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The surprising aspect in these corporation numbers are that [[Kochi Corporation]], despite being inside the state's largest [[urban agglomeration]], is only the 2nd most populous and 4th largest in terms of area in the state. This anomaly is because the corporation limits have not been updated since its formation in 1967, and thus expansion of these outdated limits has become a big demand in Kochi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/jan/12/chamber-calls-for-expansion-of-kochi-corp-2248723.html|title = Chamber calls for expansion of Kochi Corp}}</ref>
The surprising aspect in these corporation numbers are that [[Kochi Corporation]], despite being inside the state's largest [[urban agglomeration]], is only the 2nd most populous and 4th largest in terms of area in the state. This anomaly is because the corporation limits have not been updated since its formation in 1967, and thus expansion of these outdated limits has become a big demand in Kochi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/jan/12/chamber-calls-for-expansion-of-kochi-corp-2248723.html|title = Chamber calls for expansion of Kochi Corp}}</ref>


However, since cities are ranked in terms of their [[Urban Agglomeration]] statistics and not in terms of Local self governing bodies statistics (as seen in the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] (MOHUA) official rankings <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mohua.gov.in/cms/number-of-cities--towns-by-city-size-class.php |title=: आवासन और शहरी कार्य मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार |publisher=Mohua.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2022-05-07}}</ref>), Kochi secures the number 1 spot in the state in terms of largest cities as one can observe below.
However, since cities are ranked in terms of their [[Urban Agglomeration]] statistics and not in terms of Local self governing bodies statistics (as seen in the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] (MOHUA) official rankings <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mohua.gov.in/cms/number-of-cities--towns-by-city-size-class.php |title=आवासन और शहरी कार्य मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार |publisher=Mohua.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2022-05-07}}</ref>), Kochi secures the number 1 spot in the state in terms of largest cities as one can observe below.


===Most populous urban agglomerations===
===Most populous urban agglomerations===
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|}
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17.1 births/1,000 population (1994-2001 est.) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cds.edu/download_files/341.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210173440/http://www.cds.edu/download_files/341.pdf |archivedate=2012-02-10 |title=Wayback Machine |publisher=Web.archive.org |date= |accessdate=2022-05-07}}</ref>
17.1 births/1,000 population (1994-2001 est.) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cds.edu/download_files/341.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210173440/http://www.cds.edu/download_files/341.pdf |archivedate=2012-02-10 |title= |date= |accessdate=2022-05-07}}</ref>


Birth Rate was 17.1 in 1994-2001 (20.3 in 1984-1990 & 25.0 in 1974–1980). Pathanamthitta (14.5 in 1994–2001, 17.2 in 1984-1990 & NA in 1974–1980) had the lowest TBR and Malappuram(22.4, 29.5 & 33.6) had the highest TBR.
Birth Rate was 17.1 in 1994-2001 (20.3 in 1984-1990 & 25.0 in 1974–1980). Pathanamthitta (14.5 in 1994–2001, 17.2 in 1984-1990 & NA in 1974–1980) had the lowest TBR and Malappuram(22.4, 29.5 & 33.6) had the highest TBR.
Line 916: Line 916:
: (-)3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1991 est.)
: (-)3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1991 est.)


Of the emigrants from Kerala, 42.2% were Muslims, 36.6% were Hindus and 21.2% were Christians in 1992–93. The most preferred destination was Saudi Arabia (37.8%), followed by UAE (25.9%), Other Gulf countries (13.0%), Oman (11.8%), Other Countries (7.5%) and USA(3.8%). <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iussp.org/Brazil2001/s20/S27_01_nangia.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728003925/http://www.iussp.org/Brazil2001/s20/S27_01_nangia.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-28 |title=Wayback Machine |publisher=Web.archive.org |date= |accessdate=2022-05-07}}</ref>
Of the emigrants from Kerala, 42.2% were Muslims, 36.6% were Hindus and 21.2% were Christians in 1992–93. The most preferred destination was Saudi Arabia (37.8%), followed by UAE (25.9%), Other Gulf countries (13.0%), Oman (11.8%), Other Countries (7.5%) and USA(3.8%). <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iussp.org/Brazil2001/s20/S27_01_nangia.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728003925/http://www.iussp.org/Brazil2001/s20/S27_01_nangia.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-28 |title= |date= |accessdate=2022-05-07}}</ref>


