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{{see also|Stanford University|Stanford Research Park}}
{{see also|Stanford University|Stanford Research Park}}
[[File:Stanford University Main Quad May 2011 001 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Stanford University]] played the central role in the emergence of Silicon Valley, both through its academic programs and through its real investments into the local tech ecosystem, such as with the [[Stanford Research Park]].<ref name="Markoff" />]]
[[File:Stanford University Main Quad May 2011 001 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Stanford University]] played the central role in the emergence of Silicon Valley, both through its academic programs and through its real investments into the local tech ecosystem, such as with the [[Stanford Research Park]].<ref name="Markoff" />]]
[[Stanford University]], its affiliates, and graduates have played a major role in the development of this area.<ref name="Markoff">{{cite news |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/travel/escapes/17Amer.html?pagewanted=1 |title=Searching for Silicon Valley |last=Markoff |first=John |date=April 17, 2009 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=April 17, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429065011/http://travel.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/travel/escapes/17Amer.html?pagewanted=1 |archive-date=April 29, 2011}}</ref> A very powerful sense of regional solidarity accompanied the rise of Silicon Valley.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} From the 1890s, Stanford University's [[leader]]s saw its mission as service to the (American) [[Western United States|West]] and shaped the school accordingly. At the same time, the perceived exploitation of the West at the hands of eastern interests fueled [[Boosterism|booster-like]] attempts to build self-sufficient local industry. Thus regionalism helped align Stanford's interests with those of the area's high-tech firms for the first fifty years{{Clarify timeframe|date=February 2022}} of Silicon Valley's development.<ref>Stephen B. Adams, "Regionalism in Stanford's Contribution to the Rise of Silicon Valley", ''Enterprise & Society'' 2003 4(3): 521–543</ref>
[[Stanford University]], its affiliates, and graduates have played a major role in the development of this area.<ref name="Markoff">{{cite news |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/travel/escapes/17Amer.html?pagewanted=1 |title=Searching for Silicon Valley |last=Markoff |first=John |date=April 17, 2009 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=April 17, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429065011/http://travel.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/travel/escapes/17Amer.html?pagewanted=1 |archive-date=April 29, 2011}}</ref> A very powerful sense of regional solidarity accompanied the rise of Silicon Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scholar examines links between Stanford, Silicon Valley |url=https://news.stanford.edu/news/2003/april16/historysusv-416.html |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=news.stanford.edu}}</ref> From the 1890s, Stanford University's [[leader]]s saw its mission as service to the (American) [[Western United States|West]] and shaped the school accordingly. At the same time, the perceived exploitation of the West at the hands of eastern interests fueled [[Boosterism|booster-like]] attempts to build self-sufficient local industry. Thus regionalism helped align Stanford's interests with those of the area's high-tech firms for the first fifty years{{Clarify timeframe|date=February 2022}} of Silicon Valley's development.<ref>Stephen B. Adams, "Regionalism in Stanford's Contribution to the Rise of Silicon Valley", ''Enterprise & Society'' 2003 4(3): 521–543</ref>


[[Frederick Terman]], as Stanford University's dean of the school of engineering from 1946,<ref>
[[Frederick Terman]], as Stanford University's dean of the school of engineering from 1946,<ref>

Revision as of 12:45, 11 December 2022

This article is about the high-tech hub of the San Francisco Bay Area. For the geographical valley, see Santa Clara Valley. For other uses, see Silicon Valley (disambiguation).

Silicon Valley
Silicon Valley is located in San Francisco Bay Area
Silicon Valley
Silicon Valley
Coordinates: 37°22′39″N 122°04′03″W / 37.37750°N 122.06750°W / 37.37750; -122.06750
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
RegionSan Francisco Bay Area
MegaregionNorthern California
Time zoneUTC−8 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)

Silicon Valley is a region in Northern California that serves as a global center for high technology and innovation. Located in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area, it corresponds roughly to the geographical areas San Mateo County and Santa Clara County.[1][2][3] San Jose is Silicon Valley's largest city, the third-largest in California, and the tenth-largest in the United States; other major Silicon Valley cities include Sunnyvale, Santa Clara, Redwood City, Mountain View, Palo Alto, Menlo Park, and Cupertino. The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the third-highest GDP per capita in the world (after Zurich, Switzerland and Oslo, Norway), according to the Brookings Institution,[4] and, as of June 2021, has the highest percentage of homes valued at $1 million or more in the United States.[5]

