Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives
| Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives | |
|---|---|
| t | |
| IPA Number | 103 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | t |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0074 |
| X-SAMPA | t |
| Braille |  |
The voiceless alveolar stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar stops is ⟨t⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t. The dental stop can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, ⟨t̪⟩, the postalveolar with a retraction line, ⟨t̠⟩, and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, ⟨t͇⟩.
The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically;[1] the most common consonant phonemes of the world's languages are [t], [k] and [p]. Most languages have at least a plain [t], and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a [t] are Hawaiian (except for Ni‘ihau; Hawaiian uses a voiceless velar stop when adopting loanwords with [t]), colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an [n]), and Nǁng of South Africa.[citation needed]
Features
Here are features of the voiceless alveolar stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- There are four specific variants of [t]:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Voiceless dental stop | |
|---|---|
| t̪ | |
| Audio sample | |
Dental or denti-alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aleut[2] | [tiistax̂] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t̪iːstaχ] | 'dough' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Armenian | Eastern[3] | տուն | 'house' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Belarusian[4] | стагоддзе | [s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe] | 'century' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Basque | [[[Basque alphabet|toki]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t̪oki] | 'place' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Bengali | তুমি | [t̪umi] | 'you' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Catalan[5] | [[[Catalan orthography|tothom]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t̪uˈt̪ɔm] | 'everyone' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Hakka[6] | [[[Chinese Characters|他]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-hak-Hani (help) [[[Guangdong Romanization|ta3]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t̪ʰa˧] | 'he/she' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form. |
| Dinka[7] | mɛth | [mɛ̀t̪] | 'child' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar /t/. | |
| Dutch | Belgian | [[[Dutch orthography|taal]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t̪aːl̪] | 'language' | Laminal denti-alveolar. |
| English | Dublin[8] | [[[English orthography|thin]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t̪ʰɪn] | 'thin' | Laminal denti-alveolar, corresponds to [θ] in other dialects; in Dublin it may be [t͡θ] instead.[8] See English phonology |
| Indian | |||||
| Southern Irish[9] | |||||
| Ulster[10] | train | [t̪ɹeːn] | 'train' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /t/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop. | |
| Finnish | [[[Finnish alphabet|tutti]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈt̪ut̪ːi] | 'pacifier' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Finnish phonology | |
| French[11] | [[[French orthography|tordu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t̪ɔʁd̪y] | 'crooked' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology | |
| Hindustani[12] | [[[Devanāgarī|तीन]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: deva not supported for code: hi (help) / تین | [t̪iːn] | 'three' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology | |
| Indonesian[13] | [tabir] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t̪abir] | 'curtain' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Italian[14] | [[[Italian alphabet|tale]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈt̪ale] | 'such' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology | |
| Kashubian[15] | [example needed] | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||
| Kyrgyz[16] | [[[Kyrgyz alphabet|туз]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t̪us̪] | 'salt' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Latvian[17] | [[[Latvian alphabet|tabula]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈt̪äbulä] | 'table' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology | |
| Mapudungun[18] | [[[Mapudungun alphabet|füṯa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈfɘt̪ɜ] | 'husband' | Interdental.[18] | |
| Marathi | तबला | [t̪əbˈlaː] | 'tabla' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology | |
| Nunggubuyu[19] | [t̪aɾaɡ] | 'whiskers' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | ||
| Pazeh[20] | [mut̪apɛt̪aˈpɛh] | 'keep clapping' | Dental. | ||
| Polish[21] | [[[Polish orthography|tom]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'volume' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[22] | Many dialects | [montanha] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mõˈt̪ɐɲɐ] | 'mountain' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may affricate to [tʃ], [tɕ] and/or [ts] in certain environments. See Portuguese phonology |
| Punjabi | ਤੇਲ | [t̪eːl] | 'oil' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Russian[23] | толстый | [ˈt̪ʷo̞ɫ̪s̪t̪ɨ̞j] | 'fat' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology | |
| Slovene[24] | [tip] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t̪íːp] | 'type' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Spanish[25] | [[[Spanish orthography|tango]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈt̪ãŋɡo̞] | 'tango' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish[26] | [[[Swedish alphabet|tåg]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈt̪ʰoːɡ] | 'train' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology | |
| Temne[27] | [example needed] | -- | Dental. | ||
| Turkish | [[[Turkish alphabet|at]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ät̪] | 'horse' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[28] | брат | [brɑt̪] | 'brother' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Uzbek[29] | [example needed] | -- | Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels.[29] | ||
| Vietnamese[30] | [[[Vietnamese alphabet|tuần]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t̪wən˨˩] | 'week' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[31] | tant | [t̪ant̪] | 'so much' | Laminal denti-alveolar. |
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | тфы | 'five' | |||
| Arabic | Standard | تين tīn | [tiːn] | 'fig' | Articulation may be alveolar or dental depending on the speaker's native dialect. See Arabic phonology |
