Düsseldorf: Difference between revisions

	Largest groups of foreign residents
Turkey	12,707
Greece	10,388
Poland	9,316
Japan	8,329
Italy	7,799
Ukraine	7,566
Syria	5,230
Romania	4,856
Morocco	4,741
Spain	4,477
Russia	4,430
China	4,175
North Macedonia	3,842
Croatia	3,720
France	3,328
Iran	3,162
Iraq	2,879
Netherlands	2,542
United Kingdom	2,469
Serbia	2,308

Düsseldorf

Düsseldörp (Low Franconian)
Düsseldörp (Ripuarian)
Düsseldorf Düsseldörp (Low Franconian); Düsseldörp (Ripuarian)
City
	nightly view of Düsseldorf with illuminated Rhine Tower and Rheinkniebrücke over the River Rhine Neuer Zollhof Kö-Bogen Ständehaus Königsallee Girardet Bridge Gardens of Benrath Palace
	Flag Coat of arms
	Location of Düsseldorf
	Düsseldorf Düsseldorf
	Coordinates: 51°14′N 6°47′E / 51.233°N 6.783°E
Country	Germany
State	North Rhine-Westphalia
Admin. region	Düsseldorf
Subdivisions	10 boroughs, 50 quarters
Government
• Lord mayor (2020–25)	Stephan Keller (CDU)
• Governing parties	CDU / Greens
Area
• City	217.41 km2 (83.94 sq mi)
Elevation	38 m (125 ft)
Population (2023-12-31)
• City	631,217
• Density	2,900/km2 (7,500/sq mi)
• Urban	1,220,000
• Metro	11,300,000 (Rhine-Ruhr)
Time zone	UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes	40210–40629
Dialling codes	0211, 0203, 02104
Vehicle registration	D
Website	www.duesseldorf.de

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 10:20, 6 July 2024

Düsseldorf (/ˈdʊsəldɔːrf/ DUUSS-əl-dorf, US also /ˈdjuːs-/ DEWSS-,^[4]^[5]^[6] German: [ˈdʏsl̩dɔʁf] ^ⓘ; Low Franconian and Ripuarian:^[a] Düsseldörp [ˈdʏsəldœʀ(ə)p];^[tone?] archaic Dutch: Dusseldorp [ˈdʏsəlˌdɔr(ə)p]) is the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state of Germany. It is the second-largest city in the state after Cologne and the sixth-largest city in Germany,^[b], with a 2022 population of 629,047.^[7]

The Düssel, from which the city and the borough of Düsseltal take their name, divides into four separate branches within the city,^[c] each with its own mouth into the Rhine (Lower Rhine). Most of Düsseldorf lies on the right bank of the Rhine, and the city has grown together with Neuss, Ratingen, Meerbusch, Erkrath and Monheim am Rhein. Düsseldorf is the central city of the metropolitan region Rhine-Ruhr, the second biggest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union, that stretches from Bonn via Cologne and Düsseldorf to the Ruhr (from Duisburg via Essen to Dortmund).

The -dorf suffix means "village" in German (English cognate: thorp); its use is unusual for a settlement as large as Düsseldorf. Linguistically, Düsseldorf is the largest city in the German part of the Low Franconian area, dialects that are closely related to Dutch.

Düsseldorf is an international business and financial centre, renowned for its fashion and trade fairs,^[8]^[9]^[10] and is headquarters to one Fortune Global 500 and two DAX companies. Messe Düsseldorf organises nearly one fifth of premier trade shows.^[11] Düsseldorf Airport is Germany's fourth-busiest airport, serving as the most important international airport for the population of the densely populated Ruhr, Germany's largest urban area.