===Sex ratio===
===Sex ratio===
Line 1,147: Line 1,147:
:78 years
:78 years


In 1991, Kerala had the lowest TFR (Children born per women) in the whole of India. Hindus had a TFR of 1.66, Christians had 1.78 and Muslims had 2.97. In 2000, the TFR was 1.73 with Muslims having 2.28, [[Nair]]s having a TFR of 1.47 and Syrian Christians having TFR of 1.55. TFR for Scheduled Castes was 1.52 in 1997-98 and 1.37 in 1992–93. The lowest Fertility rate recorded anywhere in India is TFR of 1.17 for Vettuvan caste in Kerala. <ref>{{cite web |doi=10.1023%2FB%3APOPU.0000020963.63244.8c}}</ref>
In 1991, Kerala had the lowest TFR (Children born per women) in the whole of India. Hindus had a TFR of 1.66, Christians had 1.78 and Muslims had 2.97. In 2000, the TFR was 1.73 with Muslims having 2.28, [[Nair]]s having a TFR of 1.47 and Syrian Christians having TFR of 1.55. TFR for Scheduled Castes was 1.52 in 1997-98 and 1.37 in 1992–93. The lowest Fertility rate recorded anywhere in India is TFR of 1.17 for Vettuvan caste in Kerala. <ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1023/B:POPU.0000020963.63244.8c| title=An Analysis of Fertility Differentials by Religion in Kerala State: A Test of the Interaction Hypothesis | year=2003 | last1=Alagarajan | first1=Manoj | journal=Population Research and Policy Review | volume=22 | issue=5/6 | pages=557–574 | s2cid=154895913 }}</ref>


As per the 2011 Census, the fertility rate per community is as Hindu: 1.544 children per woman, Muslim: 2.351 and Christian: 1.716. For SC, the fertility is 1.485 and for ST, it is 1.629.<ref name="censusindia">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/F-series/f10/2011-F10-32-MDDS.XLS {{Bare URL spreadsheet|date=April 2022}}</ref>
As per the 2011 Census, the fertility rate per community is as Hindu: 1.544 children per woman, Muslim: 2.351 and Christian: 1.716. For SC, the fertility is 1.485 and for ST, it is 1.629.<ref name="censusindia">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/F-series/f10/2011-F10-32-MDDS.XLS {{Bare URL spreadsheet|date=April 2022}}</ref>

Revision as of 17:47, 7 May 2022

Demographics of Kerala
Population pyramid taken from the 2011 census
Population34.8 million
Density859 per sq.km
Growth rate3.31% yearly (2021 estimate)
Life expectancy
 • male75 years
 • female80.15 years
Fertility rate1.82 births per woman
Infant mortality rate7 per 1000 live births
Net migration rate-0.08 per 1000 (2019 estimate)
Age structure
0–14 years19%
15–64 years70%
65 and over12%
Sex ratio
Total0.97 males/female
At birth1.04 males/female

Kerala is a state in south-western India. Most of Kerala's 34.8 million people (in 2011) are ethnically Malayalis (Malayalam speakers). Most of the Malayalam and English speaking Keralites derive their ancestry from Dravidian communities that settled in Kerala. Additional ancestries derive from millennia of trade links across the Arabian Sea, whereby people of Arab, Jewish, Syrian and other ethnicities settled in Kerala. Many of these immigrants intermarried with native Malayalam speakers resulting in formation of many Muslims and Christians in Kerala.[1][2] Some Muslims and Christians thus take lineage from Middle Eastern settlers mixed with local population.

Malayalam is Kerala's official language and is spoken by at least 97% of the people of Kerala; the next most common languages are English and Tamil which is spoken mainly by migrant workers from the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu. Tulu and Kannada is spoken in northern parts of Kasaragod district, bordering Karnataka. In addition, Kerala is home to 321,000 indigenous tribal Adivasis (1.10% of the populace).[3] Some 63% of tribals reside in the eastern districts of Wayanad (where 35.82% are tribals), Palakkad (1.02%), and Idukki (15.66%).[4] These groups, including the Paniyars, Mooppans, Irulars, Kurumbars, and Mudugars,[5] speak their own native languages.[6][7][8] Cholanaikkan tribe in the Silent Valley National Park were contacted only in the 1970s and they are the most isolated tribe in the state.

In comparison with the rest of India, Kerala experiences relatively little sectarianism.[9]

Population

Population density of Kerala
Kerala's districts, shaded by population density (inhabitants per km2)
Source: (GOK 2001).