| Egyptian | توكة tōka | [ˈtoːkæ] | 'barrette' | See Egyptian Arabic phonology | |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [bet̪a] | 'house' | Most speakers. In the Tyari, Barwari and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic dialects θ is used. | ||
| Bengali | টাকা | [t̠aka] | Taka | True alveolar in eastern dialects, apical post-alveolar in western dialects. See Bengali phonology. | |
| Czech | [[[Czech orthography|toto]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈtoto] | 'this' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[32] | [[[Danish alphabet|dåse]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈtɔ̽ːsə] | 'can (n.)' | Usually transcribed /d̥/ or /d/. Contrasts with the affricate [t͡s] or aspirated stop [tʰ] (depending on the dialect), which are usually transcribed /tˢ/ or /t/.[33] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch[34] | [[[Dutch orthography|taal]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [taːɫ] | 'language' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Most speakers | [[[English orthography|tick]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tʰɪk] | 'tick' | See English phonology |
| New York[35] | Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.[35] | ||||
| Finnish | [[[Finnish alphabet|parta]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈpɑrtɑ] | 'beard' | Allophone of the voiceless dental stop. See Finnish phonology | |
| Hebrew | תמונה | [tmuna] | 'image' | see Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hungarian[36] | [[[Hungarian orthography|tutaj]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈtutɒj] | 'raft' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Japanese[37] | 特別 [[[Romanization of Japanese|tokubetsu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tokɯbetsɯ] | 'special' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | тхуы | 'five' | |||
| Korean | [[[Korean alphabet|턱]] teok] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tʰʌk̚] | 'jaw' | See Korean phonology | |
| Luxembourgish[38] | [dënn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tɵ̞n] | 'thin' | Less often voiced [d]. It is usually transcribed /d/, and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /t/.[38] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | [[[Malay alphabet|tahun]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tähon] | 'year' | See Malay phonology | |
| Maltese | [[[Maltese alphabet|tassew]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tasˈsew] | 'true' | ||
| Mapudungun[18] | [[[Mapudungun alphabet|füta]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈfɘtɜ] | 'elderly person' | ||
| Nunggubuyu[19] | [taɾawa] | 'greedy' | |||
| Nuosu[which?] | ꄉ [[[Yi script|da]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ta˧] | 'place' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms | |
| Portuguese[39] | Some dialects | [[[Portuguese orthography|troço]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈtɾɔsu] | 'thing' (pejoratively) | Allophone before alveolar /ɾ/. In other dialects /ɾ/ takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. See Portuguese phonology |
| Thai | [[[Thai script|ตา]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: thai not supported for code: th (help) ta | [taː˥˧] | 'eye' | ||
| Vietnamese | ti | [ti] | 'flaw' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | [tosk] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈtosk] | 'tooth' | ||
Variable
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Broad South African[40] | [[[English orthography|talk]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [toːk] | 'talk' | Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[40][41][42] |
| Scottish[41] | [tʰɔk] | ||||
| Welsh[42] | [tʰɒːk] | ||||
| German | Standard[43] | [[[German orthography|Tochter]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈtɔxtɐ] | 'daughter' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[43] See Standard German phonology |
| Greek[44] | [[[Greek alphabet|τρία]] tria] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈtria] | 'three' | Varies between dental, laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, depending on the environment.[44] See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[45] | [[[Norwegian alphabet|dans]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t̻ɑns] | 'dance' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. It is usually transcribed /d/. It may be partially voiced [d̥], and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /t/.[45] See Norwegian phonology |
| Persian[46] | توت | [tut] | 'berry' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[46] See Persian phonology | |
| Slovak[47][48] | [[[Slovak alphabet|to]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t̻o̞] | 'that' | Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[47][48] See Slovak phonology | |
See also
References
- ^ Liberman et al. (1967), p. ?.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 17.
- ^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ^ Lee & Zee (2009), p. 109.
- ^ Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115 and 121.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
- ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
- ^ Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
- ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
- ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
- ^ a b c Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88–89.
- ^ a b Ladefoged (2005), p. 158.
- ^ Blust (1999), p. 330.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
- ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. ?.
- ^ S. Buk, J. Mačutek, A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". arXiv:0802.4198.
{{cite arXiv}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 61.
- ^ Grønnum (2005), p. 120.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ^ a b Wells (1982b), p. 515.
- ^ Szende (1994), p. 91.
- ^ Okada (1991), p. 94.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- ^ Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited Template:Pt
- ^ a b Lass (2002), p. 120.
- ^ a b Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
- ^ a b Wells (1982a), p. 388.
- ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 47.
- ^ a b Arvaniti (2007), p. 10.
- ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000), p. 22.
- ^ a b Mahootian (2002:287–289)
- ^ a b Kráľ (1988), p. 72.
- ^ a b Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
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{{citation}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar
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{{citation}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
