Dexfenfluramine

Dexfenfluramine
Clinical data
MedlinePlus	a682088
ATC code	A08AA04 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	BR: Class F4 (Other prohibited substances); US: WARNINGUnscheduled; Withdrawn from market;
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding	36%
Elimination half-life	17–20 hours
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (S)-N-Ethyl-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-propan-2-amine;
CAS Number	3239-44-9 ;
PubChem CID	66265;
DrugBank	DB01191 ;
ChemSpider	59646 ;
UNII	E35R3G56OV;
KEGG	D07805 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:439329 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL248702 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID001025754 ;
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C12H16F3N
Molar mass	231.262 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES FC(F)(F)c1cccc(c1)C[C@@H](NCC)C;
	InChI InChI=1S/C12H16F3N/c1-3-16-9(2)7-10-5-4-6-11(8-10)12(13,14)15/h4-6,8-9,16H,3,7H2,1-2H3/t9-/m0/s1 ; Key:DBGIVFWFUFKIQN-VIFPVBQESA-N ;
	(verify)

Dexfenfluramine, marketed as dexfenfluramine hydrochloride under the name Redux, is a serotonergic anorectic drug: it reduces appetite by increasing the amount of extracellular serotonin in the brain.^[3] It is the d-enantiomer of fenfluramine and is structurally similar to amphetamine, but lacks any psychologically stimulating effects.

Dexfenfluramine was, for some years in the mid-1990s, approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the purposes of weight loss. However, following multiple concerns about the cardiovascular side-effects of the drug,^[3] the FDA withdrew the approval in 1997.^[4] After it was removed in the US, dexfenfluramine was also pulled out in other global markets. It was later superseded by sibutramine, which, although initially considered a safer alternative to both dexfenfluramine and fenfluramine,^[5]^[6]^[7] was likewise removed from the US market in 2010.^[8]^[9]

The drug was developed by Interneuron Pharmaceuticals, a company co-founded by Richard Wurtman, aimed at marketing discoveries by Massachusetts Institute of Technology scientists.^[10] Interneuron licensed the patent to Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories.^[11] Although at the time of its release, some optimism prevailed that it might herald a new approach,^[12] there remained some reservations amongst neurologists, twenty-two of whom petitioned the FDA to delay approval.^{[citation needed]} Their concern was based on the work of George A. Ricaurte, whose techniques and conclusions were later questioned.^[13]

References

^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
^ Anvisa (24 July 2023). "RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 25 July 2023). Archived from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
^ ^a ^b Fox SI (2011). Human Physiology (Twelfth ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 665.
^ FDA 15 September 1997. FDA Announces Withdrawal Fenfluramine and Dexfenfluramine (Fen-Phen)
^ "Dexfenfluramine". PubChem. U.S. Library of Medicine. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
^ Hanotin C, Thomas F, Jones SP, Leutenegger E, Drouin P (July 1998). "A comparison of sibutramine and dexfenfluramine in the treatment of obesity". Obesity Research. 6 (4): 285–291. doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00351.x. PMID 9688105.
^ Lean ME (March 1997). "Sibutramine--a review of clinical efficacy". International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders. 21 (Suppl 1): S30–6, discussion 37–9. PMID 9130039.
^ "Abbott Pulls Diet Drug Meridia Off US Shelves". The Wall Street Journal. 8 October 2010. Archived from the original on 23 October 2010.
^ Li MF, Cheung BM (February 2011). "Rise and fall of anti-obesity drugs". World Journal of Diabetes. 2 (2): 19–23. doi:10.4239/wjd.v2.i2.19. PMC 3083904. PMID 21537456.
^ Lemonick MD, Dowell W, Nash JM, Ramirez A, Reid B, Ressner J (23 September 1996). "The New Miracle Drug?". Time. Archived from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
^ Lemonick MD, Nash JM, Park A, Thompson D (29 September 1997). "The Mood Molecule". Time. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
^ Davis R, Faulds D (November 1996). "Dexfenfluramine. An updated review of its therapeutic use in the management of obesity". Drugs. 52 (5): 696–724. doi:10.2165/00003495-199652050-00007. PMID 9118819. S2CID 261029109.
^ Philipkoski K (2 March 2004). "DEA Accedes to Ecstasy Test". Wired. Archived from the original on 10 January 2006.