Kerala is home to 2.76% of India's population, and at 859 persons per km2;[10] its land is three times as densely settled as the rest of India. Kerala's western coastal regions are the most densely settled with population of 2,022 persons per km2, 2.5 times the overall population density of the state, 859 persons per km2, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated.[11] However, Kerala's population growth rate is far lower than the national average, although Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 — adding 15.6 million people to reach a total of 29.1 million residents in 1991 — the population stood at 31.8 million by 2001 and 33.3 million in 2011.[10] Kerala's people are most densely settled in the coastal region, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated.[12] Kerala is the second-most urbanised major state in the country with 47.7% urban population according to the 2011 Census of India.[13]

Hinduism is followed by the majority of Keralites (54.7%). The major religions followed in Kerala are Hinduism (54.7% — Hinduism in Kerala), Islam (26.6%) and Christianity (18.4%).[14]

Kerala also had a tiny Jewish population until recently, said to date from 587 BC when they fled the occupation of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar.[15] The 2001 Indian census recorded only 51 Jews in Kerala. The synagogue in Kochi is the oldest in the Commonwealth of Nations.

The state has many famous temples, mosques, and churches. The oldest church in India is found in Kerala, believed to be established by St. Thomas, the disciple of Jesus Christ and the Cheramaan Juma Mosque is considered to be the oldest mosque in the Indian subcontinent which was built by an Islamic missionary Malik Dinar.

Historical Population
Year Population Decadal growth
2011 33406061 4.91
2001 31841374 9.43
1991 29098518 14.32
1981 25453680 19.24
1971 21347375 26.29
1961 16903715 24.76
1951 13549118 22.82
1941 11031541 16.04
1931 9507050 21.85
1921 7802127 9.16
1911 7147673 11.75
1901 6392620 --

Population graph of Kerala from 1910-2011

Source:[16]

Features

Distribution of Population in Malappuram, the most populous district of Kerala (2011).[17] The distribution is similar to this pattern in every part of the state. The western Arabian Sea coastline is densely populated while the eastern hilly region adjacent to the Western Ghats is sparsely populated compared to its western coastal counterpart.[18]

Social development

Kerala ranks highest in India with respect to social development indices such as elimination of poverty, primary education and healthcare. This resulted from significant efforts begun in 1911 by the erstwhile Princely states of Cochin and Travancore to boost healthcare and education among the people and aided by the Christian missionaries. This central focus — deemed unusual in India — was then maintained after Kerala's post-independence inauguration as a state.[19] Thus, Kerala has the highest literacy rate in India of 93.91% (2011);[20] and life expectancy is now the highest in India. The suicide rates in Kerala are the highest in India.[21] As per the 2011 census, Kerala and Puducherry are the only domiciles in India with a female-to-male ratio higher than 0.99. The ratio for Kerala is 1.084 — 1084 females per 1000 males — while the national figure is 0.940.[22] It is also one of the states in India to have sub-replacement fertility.[23]

UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO) designated Kerala as the world's first "baby-friendly state" via its "Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative". The state is also known for Ayurveda, a traditional system of medicine — this traditional expertise is currently drawing increasing numbers of medical tourists. However, drawbacks to this situation includes the population's steady aging — indeed, 11.2% of Keralites are age 60 or over.[19]

Kerala's unusual socioeconomic and demographic situation was summarized by author and environmentalist Bill McKibben:[24]

Expatriation and Emigration

As of 2011, a total of 2,280,000 Keralites reside outside India. Largest populations are found in UAE (883,313) and USA (680,076).[25]

The major concentrations of expat Keralites are in the following nations: (figures as of 2011)[26]

  • UAE - 883,313
  • United States - 680,076 (mainly U.S. Citizens)
  • KSA - 574,739
  • Oman - 195,300
  • Qatar - 410,000
  • Kuwait - 127,782
  • Bahrain - 216,000
  • United Kingdom - 44,640
  • Canada - 28,000
  • Australia - 50,000
  • Portugal - 2,000
  • Italy - 25,000
  • Germany - 10,000

Diversity

There are more than 2,500,000 migrants living in Kerala,[27] mostly from Assam and West Bengal, constituting more than 8% of the population. There are also migrants from Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, and the North East.[28] Alarmed at this, some have even written that "of late, Kerala has been hearing more Bengali than its own local language"[29] Most of the migrants tend to concentrate around especially in Kochi and Trivandrum and Calicut.[27][30]