Silicon Valley is home to many of the world's largest high-tech corporations, including the headquarters of more than 30 businesses in the Fortune 1000, and thousands of startup companies. Silicon Valley also accounts for one-third of all of the venture capital investment in the United States, which has helped it to become a leading hub and startup ecosystem for high-tech innovation. It was in Silicon Valley that the silicon-based integrated circuit, the microprocessor, and the microcomputer, among other technologies, were developed. As of 2021, the region employed about a half million information technology workers.[6]

As more high-tech companies were established across San Jose and the Santa Clara Valley, and then north towards the Bay Area's two other major cities, San Francisco and Oakland, the term "Silicon Valley" came to have two definitions: a narrower geographic one, referring to Santa Clara County and southeastern San Mateo County, and a metonymical definition referring to high-tech businesses in the entire Bay Area. The term Silicon Valley is often used as a synecdoche for the American high-technology economic sector. The name also became a global synonym for leading high-tech research and enterprises, and thus inspired similarly named locations, as well as research parks and technology centers with comparable structures all around the world. Many headquarters of tech companies in Silicon Valley have become hotspots for tourism.[7][8][9] More recently, intensifying droughts in California have further strained the Silicon Valley region’s water security.[10]

Etymology

Silicon Valley derives its name from the silicon used in transistors and computer chips, pioneered in the region in the 20th century.

The word "silicon" in the name originally referred to the large number of innovators and manufacturers in the region specializing in silicon-based transistors and integrated circuit chips.

The popularization of the name is credited to Don Hoefler.[1] He first used it in the article "Silicon Valley USA", which appeared in the January 11, 1971, issue of the weekly trade newspaper Electronic News.[11] However, the term did not gain widespread use until the early 1980s,[1] at the time of the introduction of the IBM PC and numerous related hardware and software products to the consumer market.

History

For a full history of the region, see Santa Clara Valley § History.

Silicon Valley was born through the intersection of several contributing factors including a skilled science research base housed in area universities, plentiful venture capital, and steady U.S. Department of Defense spending. Stanford University leadership was especially important in the valley's early development. Together these elements formed the basis of its growth and success.[12]

Early military origins

Established in 1931, Moffett Field in Sunnyvale/Mountain View has played a strategic role in Silicon Valley's evolution, researching and developing key technologies, first for the U.S. Military and then for NASA. Today it hosts the Ames Research Center.

The Bay Area had long been a major site of United States Navy research and technology. In 1909, Charles Herrold started the first radio station in the United States with regularly scheduled programming in San Jose. Later that year, Stanford University graduate Cyril Elwell purchased the U.S. patents for Poulsen arc radio transmission technology and founded the Federal Telegraph Corporation (FTC) in Palo Alto. Over the next decade, the FTC created the world's first global radio communication system, and signed a contract with the Navy in 1912.[13]

In 1933, Air Base Sunnyvale, California, was commissioned by the United States Government for use as a Naval Air Station (NAS) to house the airship USS Macon in Hangar One. The station was renamed NAS Moffett Field, and between 1933 and 1947, U.S. Navy blimps were based there.[14]

A number of technology firms had set up shop in the area around Moffett Field to serve the Navy. When the Navy gave up its airship ambitions and moved most of its west coast operations to San Diego, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA, forerunner of NASA) took over portions of Moffett Field for aeronautics research. Many of the original companies stayed, while new ones moved in. The immediate area was soon filled with aerospace firms, such as Lockheed, which was Silicon Valley's largest employer from the 1950s into 1980s.[15]

Role of Stanford University

See also: Stanford University and Stanford Research Park
Stanford University played the central role in the emergence of Silicon Valley, both through its academic programs and through its real investments into the local tech ecosystem, such as with the Stanford Research Park.[16]

Stanford University, its affiliates, and graduates have played a major role in the development of this area.[16] A very powerful sense of regional solidarity accompanied the rise of Silicon Valley.[17] From the 1890s, Stanford University's leaders saw its mission as service to the (American) West and shaped the school accordingly. At the same time, the perceived exploitation of the West at the hands of eastern interests fueled booster-like attempts to build self-sufficient local industry. Thus regionalism helped align Stanford's interests with those of the area's high-tech firms for the first fifty years[timeframe?] of Silicon Valley's development.[18]