As second largest city of the Rhineland, Düsseldorf holds Rhenish Carnival celebrations every year in February/March, the Düsseldorf carnival celebrations being the third most popular in Germany after those held in Cologne and Mainz.^[12]

There are 22 institutions of higher education in the city including the Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, the university of applied sciences (Hochschule Düsseldorf), the academy of arts (Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, whose members include Joseph Beuys, Emanuel Leutze, August Macke, Gerhard Richter, Sigmar Polke, and Andreas Gursky), and the university of music (Robert-Schumann-Musikhochschule Düsseldorf). The city is also known for its influence on electronic/experimental music (Kraftwerk) and its Japanese community. Düsseldorf is classified as a GaWC Beta+ world city. Mercer's 2012 Quality of Living survey ranked Düsseldorf the sixth most livable city in the world.^[13]^[14]

History

Early development

When the Roman Empire was strengthening its position throughout Europe, a few Germanic tribes clung on in marshy territory off the eastern banks of the Rhine.^[15] In the 7th and 8th centuries, the odd farming or fishing settlement could be found at the point where the small river Düssel flows into the Rhine. It was from such settlements that the city of Düsseldorf grew.

The first written mention of Düsseldorf (then called Dusseldorp in the local Low Rhenish dialect) dates back to 1135. Under Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa the small town of Kaiserswerth to the north of Düsseldorf became a well-fortified outpost, where soldiers kept a watchful eye on every movement on the Rhine. Kaiserswerth eventually became a suburb of Düsseldorf in 1929.

In 1186, Düsseldorf came under the rule of the Counts of Berg. 14 August 1288 is one of the most important dates in the history of Düsseldorf, the day the sovereign Count Adolf VIII of Berg granted town privileges to the village on the banks of the Düssel. Before this, a bloody struggle for power had taken place between the Archbishop of Cologne and his allies arrayed against the count of Berg and other local powers, culminating in the Battle of Worringen.^{[citation needed]} The Archbishop of Cologne's forces were wiped out by the forces of the count of Berg, who were supported by citizens and farmers of Cologne and Düsseldorf, paving the way for Düsseldorf's elevation to city status, which is commemorated today by a monument on the Burgplatz.

After this battle the relationship between Cologne and Düsseldorf deteriorated, because they were commercial rivals; it is often said that there is a kind of hostility between the citizens of Cologne and Düsseldorf. Today, it finds its expression mainly in a humorous form (especially during the Rhineland Karneval) and in sports.^{[citation needed]}

Various scenes around Düsseldorf in December, 2014

The custom of turning cartwheels is credited to the children of Düsseldorf. There are variations of the origin^{[citation needed]} of the cartwheeling children. Today the symbol (Der Radschläger)^{[citation needed]} represents the story and every year the Düsseldorfers celebrate by having a cartwheeling contest.

A market square sprang up on the banks of the Rhine and the square was protected by city walls on all four sides. In 1380, the dukes of Berg moved their seat to the town and Düsseldorf was made regional capital of the Duchy of Berg. During the following centuries several famous landmarks were built, including the Collegiate Church of St Lambertus [de]. In 1609, the ducal line of the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg died out, and after a violent struggle over succession, Jülich and Berg fell to the Wittelsbach Counts of Palatinate-Neuburg, who made Düsseldorf their main domicile, even after they inherited the Electorate of the Palatinate, in 1685, becoming now Prince-electors as Electors Palatine.^{[citation needed]}

Under the art-loving Johann Wilhelm II (r. 1690–1716), a vast art gallery, with a huge selection of paintings and sculptures, was housed in the Stadtschloss (city castle). After his death, the city fell on hard times again, especially after Elector Charles Theodore inherited Bavaria and moved the electoral court to Munich. With him he took the art collection, which became part of what is now the Alte Pinakothek in Munich.

Destruction and poverty struck Düsseldorf after the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon made Berg a Grand Duchy and Düsseldorf its capital. Johann Devaranne, a leader of Solingen's resistance to Napoleon's conscription decrees, was executed here in 1813.

