bath' | An approximant;[15] allophone of /d/ in casual speech. See Swedish phonology |
| Some dialects[9] | [i] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ð̩ʲ˕ː] | 'in' | A syllabic palatalized frictionless approximant[9] corresponding to /iː/ in Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology | |
| Syriac | Western Neo-Aramaic | ܐܚܕ | [aħːeð] | 'to take' | |
| Tamil | ஒன்பது | [onbʌðɯ] | 'nine' | See Tamil phonology | |
| Tanacross | [dhet] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ðet] | 'liver' | ||
| Turkmen | [[[Turkmen alphabet|gaz]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡäːð] | 'goose' | ||
| Tutchone | Northern | [edhó] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [eðǒ] | 'hide' | |
| Southern | [adhǜ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [aðɨ̂] | |||
| Venetian | [[[Venetian language|mezorno]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [meˈðorno] | 'midday' | ||
| Welsh | [[[Welsh alphabet|bardd]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [barð] | 'bard' | See Welsh phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[16] | [example needed] | Allophone of /d/ | ||
Danish [ð] is actually a weak,[17] velarized[17][18] alveolar approximant.[17][18]
See also
- Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
- Sibilant consonant#Possible combinations
- Index of phonetics articles
References
- ^ Olson et al. (2010:210)
- ^ Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990:37)
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ^ Hualde (1991:99–100)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:55)
- ^ a b Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
- ^ Sylvia Moosmüller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
- ^ Olson et al. (2010:206–207)
- ^ a b c d Vanvik (1979:14)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
- ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000:11)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Phonetic studies such as Quilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
- ^ Cotton & Sharp (1988:19)
- ^ a b Engstrand (2004:167)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
- ^ a b c Grønnum (2003:121)
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005:59 and 63)
Bibliography
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-19-824268-9
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cotton, Eleanor Greet; Sharp, John (1988), Spanish in the Americas, Georgetown University Press, ISBN 978-0-87840-094-2
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Engstrand, Olle (2004), Fonetikens grunder (in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-04238-8
- Grønnum, Nina (2003), "Why are the Danes so hard to understand?", in Jacobsen, Henrik Galberg; Bleses, Dorthe; Madsen, Thomas O.; Thomsen, Pia (eds.), Take Danish - for instance: linguistic studies in honour of Hans Basbøll, presented on the occasion of his 60th birthday, Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag, pp. 119–130
- Hualde, José Ignacio (1991), Basque phonology, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-05655-7
- Maddieson, Ian; Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny; Ladefoged, Peter (1993), "Phonetic structures of Dahalo", in Maddieson, Ian (ed.), UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, vol. 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 25–65
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Quilis, Antonio (1981), Fonética acústica de la lengua española, Gredos
- Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Adeddin, M. Akram (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetik, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