Frederick Terman, as Stanford University's dean of the school of engineering from 1946,[19] encouraged faculty and graduates to start their own companies. In 1951 Terman spearheaded the formation of Stanford Industrial Park (now Stanford Research Park, an area surrounding Page Mill Road, south west of El Camino Real and extending beyond Foothill Expressway to Arastradero Road), where the university leased portions of its land to high-tech firms.[20] Terman is credited[by whom?] with nurturing companies like Hewlett-Packard, Varian Associates, Eastman Kodak, General Electric, Lockheed Corporation, and other high-tech firms, until what would become Silicon Valley grew up around the Stanford University campus.

The HP Garage, dubbed the "Birthplace of Silicon Valley", where Bill Hewlett and David Packard (founders of Hewlett-Packard) began developing their audio oscillator in 1938

After World War II, universities experienced enormous demand due to returning students.[citation needed] In 1951, to address the financial demands of Stanford's growth requirements, and to provide local employment-opportunities for graduating students, Frederick Terman proposed leasing Stanford's lands for use as an office park named the Stanford Industrial Park (later Stanford Research Park). Leases were limited[by whom?] to high-technology companies. The first tenant was Varian Associates, founded by Stanford alumni in the 1930s to build military-radar components. Terman also found venture capital for civilian-technology start-ups. Hewlett-Packard became one of the major success-stories. Founded in 1939 in Packard's garage by Stanford graduates Bill Hewlett and David Packard, Hewlett-Packard moved its offices into the Stanford Research Park shortly after 1953. In 1954 Stanford originated the Honors Cooperative Program to allow full-time employees of the companies to pursue graduate degrees from the university on a part-time basis. The initial companies signed five-year agreements in which they would pay double the tuition for each student in order to cover the costs. Hewlett-Packard has become the largest personal-computer manufacturer in the world, and transformed the home-printing market when it released the first thermal drop-on-demand ink-jet printer in 1984.[21] Other early tenants included Eastman Kodak, General Electric, and Lockheed.[22]

Rise of Silicon

Main articles: Silicon and History of the transistor
See also: Invention of the integrated circuit
Plaque commemorating Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory as the first high tech company in what would become Silicon Valley

In 1956, William Shockley, the co-inventor of the first working transistor (with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain), moved from New Jersey to Mountain View, California, to start Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory to live closer to his ailing mother in Palo Alto. Shockley's work served as the basis for many electronic developments for decades.[23][24] Both Frederick Terman and William Shockley are often called "the father of Silicon Valley".[25][26] In 1953, William Shockley left Bell Labs in a disagreement over the handling of the invention of the bipolar transistor. After returning to California Institute of Technology for a short while, Shockley moved to Mountain View, California, in 1956, and founded Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. Unlike many other researchers who used germanium as the semiconductor material, Shockley believed that silicon was the better material for making transistors. Shockley intended to replace the current transistor with a new three-element design (today known as the Shockley diode), but the design was considerably more difficult to build than the "simple" transistor. In 1957, Shockley decided to end research on the silicon transistor. As a result of Shockley's abusive management style, eight engineers left the company to form Fairchild Semiconductor; Shockley referred to them as the "traitorous eight". Two of the original employees of Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, would go on to found Intel.[27][28]

The first IBM plant in Silicon Valley, established in San Jose in 1943

In 1957, Mohamed Atalla at Bell Labs developed the process of silicon surface passivation by thermal oxidation,[29][30][31] which electrically stabilized silicon surfaces[32] and reduced the concentration of electronic states at the surface.[30] This enabled silicon to surpass the conductivity and performance of germanium, leading to silicon replacing germanium as the dominant semiconductor material,[31][33] and paving the way for the mass-production of silicon semiconductor devices.[34] This led to Atalla inventing the MOSFET (metal-oxide-silicon field-effect transistor), also known as the MOS transistor, with his colleague Dawon Kahng in 1959.[35] It was the first truly compact transistor that could be miniaturised and mass-produced for a wide range of uses,[36] and is credited with starting the silicon revolution.[33]

