Voiced palatal fricative
| Voiced palatal fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʝ | |||
| IPA Number | 139 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʝ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+029D | ||
| X-SAMPA | j\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
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The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʝ⟩ (crossed-tail j), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j\. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant.
In broad transcription, the symbol for the palatal approximant, ⟨j⟩, may be used for the sake of simplicity.
The voiced palatal fricative is a very rare sound, occurring in only seven of the 317 languages surveyed by the original UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database. In Kabyle, Margi, Modern Greek, and Scottish Gaelic, the sound occurs phonemically, along with its voiceless counterpart, and in several more, the sound occurs a result of phonological processes.
There is also the voiced post-palatal fricative[1] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced palatal fricative, though not as back as the prototypical voiced velar fricative. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨ʝ̠⟩, ⟨ʝ˗⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨ʝ⟩), ⟨ɣ̟⟩ or ⟨ɣ˖⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨ɣ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j\_- and G_+, respectively.
Especially in broad transcription, the voiced post-palatal fricative may be transcribed as a palatalized voiced velar fricative (⟨ɣʲ⟩ in the IPA, G' or G_j in X-SAMPA).
Features
Features of the voiced palatal fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate. The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar [ɣ].
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Palatal
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asturian | [frayar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fɾäˈʝär] | 'to destroy' | ||
| Berber | Kabyle | [[[Berber Latin alphabet|cceǥ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʃʃəʝ] | 'to slip' | |
| Catalan | Majorcan[2] | [figuera] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fiˈʝeɾə] | 'fig tree' | Occurs in complementary distribution with [ɟ]. Corresponds to [ɣ] in other varieties. See Catalan phonology |
| Danish | Standard[3] | [talg] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈtˢælˀʝ] | 'tallow' | Possible word-final allophone of /j/ when it occurs after /l/.[3] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard[4] | [[[Dutch orthography|ja]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʝaː] | 'yes' | Frequent allophone of /j/, especially in emphatic speech.[4] See Dutch phonology |
| German | Standard[5][6] | [Jacke] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʝäkə] | 'jacket' | Most often transcribed with ⟨j⟩; also described as an approximant [j][7][8] and a sound variable between a fricative and an approximant.[9] See Standard German phonology |
| Greek | Cypriot[10] | ελιά | [e̞ˈʝːɐ] | 'olive' | Allophone of /ʎ/ |
| Hungarian[11] | [dobj be] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [dobʝ bɛ] | 'throw in' | An allophone of /j/. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Irish[12] | [an ghrian] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ənʲ ˈʝɾʲiən̪ˠ] | 'the sun' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian | Southern dialects | [figlio] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈfiʝːo] | 'son' | Corresponds to /ʎ/ in standard Italian. See Italian phonology |
| Lithuanian[13][14] | [ji] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʝɪ] | 'she' | Most often transcribed with ⟨j⟩; also described as an approximant [j].[15] See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Mapudungun[16] | [[[Mapudungun alphabet|kayu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kɜˈʝʊ] | 'six' | May be an approximant [j] instead.[16] | |
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[17][18] | [[[Norwegian alphabet|gi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʝiː] | 'to give' | Allophone of /j/, especially before and after close vowels and in energetic speech.[18] See Norwegian phonology |
| Pashto | Ghilji dialect[19] | موږ | [muʝ] | 'we' | |
| Wardak dialect[19] | |||||
| Ripuarian | [zeije] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈt͡sɛʝə] | 'to show' | ||
| Russian[20] | яма | [ˈʝämə] | 'pit' | Allophone of /j/ in emphatic speech.[20] See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic[21] | [[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|dhiubh]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʝu] | 'of them' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Slovak[22] | [prijímať] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈpɾɪʝɪːmäc̟] | 'to receive' | Possible allophone of /j/ between close front vowels.[22] See Slovak phonology | |
| Spanish[23] | [[[Spanish orthography|sayo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈsäʝo̞] | 'smock' | More often an approximant; may also be represented by ⟨ll⟩ in many dialects. See Spanish phonology and Yeísmo | |
| Swedish[24] | [[[Swedish alphabet|jord]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'soil' | See Swedish phonology | ||
Post-palatal
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belarusian | геаграфія | [ɣ̟e.äˈɣɾäfʲijä] | 'geography' | Typically transcribed with ⟨ɣʲ⟩. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Dutch | Standard Belgian[25] | [[[Dutch orthography|gaan]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɣ̟aːn] | 'to go' | May be velar [ɣ] instead.[25] See Dutch phonology |
| Southern accents[25] | |||||
| German | Standard[26] | [Riese] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɣ̟iːzə] | 'giant' | Allophone of the fricative /ʁ/ before and after front vowels.[26] See Standard German phonology |
| Greek | Standard Modern[27][28] | γένος | 'gender' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Limburgish | Weert dialect[29] | [gèr] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɣ̟ɛ̈ːʀ̝̊] | 'gladly' | Allophone of /ɣ/ before and after front vowels.[29] |
| Lithuanian[15][30] | [Hiustonas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɣ̟ʊs̪t̪ɔn̪ɐs̪] | 'Houston' | Very rare;[31] typically transcribed with ⟨ɣʲ⟩. See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Russian | Standard[20] | других гимнов | [d̪rʊˈɡ̟ɪɣ̟ ˈɡ̟imn̪əf] | 'of other anthems' | Allophone of /x/ before voiced soft consonants;[20] typically transcribed with ⟨ɣʲ⟩. The example also illustrates [ɡ̟]. See Russian phonology |
| Southern | гимн | [ɣ̟imn̪] | 'anthem' | Typically transcribed with ⟨ɣʲ⟩; corresponds to [ɡʲ] in standard Russian. See Russian phonology | |
Variable
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mapudungun[32] | [example needed] | Allophone of /ɣ/ before the front vowels /ɪ, e/.[32] | |||
See also
References
- ^ Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".
- ^ Wheeler (2005:22–23)
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005:212)
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003:198)
- ^ Mangold (2005:51)
- ^ Krech et al. (2009:83)
- ^ Kohler (1999:86)
- ^ Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015:340)
- ^ Hall (2003:48)
- ^ Arvaniti (2010:116–117)
- ^ Gósy (2004:77, 130)
- ^ Ó Sé (2000:17)
- ^ Augustaitis (1964:23)
- ^ Ambrazas et al. (1997:46–47)
- ^ a b Mathiassen (1996:22–23)
- ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013:91)
- ^ Strandskogen (1979:33)
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979:41)
- ^ a b Henderson (1983:595)
- ^ a b c d Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
- ^ Oftedal (1956:?)
- ^ a b Pavlík (2004:106)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Engstrand (1999:140)
- ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003:191)
- ^ a b Krech et al. (2009:85)
- ^ Nicolaidis (2003:?)
- ^ Arvaniti (2007:20)
- ^ a b Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:108)
- ^ Ambrazas et al. (1997:36)
- ^ Ambrazas et al. (1997:35)
- ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013:89)
Bibliography
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- Gósy, Mária (2004), Fonetika, a beszéd tudománya (in Hungarian), Budapest: Osiris
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