After Napoleon's defeat, the whole Rhineland including Berg was given to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1815. The Rhine Province's parliament was established in Düsseldorf.^[when?] By the mid-19th century, Düsseldorf enjoyed a revival thanks to the Industrial Revolution as the city boasted 100,000 inhabitants by 1882; the figure doubled in 1892.

World War I

During World War I the Royal Naval Air Service (RNS) undertook the first Entente strategic bombing missions on 22 September 1914, when it bombed the Zeppelin bases in Düsseldorf.^[17]

Weimar Republic

In 1920, Düsseldorf became the centre of the General Strike that grew out of the resistance to the Kapp Putsch. On 15 April 1920, 45 delegates of the German Miners Union were murdered by the Freikorps.^[18]

World War II

During World War II, Düsseldorf was the location of a Nazi prison with several forced labour subcamps,^[19] five subcamps of the Buchenwald concentration camp for mostly Polish and Russian prisoners, but also French, Dutch, Belgian, Czech, Italian, Yugoslavian,^[20] and a camp for Sinti and Romani people (see Romani Holocaust).^[21] The Rabbi of the Düsseldorf Jewish Community fled to the Netherlands and died in KZ Auschwitz in 1943.^[22]

The city was a target of strategic bombing during World War II, particularly during the RAF bombing campaign in 1943 when over 700 bombers were used in a single night. Raids continued late into the war. As part of the campaign against German oil facilities, the RAF raid of 20–21 February on the Rhenania Ossag refinery in the Reisholz district of the city halted oil production there.

The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Düsseldorf in mid-April 1945. The United States 97th Infantry Division easily captured the city on 18 April 1945,^[23] after the local German Resistance group launched Aktion Rheinland.

German Federal Republic

In 1946, Düsseldorf was made capital of the new federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The city's reconstruction proceeded at a frantic pace and the economic transformation guided Düsseldorf's economic growth.^{[citation needed]}

Geography

Physical geography

The course of the Düssel from its source in the Düssel Hill Country (Düsselhügelland) (de) through the Neandertal to Düsseldorf, where it forms three bifurcations, dividing into the four branches (from north to south) Kittelbach, Nördliche Düssel, Südliche Düssel and Brückerbach

Düsseldorf lies at the centre of the Lower Rhine basin, where the delta of the Düssel flows into the Rhine. The city lies on the east side of the Rhine, except District 4 (Oberkassel, Niederkassel, Heerdt and Lörick). Across the Rhine, the city of Neuss stands on the delta of the Erft. Düsseldorf lies southwest of the Ruhr urban area, and in the middle of the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region.

Düsseldorf is built entirely on alluvium, mud, sand, clay and occasionally gravel. The highest point in Düsseldorf is the top of Sandberg in the far eastern part of the city (Hubbelrath borough) at 165 metres (541 ft). The lowest point is at the far northern end in Wittlaer borough where the Schwarzbach enters the Rhine, with an average elevation of 28 metres (92 ft).

Adjacent cities and districts

The following districts and cities border Düsseldorf (clockwise starting from the north): the City of Duisburg, the District of Mettmann (Ratingen, Mettmann, Erkrath, Hilden, Langenfeld, and Monheim), and the District of Neuss (Dormagen, Neuss, and Meerbusch).

Climate

The city has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb, mild in relation to East Germany).^[24] Like the rest of the lower Rhineland, Düsseldorf experiences moderate winters with little snowfall and mild to warm summers. The average annual temperature is 11.0 °C (52 °F) with an average yearly precipitation of 751 millimetres (30 in). The dominant wind direction is from the west with velocities in the range of 3 to 4 m/s (7–9 mph), with gusts of 3.5 −4.8 m/s (8–10.7 mph). The wind is calm (defined as being under 2 m/s or 4.5 mph) about 35% of the time, more frequently at night and in the winter.^[25]^[26]