The MOSFET was initially overlooked and ignored by Bell Labs in favour of bipolar transistors, which led to Atalla resigning from Bell Labs and joining Hewlett-Packard in 1961.[37] However, the MOSFET generated significant interest at RCA and Fairchild Semiconductor. In late 1960, Karl Zaininger and Charles Meuller fabricated a MOSFET at RCA, and Chih-Tang Sah built an MOS-controlled tetrode at Fairchild. MOS devices were later commercialized by General Microelectronics and Fairchild in 1964.[35] The development of MOS technology became the focus of startup companies in California, such as Fairchild and Intel, fuelling the technological and economic growth of what would later be called Silicon Valley.[38]

Following the 1959 inventions of the monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip by Robert Noyce at Fairchild, and the MOSFET (MOS transistor) by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs,[35] Atalla first proposed the concept of the MOS integrated circuit (MOS IC) chip in 1960,[36] and then the first commercial MOS IC was introduced by General Microelectronics in 1964.[39] The development of the MOS IC led to the invention of the microprocessor,[40] incorporating the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit.[41] The first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004,[42] designed and realized by Federico Faggin along with Ted Hoff, Masatoshi Shima and Stanley Mazor at Intel in 1971.[40][43] In April 1974, Intel released the Intel 8080,[44] a "computer on a chip", "the first truly usable microprocessor".

Origins of the Internet

Main articles: ARPANET and History of the Internet
ARPANET, the predecessor to the Internet, began to be developed in 1966 by the U.S. Department of Defense and four research universities in California, including Stanford.

On April 23, 1963, J. C. R. Licklider, the first director of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at The Pentagon's ARPA issued an office memorandum addressed to Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network. It rescheduled a meeting in Palo Alto regarding his vision of a computer network, which he imagined as an electronic commons open to all, the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals.[45][46][47][48] As head of IPTO from 1962 to 1964, "Licklider initiated three of the most important developments in information technology: the creation of computer science departments at several major universities, time-sharing, and networking."[48] In 1969, the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International), operated one of the four original nodes that comprised ARPANET, predecessor to the Internet.[49]

Emergence of venture capital

Further information: Venture capital and Sand Hill Road

By the early 1970s, there were many semiconductor companies in the area, computer firms using their devices, and programming and service companies serving both. Industrial space was plentiful and housing was still inexpensive. Growth during this era was fueled by the emergence of venture capital on Sand Hill Road, beginning with Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital in 1972; the availability of venture capital exploded after the successful $1.3 billion IPO of Apple Computer in December 1980. Since the 1980s, Silicon Valley has been home to the largest concentration of venture capital firms in the world.[50]

In 1971, Don Hoefler traced the origins of Silicon Valley firms, including via investments from Fairchild's eight co-founders.[11][51] The key investors in Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital were from the same group, directly leading to Tech Crunch 2014 estimate of 92 public firms of 130 related listed firms then worth over US$2.1 trillion with over 2,000 firms traced back to them.[52]

Rise of computer culture

Main articles: Microcomputer revolution and Homebrew Computer Club
The Homebrew Computer Club was a highly influential computer hobbyist group in the 1970s and 80s that produced many influential tech founders, like Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Pictured is the invitation to its first meeting in 1975.

The Homebrew Computer Club was an informal group of electronic enthusiasts and technically minded hobbyists who gathered to trade parts, circuits, and information pertaining to DIY construction of computing devices.[53] It was started by Gordon French and Fred Moore who met at the Community Computer Center in Menlo Park. They both were interested in maintaining a regular, open forum for people to get together to work on making computers more accessible to everyone.[54]

The first meeting was held as of March 1975 at French's garage in Menlo Park, San Mateo County, California; which was on occasion of the arrival of the MITS Altair microcomputer, the first unit sent to the area for review by People's Computer Company. Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs credit that first meeting with inspiring them to design the original Apple I and (successor) Apple II computers. As a result, the first preview of the Apple I was given at the Homebrew Computer Club.[55] Subsequent meetings were held at an auditorium at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.[56]

Advent of software

Although semiconductors are still a major component of the area's economy, Silicon Valley has been most famous in recent years for innovations in software and Internet services. Silicon Valley has significantly influenced computer operating systems, software, and user interfaces.