Studies indicate that by the time of 2026 state elections, migrants will become a crucial voting block in many of the constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kochi, Kozhikode, Thrissur and Kannur districts.[31]

Lists

Urban centres

According to 2011 Census of India, Kerala has six 1.5 million-plus urban agglomerations: Kochi, Kozhikode, Thrissur, Malappuram, Thiruvananthapuram, and Kannur, all of which has a population of at least 1.5 million.[32][33][34] Over a third of Keralites live in these large cities (a higher percentage than any other state), and over half the population lives in urban centres.[35]

 
Largest cities or towns in Kerala
2011 Census of India[36]
As per the population within their respective Municipal Corporation/Municipality limits
Rank District Pop.
Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram
Kozhikode
Kozhikode 		1 Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram district 968,990 Kochi
Kochi
Kollam
Kollam
2 Kozhikode Kozhikode district 609,224
3 Kochi Ernakulam district 602,046
4 Kollam Kollam district 388,288
5 Thrissur Thrissur district 315,957
6 Kannur Kannur district 232,486
7 Alappuzha Alappuzha district 180,856
8 Kottayam Kottayam district 138,283
9 Palakkad Palakkad district 131,019
10 Manjeri Malappuram district 97,102

The above table lists Kerala cities in terms of their respective corporation statistics.

According to the 2011 Census, 7 of the top 50 most populous metropolitan areas in India belong to Kerala. They are Kochi, Kozhikode, Thrissur, Malappuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kannur and Kollam ranking 17, 19, 21, 25, 26, 27 and 48 respectively.[34][32]

The surprising aspect in these corporation numbers are that Kochi Corporation, despite being inside the state's largest urban agglomeration, is only the 2nd most populous and 4th largest in terms of area in the state. This anomaly is because the corporation limits have not been updated since its formation in 1967, and thus expansion of these outdated limits has become a big demand in Kochi.[37]

However, since cities are ranked in terms of their Urban Agglomeration statistics and not in terms of Local self governing bodies statistics (as seen in the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MOHUA) official rankings [38]), Kochi secures the number 1 spot in the state in terms of largest cities as one can observe below.

Most populous urban agglomerations

The following is a list of most populous urban agglomerations in the Kerala state of India. Population statistics indicated are as of 2011 census.[39][40][41][42]

(Note that this is a list of metropolitan (UA) population and does not indicate the corporation populations. Cities in India are officially ranked in terms of these numbers)

Rank UA Population (2011) Population (2001) District
1 Kochi 2,117,990 1,355,972 Ernakulam
2 Kozhikode 2,030,519 715,681 Kozhikode
3 Thrissur 1,854,783 103,122 Thrissur
4 Malappuram 1,698,645 170,409 Malappuram
5 Thiruvananthapuram 1,679,754 1,089,635 Thiruvananthapuram
6 Kannur 1,642,892 498,207 Kannur
7 Kollam 1,110,005 380,091 Kollam
8 Cherthala 455,408 141,558 Alappuzha
9 Kayamkulam 427,091 68,585 Alappuzha
10 Kottayam 357,533 172,878 Kottayam
11 Palakkad 293,566 283,369 Palakkad
12 Alappuzha 241,072 282,675 Alappuzha
13 Ottappalam 238,238 49,242 Palakkad
14 Kanhangad 229,706 129,367 Kasaragod
15 Kasaragod 192,761 75,968 Kasaragod
16 Changanassery 127,971 51,967 Kottayam
17 Chalakkudy 114,901 48,380 Thrissur
18 Kothamangalam 114,574 37,173 Ernakulam

Ethnic groups

Main article: Ethnic groups in Kerala

The vast majority of residents of Kerala are Malayalis, but there are many smaller ethnic groups including Tuluvas, Tamils, Kannadigas and Konkanis. In addition, as of early 2013 there are close to 2.5 million (7.5% of state population) migrant workers from other states of India in Kerala.[43]

Language

Languages of Kerala (2011)[44]

  Malayalam (97.02%)
  Tamil (1.49%)
  Others (1.5%)

Kerala is the most unilingual state of India in which about 97% of the total population speak Malayalam as their Native language.[44] However there is a significant Tamil population in Idukki district, which accounts for 17.48% of its total population.[45] Tulu and Kannada are spoken in the northern portions of Kasaragod district, each of which account for 8.77% and 4.23% of total population in the district respectively.[45][46]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Kerala

Hindus constitute 54.7% of the population of Kerala, followed by Islam with 26.6% population and Christianity at third with 18.4% population as per 2011 census.