External links

Drug description
Dexfenfluramine hydrochloride
Questions and Answers about Withdrawal of Fenfluramine (Pondimin) and Dexfenfluramine (Redux)
Frontline: Dangerous prescriptions—Interview with Leo Lutwak, M.D. in which he discuses the side effects of fenfluramine, its successor Redux, and the Fen-Phen combination

[FDA-AllBoxedWarnings-1] "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

[2] Anvisa (24 July 2023). "RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 25 July 2023). Archived from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023.

[stuart-3] Fox SI (2011). Human Physiology (Twelfth ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 665.

[4] FDA 15 September 1997. FDA Announces Withdrawal Fenfluramine and Dexfenfluramine (Fen-Phen)

[5] "Dexfenfluramine". PubChem. U.S. Library of Medicine. Retrieved 29 March 2023.

[6] Hanotin C, Thomas F, Jones SP, Leutenegger E, Drouin P (July 1998). "A comparison of sibutramine and dexfenfluramine in the treatment of obesity". Obesity Research. 6 (4): 285–291. doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00351.x. PMID 9688105.

[7] Lean ME (March 1997). "Sibutramine--a review of clinical efficacy". International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders. 21 (Suppl 1): S30–6, discussion 37–9. PMID 9130039.

[8] "Abbott Pulls Diet Drug Meridia Off US Shelves". The Wall Street Journal. 8 October 2010. Archived from the original on 23 October 2010.

[9] Li MF, Cheung BM (February 2011). "Rise and fall of anti-obesity drugs". World Journal of Diabetes. 2 (2): 19–23. doi:10.4239/wjd.v2.i2.19. PMC 3083904. PMID 21537456.

[LemonickEtal1996p4-10] Lemonick MD, Dowell W, Nash JM, Ramirez A, Reid B, Ressner J (23 September 1996). "The New Miracle Drug?". Time. Archived from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2010.

[LemonickeEtal1997p6-11] Lemonick MD, Nash JM, Park A, Thompson D (29 September 1997). "The Mood Molecule". Time. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2010.

[12] Davis R, Faulds D (November 1996). "Dexfenfluramine. An updated review of its therapeutic use in the management of obesity". Drugs. 52 (5): 696–724. doi:10.2165/00003495-199652050-00007. PMID 9118819. S2CID 261029109.

[titleDEA_Accedes_to_Ecstasy_Test-13] Philipkoski K (2 March 2004). "DEA Accedes to Ecstasy Test". Wired. Archived from the original on 10 January 2006.