Using money from NASA, the US Air Force, and ARPA, Douglas Engelbart invented the mouse and hypertext-based collaboration tools in the mid-1960s and 1970s while at Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International), first publicly demonstrated in 1968 in what is now known as The Mother of All Demos. Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center at SRI was also involved in launching the ARPANET (precursor to the Internet) and starting the Network Information Center (now InterNIC). Xerox hired some of Engelbart's best researchers beginning in the early 1970s. In turn, in the 1970s and 1980s, Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) played a pivotal role in object-oriented programming, graphical user interfaces (GUIs), Ethernet, PostScript, and laser printers.

While Xerox marketed equipment using its technologies, for the most part its technologies flourished elsewhere. The diaspora of Xerox inventions led directly to 3Com and Adobe Systems, and indirectly to Cisco, Apple Computer, and Microsoft. Apple's Macintosh GUI was largely a result of Steve Jobs' visit to PARC and the subsequent hiring of key personnel.[57] Cisco's impetus stemmed from the need to route a variety of protocols over Stanford University's Ethernet campus network.[58]

Apple founder Steve Jobs introducing the iPhone in 2007

Internet age

Main article: Internet
See also: dot-com bubble

Commercial use of the Internet became practical and grew slowly throughout the early 1990s. In 1995, commercial use of the Internet grew substantially and the initial wave of internet startups, Amazon.com, eBay, and the predecessor to Craigslist began operations.[59]

Silicon Valley is generally considered to have been the center of the dot-com bubble, which started in the mid-1990s and collapsed after the NASDAQ stock market began to decline dramatically in April 2000. During the bubble era, real estate prices reached unprecedented levels. For a brief time, Sand Hill Road was home to the most expensive commercial real estate in the world, and the booming economy resulted in severe traffic congestion.

The PayPal Mafia is sometimes credited with inspiring the re-emergence of consumer-focused Internet companies after the dot-com bust of 2001.[60] After the dot-com crash, Silicon Valley continues to maintain its status as one of the top research and development centers in the world. A 2006 The Wall Street Journal story found that 12 of the 20 most inventive towns in America were in California, and 10 of those were in Silicon Valley.[61] San Jose led the list with 3,867 utility patents filed in 2005, and number two was Sunnyvale, at 1,881 utility patents.[62] Silicon Valley is also home to a significant number of "Unicorn" ventures, referring to startup companies whose valuation has exceeded $1 billion dollars.[63]

Economy

The San Francisco Bay Area has the largest concentration of high-tech companies in the United States, at 387,000 high-tech jobs, of which Silicon Valley accounts for 225,300 high-tech jobs. Silicon Valley has the highest concentration of high-tech workers of any metropolitan area, with 285.9 out of every 1,000 private-sector workers. Silicon Valley has the highest average high-tech salary in the United States at $144,800.[64] Largely a result of the high technology sector, the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita.[65]

The region is the biggest high-tech manufacturing center in the United States.[66][67] The unemployment rate of the region was 9.4% in January 2009 and has decreased to a record low of 2.7% as of August 2019.[68] Silicon Valley received 41% of all U.S. venture investment in 2011, and 46% in 2012.[69] More traditional industries also recognize the potential of high-tech development, and several car manufacturers have opened offices in Silicon Valley to capitalize on its entrepreneurial ecosystem.[70]

Manufacture of transistors is, or was, the core industry in Silicon Valley. The production workforce[71] was for the most part composed of Asian and Latino immigrants who were paid low wages and worked in hazardous conditions due to the chemicals used in the manufacture of integrated circuits. Technical, engineering, design, and administrative staffs were in large part[72] well compensated.[73]

Housing

Silicon Valley has a severe housing shortage, caused by the market imbalance between jobs created and housing units built: from 2010 to 2015, many more jobs have been created than housing units built. (400,000 jobs, 60,000 housing units)[74] This shortage has driven home prices extremely high, far out of the range of production workers.[75] As of 2016 a two-bedroom apartment rented for about $2,500 while the median home price was about $1 million.[74] The Financial Post called Silicon Valley the most expensive U.S. housing region.[76] Homelessness is a problem with housing beyond the reach of middle-income residents; there is little shelter space other than in San Jose which, as of 2015, was making an effort to develop shelters by renovating old hotels.[77]