Religious Demographics of Kerala (1901-2011)[47][48][49]
Census
Year 		Hindus Decadal Growth rate (%) Muslims Decadal Growth rate (%) Christians Decadal Growth rate (%) Total
Population 		Decadal Growth rate (%)
1901 4,378,305 68.5% N/A 1,119,473 17.5% N/A 891,767 13.9% N/A 6,389,545 100.0% N/A
1911 4,762,393 66.8% +8.77 1,263,602 17.7% +12.87 1,101,289 15.5% +23.50 7,127,284 100.0% +11.55
1921 5,052,039 64.9% +6.08 1,360,180 17.5% +7.64 1,376,354 17.7% +24.98 7,788,573 100.0% +9.28
1931 6,021,982 63.4% +19.20 1,624,112 17.1% +19.40 1,856,024 19.5% +34.85 9,502,118 100.0% +22.00
1941 6,699,600 61.8% +11.25 1,883,786 17.4% +11.60 2,263,888 20.9% +21.98 10,847,274 100.0% +14.16
1951 8,344,351 61.6% +24.55 2,374,598 17.5% +26.05 2,825,720 20.9% +24.82 13,544,669 100.0% +24.87
1961 10,282,568 60.9% +23.23 3,027,639 17.9% +27.50 3,587,365 21.2% +26.95 16,897,572 100.0% +24.75
1971 12,683,277 59.4% +23.35 4,162,718 19.5% +37.49 4,494,089 21.1% +25.28 21,340,084 100.0% +26.29
1981 14,801,347 58.2% +16.70 5,409,687 21.3% +30.00 5,233,865 20.6% +16.46 25,444,899 100.0% +19.24
1991 16,668,587 57.3% +12.62 6,788,354 23.3% +25.49 5,621,510 19.3% +7.41 29,078,451 100.0% +14.28
2001 17,920,105 56.3% +7.51 7,863,842 24.7% +15.84 6,057,427 19.0% +7.75 31,841,374 100.0% +9.50
2011 18,282,492 54.9% +2.02 8,873,472 26.6% +12.84 6,141,269 18.4% +1.38 33,406,061 100.0% +4.91
Indicates Least growth rate Indicates Most growth rate Source: Census of India (1901 - 2011)

Religious demographics of Travancore (1816-1941)

Main article: Travancore
Religious Demographics of Travancore (1816-1941)
Census year Total population Hindus Christians Muslims
1816 - 1820 906,587[50] 752,371[50] 82.99% 112,158[50] 12.37% 42,058[50] 4.64%
1881 2,401,158[51] 1,755,610[51] 73.12% 498,542[51] 20.76% 146,909[51] 6.12%
1891 2,557,736[52] 1,871,864[52] 73.18% 526,911[52] 20.60% 158,823[52] 6.21%
1901 2,952,157[50] 2,063,798[50] 69.91% 697,387[50] 23.62% 190,566[50] 6.46%
1911 3,428,975[50] 2,298,390[50] 67.03% 903,868[50] 26.36% 226,617[50] 6.61%
1921 4,006,062[50] 2,562,301[50] 63.96% 1,172,934[50] 29.27% 270,478[50] 6.75%
1931 5,095,973[50] 3,137,795[50] 61.57% 1,604,475[50] 31.46% 353,274[50] 6.93%
1941 6,070,018[53] 3,671,480[53] 60.49% 1,963,808[53] 32.35% 434,150[53] 7.15%

Religious Demographics of Malabar District (1871 - 1951)

Main article: Malabar District
Religious Demographics of Malabar District (1871&1951)[54][55]
Religion 1871[54] 1951[55]
1 Hinduism 72.43%[54] 63.25%[55]
2 Islam 25.72%[54] 33.49%[55]
3 Christianity 1.43%[54] 3.24%[55]
Religion in Kerala
Religion 2001[56] 2011[57]
Hinduism 17,883,449 18,282,492
Islam 7,863,842 8,873,472
Christianity 6,057,427 6,141,269
Buddhism 2,027 4,752
Jainism 4,528 4,489
Sikhism 2,762 3,814
Other 2,256 7,618
Not stated n/a 88,155
Total 31,841,374 33,406,061
Religion in Kerala (%)
Religion 2001[56] 2011[56]
Hinduism 56.16 54.73
Islam 24.70 26.56
Christianity 19.02 18.38
Buddhism >0.01 0.01
Jainism 0.01 0.01
Sikhism >0.01 0.01
Other >0.01 0.02
Not stated n/a 0.26