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v t e Phenethylamines
Phenethylamines	Psychedelics: 25B-NBOMe 25C-NBOMe 25D-NBOMe 25I-NBOMe 25N-NBOMe 2C-B 2C-B-AN 2C-Bn 2C-Bu 2C-C 2C-CN 2C-CP 2C-D 2C-E 2C-EF 2C-F 2C-G 2C-G-1 2C-G-2 2C-G-3 2C-G-4 2C-G-5 2C-G-6 2C-G-N 2C-H 2C-I 2C-iP 2C-N 2C-NH2 2C-O 2C-O-4 2C-P 2C-Ph 2C-SE 2C-T 2C-T-2 2C-T-3 2C-T-4 2C-T-5 2C-T-6 2C-T-7 2C-T-8 2C-T-9 2C-T-10 2C-T-11 2C-T-12 2C-T-13 2C-T-14 2C-T-15 2C-T-16 2C-T-17 2C-T-18 2C-T-19 2C-T-20 2C-T-21 2C-T-22 2C-T-22.5 2C-T-23 2C-T-24 2C-T-25 2C-T-27 2C-T-28 2C-T-30 2C-T-31 2C-T-32 2C-T-33 2C-TFE 2C-TFM 2C-YN 2C-V Allylescaline DESOXY Escaline Isoproscaline Jimscaline Macromerine MEPEA Mescaline Metaescaline Methallylescaline Proscaline Psi-2C-T-4 TCB-2 Stimulants: Phenylethanolamine Hordenine Phenethylamine Phenpromethamine α-Methylphenethylamine (amphetamine) β-Methylphenethylamine m-Methylphenethylamine N-Methylphenethylamine o-Methylphenethylamine p-Methylphenethylamine Methylphenidate Entactogens: Lophophine MDPEA MDMPEA Others: BOH DMPEA
Amphetamines	Psychedelics: 3C-AL 3C-BZ 3C-E 3C-MAL 3C-P Aleph Beatrice Bromo-DragonFLY D-Deprenyl DMA DMCPA DMMDA DOB DOC DOEF DOET DOI DOM DON DOPR DOTFM Ganesha MMDA MMDA-2 Psi-DOM TMA TeMA ZDCM-04 Stimulants: 2-FA 2-FMA 3-FA 3-FMA Acridorex Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Levoamphetamine) Amphetaminil Benfluorex Benzphetamine Cathine Clobenzorex Dimethylamphetamine Ephedrine Etilamfetamine Fencamfamin Fencamine Fenethylline Fenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine, Levofenfluramine) Fenproporex Flucetorex Fludorex Formetorex Furfenorex Gepefrine 4-Hydroxyamphetamine Iofetamine Isopropylamphetamine Lefetamine Lisdexamfetamine Mefenorex Metaraminol Methamphetamine (Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine) Methoxyphenamine MMA Morforex Norfenfluramine L-Norpseudoephedrine N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine Oxifentorex Oxilofrine Ortetamine PBA PCA PFA PFMA PIA PMA PMEA PMMA Phenylpropanolamine Pholedrine Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Sibutramine Tiflorex Tranylcypromine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Entactogens: 4-FA 4-FMA 4-MA 4-MMA 4-MTA 5-APB 5-APDB 5-EAPB 5-IT 5-MAPB 5-MAPDB 6-APB 6-APDB 6-Chloro-MDMA 6-EAPB 6-IT 6-MAPB 6-MAPDB EDA IAP 2,3-MDA 3,4-MDA (tenamfetamine) MDEA MDHMA MDMA (midomafetamine) MDOH Methamnetamine MMDMA Naphthylaminopropane TAP Others: 3,4-DCA Amiflamine DiFMDA Selegiline (also D-Deprenyl)
Phentermines	Stimulants: Chlorphentermine Cloforex Clortermine Etolorex Mephentermine Pentorex Phentermine Entactogens: MDPH MDMPH Others: Cericlamine
Cathinones	Stimulants: 3-FMC 4-MC 4-BMC 4-CMC 4-EMC 4-FMC 4-MEC 4-MeMABP 4-MPD Amfepramone Benzedrone Brephedrone Buphedrone Bupropion Cathinone Dimethylcathinone Ethcathinone Eutylone Hydroxybupropion Methcathinone Methedrone NEB N-Ethylhexedrone N-Ethylpentedrone Pentedrone Pentylone Radafaxine Entactogens: 3,4-DMMC 3-MMC Butylone Ethylone Methylone Methylenedioxycathinone Mephedrone
Phenylisobutylamines	Entactogens: 4-CAB 4-MAB Ariadne BDB Butylone EBDB Eutylone MBDB Stimulants: Phenylisobutylamine
Phenylalkylpyrrolidines	Stimulants: α-PBP α-PHP α-PPP α-PVP MDPBP MDPPP MDPV 4-MePBP 4-MePHP 4-MePPP MOPPP MOPVP MPBP MPHP MPPP Naphyrone PEP Prolintane Pyrovalerone
Catecholamines (and close relatives)	6-FNE 6-OHDA a-Me-DA a-Me-TRA Adrenochrome Ciladopa D-DOPA (Dextrodopa) Dimetofrine Dopamine Epinephrine Epinine Etilefrine Ethylnorepinephrine Fenclonine Ibopamine Isoprenaline Isoetarine L-DOPA (Levodopa) L-DOPS (Droxidopa) L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine m-Tyramine Metanephrine Metaraminol Metaterol Metirosine Methyldopa N,N-Dimethyldopamine Nordefrin (Levonordefrin) Norepinephrine Norfenefrine (m-Octopamine) Normetanephrine Orciprenaline p-Octopamine p-Tyramine Phenylephrine Synephrine
Miscellaneous	AL-LAD Amidephrine Arbutamine Cafedrine Denopamine Desvenlafaxine Diphenidine Dizocilpine Dobutamine Dopexamine Ephenidine Etafedrine ETH-LAD Famprofazone Fluorolintane Hexapradol IP-LAD Lysergic acid amide Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide Lysergic acid diethylamide Methoxamine Methoxphenidine MT-45 PARGY-LAD Phenibut PRO-LAD Pronethalol Salbutamol (Levosalbutamol) Solriamfetol Theodrenaline Thiamphenicol UWA-101 Venlafaxine

See also

References

External links