The Economist also attributes the high cost of living to the success of the industries in this region. Although, this rift between high and low salaries is driving many residents out who can no longer afford to live there. In the Bay Area, the number of residents planning to leave within the next several years has had an increase of 35% since 2016, from 34% to 46%.[78][79]

Notable companies

Adobe World Headquarters in Downtown San Jose
Oracle in Redwood City
PayPal in San Jose
Yahoo! in Sunnyvale
Cisco in the Golden Triangle
See also: Category:Companies based in Silicon Valley

Thousands of high technology companies are headquartered in Silicon Valley. Among those, the following are in the Fortune 1000:

Additional notable companies headquartered in Silicon Valley (some of which are defunct, subsumed, or relocated) include:

Demographics

Depending on what geographic regions are included in the meaning of the term, the population of Silicon Valley is between 3.5 and 4 million. A 1999 study by AnnaLee Saxenian for the Public Policy Institute of California reported that a third of Silicon Valley scientists and engineers were immigrants and that nearly a quarter of Silicon Valley's high-technology firms since 1980 were run by Chinese (17 percent) or Indian descent CEOs (7 percent).[80] There is a stratum of well-compensated technical employees and managers, including 10s of thousands of "single-digit millionaires". This income and range of assets will support a middle-class lifestyle in Silicon Valley.[81]

Diversity

Gender

See also: Sexism in the technology industry

In November 2006, the University of California, Davis released a report analyzing business leadership by women within the state.[82] The report showed that although 103 of the 400 largest public companies headquartered in California were located in Santa Clara County (the most of all counties), only 8.8% of Silicon Valley companies had women CEOs.[83]: 4, 7  This was the lowest percentage in the state.[84] (San Francisco County had 19.2% and Marin County had 18.5%.)[83]

Silicon Valley tech leadership positions are occupied almost exclusively by men.[85] This is also represented in the number of new companies founded by women as well as the number of women-lead startups that receive venture capital funding. Wadhwa said he believes that a contributing factor is a lack of parental encouragement to study science and engineering.[86] He also cited a lack of women role models and noted that most famous tech leaders—like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and Mark Zuckerberg—are men.[85]

Silicon Valley Pride in San Jose

As of October 2014, some high-profile Silicon Valley firms were working actively to prepare and recruit women. Bloomberg reported that Apple, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft attended the 20th annual Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing conference to actively recruit and potentially hire female engineers and technology experts.[87] The same month, the second annual Platform Summit was held to discuss increasing racial and gender diversity in tech.[88] As of April 2015 experienced women were engaged in creation of venture capital firms which leveraged women's perspectives in funding of startups.[89]

After UC Davis published its Study of California Women Business Leaders in November 2006,[83] some San Jose Mercury News readers dismissed the possibility that sexism contributed in making Silicon Valley's leadership gender gap the highest in the state. A January 2015 issue of Newsweek magazine featured an article detailing reports of sexism and misogyny in Silicon Valley.[90] The article's author, Nina Burleigh, asked, "Where were all these offended people when women like Heidi Roizen published accounts of having a venture capitalist stick her hand in his pants under a table while a deal was being discussed?"[91]

Silicon Valley firms' board of directors are composed of 15.7% women compared with 20.9% in the S&P 100.[92]

The 2012 lawsuit Pao v. Kleiner Perkins was filed in San Francisco County Superior Court by executive Ellen Pao for gender discrimination against her employer, Kleiner Perkins.[93] The case went to trial in February 2015. On March 27, 2015, the jury found in favor of Kleiner Perkins on all counts.[94] Nevertheless, the case, which had wide press coverage, resulted in major advances in consciousness of gender discrimination on the part of venture capital and technology firms and their women employees.[95][96] Two other cases have been filed against Facebook and Twitter.[97]