Caste/Communities

Caste/communities of Kerala (2011)

  Mappila Muslims (26.6%)
  Ezhavas/Thiyyas (22.2%)
  Nairs (14.6%)
  Syrian Christians (12.5%)
  Scheduled Castes (9.8%)
  Dheevaras (2.8%)
  Latin Catholics (2.5%)
  Brahmins (1.7%)
  Scheduled Tribes (1.1%)
  Other Christians (3.0%)
  Other Hindu Castes (2.9%)
  Others (0.3%)
Main article: Religion in Kerala
See also: Caste system among South Asian Christians

Castes of Kerala[58][59][60][61][62]

The Scheduled Caste (SC) population of Kerala State is 3,123,941 which is 9.8% of overall population. Scheduled Tribes in Kerala, with a population of 3.64 lakhs, constitute 1.14% of the population.[63]

Denominations groups among Christians:

Catholic church (Syrian and Latin rites) is the largest denomination among Kerala Christians. Malankara orthodox church, Jacobite Syrian orthodox church and Marthomite Syrian church denominations claim Syrian roots. Major Protestant groups are: Church of South India(C.S.I.) and various Pentecostal churches are major Protestant churches. Chaldean, Seventh Day Adventists, Salvation army etc. are some of the other denominations. Calden Syrian (paavu m pillerum)=12% Mayukh= 1%[64]

(Denominations should not be considered as caste or ethnic groups. Caste groups among Christians, which is a continuation of casteism in Hinduism, runs parallel to denominational divisions. One caste group may be spread over many denominations. One denomination may have more than one caste group in it. Person belonging to a denomination can convert to another denomination. Hence definitely these are not ethnic divisions)

Age structure

Population pyramid for Kerala as of 2011

(2011 census)

0-6 years: 9.95%
7-14 years: 23.9%
15-59 years: 54.3%
60 years and over:12.8%
Population by age (2011)
Age (Years): Male population Female population
0-4 1247534 1205558
5-9 1303190 1251922
10-14 1438917 1383853
15-19 1328299 1282253
20-24 1298826 1366983
25-29 1203978 1400114
30-34 1128217 1327284
35-39 1161819 1417854
40-44 1117424 1295074
45-49 1105598 1242932
50-54 931191 996954
55-59 861527 880881
60-64 685136 729535
65-69 459232 542902
70-74 326562 406810
75-79 208317 293050
80+ 204348 337501
Median age
Year: 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Age: 19.28 19.39 21.81 24.36 28.87 32

Urbanisation

Urbanisation Rate in Kerala
Year Rural

population

(%)

Urban

Population

(%)

1961 84.9 15.11
1971 83.76 16.24
1981 81.26 18.74
1991 73.61 26.39
2001 74.04 25.96
2011 52.26 47.74