Statistics

In 2014, tech companies Google, Yahoo!, Facebook, Apple, and others, released corporate transparency reports that offered detailed employee breakdowns. In May, Google said 17% of its tech employees worldwide were women, and, in the U.S., 1% of its tech workers were black and 2% were Hispanic.[98] June 2014 brought reports from Yahoo! and Facebook. Yahoo! said that 15% of its tech jobs were held by women, 2% of its tech employees were black and 4% Hispanic.[99] Facebook reported that 15% of its tech workforce was female, and 3% was Hispanic and 1% was black.[100] In August, Apple reported that 80% of its global tech staff was male and that, in the U.S., 54% of its tech jobs were staffed by Caucasians and 23% by Asians.[101] Soon after, USA Today published an article about Silicon Valley's lack of tech-industry diversity, pointing out that it is largely white or Asian, and male. "Blacks and Hispanics are largely absent," it reported, "and women are underrepresented in Silicon Valley—from giant companies to start-ups to venture capital firms."[102] Civil rights activist Jesse Jackson said of improving diversity in the tech industry, "This is the next step in the civil rights movement"[103] while T. J. Rodgers has argued against Jackson's assertions.

Municipalities

The following Santa Clara County cities are traditionally considered to be in Silicon Valley (in alphabetical order):[citation needed]

The geographical boundaries of Silicon Valley have changed over the years. Historically, the term Silicon Valley was treated as synonymous with Santa Clara Valley,[1][2][3] and then its meaning later evolved to refer to Santa Clara County plus adjacent regions in southern San Mateo County and southern Alameda County.[104] However, over the years this geographical area has been expanded to include San Francisco County, Contra Costa County, and the northern parts of Alameda County and San Mateo County, this shift has occurred due to the expansion in the local economy and the development of new technologies.[104]

The United States Department of Labor's Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program defined Silicon Valley as the counties of Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Santa Cruz.[105]

In 2015, MIT researchers developed a novel method for measuring which towns are home to startups with higher growth potential and this defines Silicon Valley to center on the municipalities of Menlo Park, Mountain View, Palo Alto, and Sunnyvale.[106][107]

Education

Stanford University (top), Santa Clara University (middle), and San Jose State University (bottom)

Funding for public schools in upscale Silicon Valley communities such as Woodside is often supplemented by grants from private foundations set up for that purpose and funded by local residents. Schools in less affluent areas such as East Palo Alto must depend on state funding.[108]

Colleges and universities

Culture

See also: List of attractions in Silicon Valley

Events

The 2017 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference & Facebook F8 2017, at the San Jose Convention Center

Graphic arts

Museums

Top to bottom: Cantor Arts Center, The Tech Museum of Innovation, the Computer History Museum, and the San José Museum of Art

Performing arts

The Mountain View Center for the Performing Arts (top) and the San Jose Center for the Performing Arts (bottom)

Media

Main article: Media in the San Francisco Bay Area
Headquarters of The Mercury News, Silicon Valley's largest newspaper, in Downtown San Jose
50 W. San Fernando Street in downtown San Jose is the site of the world's first radio broadcasting station, created in 1909 by Charles Herrold, the "Father of Broadcasting".[115]

In 1980, Intelligent Machines Journal changed its name to InfoWorld, and, with offices in Palo Alto, began covering the emergence of the microcomputer industry in the valley.[116]

Local and national media cover Silicon Valley and its companies. CNN, The Wall Street Journal, and Bloomberg News operate Silicon Valley bureaus out of Palo Alto. Public broadcaster KQED (TV) and KQED-FM, as well as the Bay Area's local ABC station KGO-TV, operate bureaus in San Jose. KNTV, NBC's local Bay Area affiliate "NBC Bay Area", is located in San Jose. Produced from this location is the nationally distributed TV Show "Tech Now" as well as the CNBC Silicon Valley bureau. San Jose-based media serving Silicon Valley include the San Jose Mercury News daily and the Metro Silicon Valley weekly.

Specialty media include El Observador and the San Jose / Silicon Valley Business Journal. Most of the Bay Area's other major TV stations, newspapers, and media operate in San Francisco or Oakland. Patch.com operates various web portals, providing local news, discussion and events for residents of Silicon Valley. Mountain View has a public nonprofit station, KMVT-15. KMVT-15's shows include Silicon Valley Education News (EdNews)-Edward Tico Producer.

Cultural references

Some appearances in media, in order by release date:

See also

See also the categories Companies based in Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley people, and Tourist attractions in Silicon Valley

References

  1. ^ a b c d Malone, Michael S. (2002). The Valley of Heart's Delight: A Silicon Valley Notebook 1963 - 2001. New York: John S. Wiley & Sons. p. xix. ISBN 9780471201915. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
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Further reading

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