Birth rate

Year Births Deaths Natural
change		 Birth
rate		 Death
rate		 N. change
rate
1997 607,727 166,428 441,299 19.2 5.3 13.9
1998 591,508 185,788 405,720 18.4 5.8 12.6
1999 596,948 186,828 410,120 18.3 5.7 12.6
2000 593,724 178,795 414,929 18.0 5.4 12.6
2001 579,063 182,059 397,004 18.1 5.7 12.4
2002 581,925 184,597 397,328 18.0 5.7 12.3
2003 558,369 194,264 364,105 17.2 6.0 11.2
2004 563,153 199,017 364,136 17.1 6.1 11.0
2005 559,082 204,157 354,925 17.3 6.3 11.0
2006 556,326 219,094 337,232 16.6 6.6 10.0
2007 545,154 238,691 306,463 16.2 7.1 9.1
2008 535,738 221,769 313,969 15.7 6.5 9.2
2009 544,348 238,691 305,657 16.2 7.1 9.1
2010 546,964 238,864 308,100 15.8 6.9 8.9
2011 560,268 245,002 315,266 16.7 7.3 9.4
2012 550,411 239,982 310,429 16.4 7.1 9.3
2013 536,352 260,915 276,157 15.9 7.7 8.2
2014 534,458 248,242 286,216 15.8 7.3 8.5
2015 516,013 252,576 263,437 15.1 7.4 7.7
2016 496,292 256,130 240,162 14.5 7.5 7.0
2017 503,588 263,342 240,246 14.6 7.6 7.0
2018 488,174 258,530 229,644 14.1 7.5 6.6
2019 480,113 270,567 209,546 13.8 7.8 6.0
Birth data by religion
Percentage Distribution of Live Birth by Religion of the Family[65]
Religion 2019[66] % 2018[67] % 2017[68] % 2016[69] % 2015[70] % 2014[71] % 2013[72] % 2012[73] % 2011[74] % 2010[75] % 2009[76] % 2008[77] % 2007[78] % 2006[79] % 2005[80] %
Muslim 212,933 44.35% 213,805 43.80% 216,525 43.00% 211,182 42.55% 213,865 41.45% 218,437 40.87% 214,257 39.96% 175,892 31.96% 214,099 38.21% 209,276 38.26% 204,711 37.61% 194,583 36.32% 183,796 33.71% 196,493 35.32% 191,675 34.28%
Hindu 197,061 41.04% 203,158 41.61% 210,071 41.71% 207,831 41.88% 221,220 42.87% 231,031 43.23% 236,420 44.08% 214,591 38.99% 248,610 44.37% 246,297 45.03% 247,707 45.51% 241,305 45.04% 250,094 45.88% 258,119 46.40% 262,976 47.04%
Christian 68,596 14.29% 69,844 14.31% 76,205 15.35% 79,565 15.42% 83,616 15.65% 84,660 15.78% 102,546 18.63% 94,664 16.90% 88,936 16.26% 90,451 16.62% 94,175 17.58% 98,220 18.02% 96,469 17.34% 98,353 17.59%
Others 1,408 0.29% 1,214 0.25% 1,497 0.30% 852 0.18% 933 0.18% 1,178 0.22% 869 0.16% 57,215 10.39% 2,671 0.48% 651 0.12% 704 0.13% 5,151 0.96% 6,108 1.12% 1,545 0.28% 1,098 0.19%
Not Stated 115 0.02% 153 0.03% 222 0.04% 430 0.08% 196 0.03% 146 0.02% 167 0.03% 224 0.04% 1,806 0.33% 775 0.14% 524 0.10% 6,936 1.27% 3,700 0.66% 4,980 0.89%
Total 480,113 100% 488,174 100% 496,292 100% 516,013 100% 534,458 100% 536,352 100% 550,411 100% 560,268 100% 546,964 100% 544,348 100% 535,738 100% 545,154 100% 556,326 100% 559,082 100%

17.1 births/1,000 population (1994-2001 est.) [81]

Birth Rate was 17.1 in 1994-2001 (20.3 in 1984-1990 & 25.0 in 1974–1980). Pathanamthitta (14.5 in 1994–2001, 17.2 in 1984-1990 & NA in 1974–1980) had the lowest TBR and Malappuram(22.4, 29.5 & 33.6) had the highest TBR.

According to the 2011 Census, Thiruvalla taluk has the lowest birth rate and Tirurangadi taluk has the highest birth rate.[82]

Lowest Birth Rate (2011):

  1. Thiruvalla - 10.63 per 1,000
  2. Mallappally - 10.69 per 1,000
  3. Kozhenchery - 10.86 per 1,000
  4. Chengannur - 10.93 per 1,000
  5. Adoor - 11.09 per 1,000

Highest Birth Rate (2011):

  1. Tirurangadi - 19.99 per 1,000
  2. Ernad - 19.68 per 1,000
  3. Perinthalmanna - 19.43 per 1,000
  4. Tirur - 19.16 per 1,000
  5. Nilambur - 18.34 per 1,000

Vital stats for the year 2011:[83]

Community Pop Births Birth Rate Deaths Death Rate NGR%
Total 33,406,061 560,268 16.77 245,002 7.33 0.94%
Hindu 18,282,492 248,610 13.60 148,097 8.10 0.55%
Muslim 8,873,472 214,099 24.13 45,305 5.11 1.90%
Christian 6,141,269 94,664 15.41 50,365 8.20 0.72%
  • In 2007, 61.55% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 17.50% from Muslims and, 19.75% from Christians.[84]
  • In 2008, 61.01% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 17.82% from Muslims and, 20.06% from Christians.[85]
  • In 2010, 60.79% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 18.31% from Muslims and, 20.36% from Christians.[86]
  • In 2011, 60.45% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 18.48% from Muslims and, 20.56% from Christians.[83]
  • In 2018, 60.54% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 19.15% from Muslims and, 19.86% from Christians.[67]

Net migration rate

(-)3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1991 est.)

Of the emigrants from Kerala, 42.2% were Muslims, 36.6% were Hindus and 21.2% were Christians in 1992–93. The most preferred destination was Saudi Arabia (37.8%), followed by UAE (25.9%), Other Gulf countries (13.0%), Oman (11.8%), Other Countries (7.5%) and USA(3.8%). [87]

Sex ratio

According to the 2011 census, women outnumber men in all the districts of Kerala with the highest proportion in Kannur and Pathanamthitta districts.

Districts Population Males % Females %
Kasargod 1,307,375 628,613 48.1% 678,762 51.9%
Kannur 2,523,003 1,181,446 46.8% 1,341,557 53.2%
Wayanad 817,420 401,684 49.1% 415,736 50.9%
Kozhikode 3,086,293 1,470,942 47.7% 1,615,351 52.3%
Malappuram 4,112,920 1,960,328 47.7% 2,152,592 52.3%
Palakkad 2,809,934 1,359,478 48.4% 1,450,456 51.6%
Thrissur 3,121,200 1,480,763 47.4% 1,640,437 52.6%
Ernakulam 3,282,388 1,619,557 49.3% 1,662,831 50.7%
Idukki 1,108,974 552,808 49.8% 556,166 50.2%
Kottayam 1,974,551 968,289 49% 1,006,262 51%
Alappuzha 2,127,789 1,013,142 47.6% 1,114,647 52.4%
Pathanamthitta 1,197,412 561,716 46.8% 635,696 53.2%
Kollam 2,635,375 1,246,968 47.3% 1,388,407 52.7%
Thiruvananthapuram 3,301,427 1,581,678 47.9% 1,719,749 52.1%

Vital Statistics

Year Infant

Mortality

Rate

(per 1000 birth)

Crude

Birth Rate

(per 100)

Crude

Death Rate

(per 1000)

Natural

Growth

Rate

(per 1000)

Maternal

Mortality Rate

(Maternal death/

100000 live birth)

Total

Fertility

Rate

(Birth/Woman)

2000 14 17.9 6.4 11.5 1.7
2001 11 17.3 6.6 10.7 1.8
2002 10 16.9 6.4 10.5 1.8
2003 11 16.7 6.3 10.4 1.8
2004 12 15.2 6.1 9.1 95 1.7
2005 14 15.0 6.4 8.6 1.7
2006 15 14.9 6.7 8.2 1.7
2007 13 14.7 6.8 7.9 81 1.7
2008 12 14.6 6.6 8.0 1.7
2009 12 14.7 6.8 7.9 1.7
2010 13 14.8 7.0 7.8 66 1.7
2011 12 15.2 7.0 8.2 61 1.7
2012 12 14.9 6.9 8.0 1.7
2013 12 14.7 6.9 7.8 1.6
2014 12 14.8 6.6 8.2 46 1.6
2015 12 14.8 6.6 8.2 42 1.6
2016 10 14.3 7.6 6.7 1.7
2017 10 14.2 6.8 7.4 1.7
2018 7 13.9 6.9 7.0 31 (est) 1.8

[88] Life expectancy at birth

78 years

In 1991, Kerala had the lowest TFR (Children born per women) in the whole of India. Hindus had a TFR of 1.66, Christians had 1.78 and Muslims had 2.97. In 2000, the TFR was 1.73 with Muslims having 2.28, Nairs having a TFR of 1.47 and Syrian Christians having TFR of 1.55. TFR for Scheduled Castes was 1.52 in 1997-98 and 1.37 in 1992–93. The lowest Fertility rate recorded anywhere in India is TFR of 1.17 for Vettuvan caste in Kerala. [89]

As per the 2011 Census, the fertility rate per community is as Hindu: 1.544 children per woman, Muslim: 2.351 and Christian: 1.716. For SC, the fertility is 1.485 and for ST, it is 1.629.[90]

For Hindus, the TFR is highest in Wayanad (1.710) and lowest in Thiruvananthapuram (1.435). For the Muslims, it is Kannur (2.779) and Pathanamthitta (1.707), while for the Christians the respective districts are Kasaragod (1.929) and Kollam (1.539).[90]

See also

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