Climate data for Düsseldorf (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	16.4 (61.5)	21.0 (69.8)	23.8 (74.8)	28.8 (83.8)	33.8 (92.8)	36.8 (98.2)	40.7 (105.3)	38.5 (101.3)	34.0 (93.2)	27.7 (81.9)	20.4 (68.7)	16.3 (61.3)	40.7 (105.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	6.0 (42.8)	7.2 (45.0)	11.1 (52.0)	15.6 (60.1)	19.4 (66.9)	22.5 (72.5)	24.7 (76.5)	24.2 (75.6)	20.1 (68.2)	15.2 (59.4)	10.0 (50.0)	6.6 (43.9)	15.2 (59.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)	3.4 (38.1)	4.0 (39.2)	6.9 (44.4)	10.5 (50.9)	14.3 (57.7)	17.3 (63.1)	19.4 (66.9)	18.9 (66.0)	15.3 (59.5)	11.2 (52.2)	7.1 (44.8)	4.2 (39.6)	11.0 (51.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	0.5 (32.9)	0.7 (33.3)	2.6 (36.7)	5.0 (41.0)	8.7 (47.7)	11.7 (53.1)	14.0 (57.2)	13.7 (56.7)	10.7 (51.3)	7.5 (45.5)	3.9 (39.0)	1.5 (34.7)	6.7 (44.1)
Record low °C (°F)	−20.8 (−5.4)	−15.4 (4.3)	−16.1 (3.0)	−6.3 (20.7)	−1.1 (30.0)	2.4 (36.3)	4.8 (40.6)	5.0 (41.0)	0.7 (33.3)	−6.2 (20.8)	−9.4 (15.1)	−15.3 (4.5)	−20.8 (−5.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	61.5 (2.42)	56.5 (2.22)	54.1 (2.13)	46.4 (1.83)	61.1 (2.41)	65.7 (2.59)	73.2 (2.88)	77.0 (3.03)	60.3 (2.37)	61.2 (2.41)	63.8 (2.51)	70.0 (2.76)	750.7 (29.56)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	17.5	15.9	16.1	12.5	13.9	14.1	14.6	14.7	14.2	15.5	17.2	18.8	185.1
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm)	3.4	2.3	0.7	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.3	1.8	8.5
Average relative humidity (%)	81.6	78.6	73.5	68.2	68.5	69.3	68.8	70.8	76.5	80.5	83.6	84.3	75.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours	56.9	73.1	125.0	172.6	202.0	199.3	208.2	193.9	149.5	109.8	62.5	47.1	1,610.6
Source 1: NOAA^[27]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst ^[28]

Demographics

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1555	3,500	—
1703	7,000	+100.0%
1800	12,102	+72.9%
1871	69,365	+473.2%
1895	175,985	+153.7%
1905	253,274	+43.9%
1919	407,338	+60.8%
1925	432,633	+6.2%
1933	498,600	+15.2%
1939	541,410	+8.6%
1950	500,516	−7.6%
1956	654,850	+30.8%
1961	703,255	+7.4%
1970	662,809	−5.8%
1980	590,479	−10.9%
1990	575,794	−2.5%
2000	569,364	−1.1%
2010	588,735	+3.4%
2015	612,178	+4.0%
2019	621,877	+1.6%
2022	653,253	+5.0%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. Source:^[29]

With a population of 653,253 within the city boundaries (31 December 2022),^[38] Düsseldorf is Germany's sixth largest city. Its population surpassed the threshold of 100,000 inhabitants during the height of industrialisation in 1882, and peaked at just over 705,000 in 1962. The city then began to lose residents, with many moving into neighbouring municipalities. However, since the late 1990s, the city's population has been slowly rising again.

A total of 109,883^[39] (18%) of Düsseldorf's population are foreigners (31 December 2008), the majority of whom come from within Europe (81,742). The largest national minorities are Turks, Greeks, and Poles. Düsseldorf and its surroundings have the third-largest Japanese community in Europe and the largest in Germany (about 11,000 people).^[40]^[41]

By 2019, the foreign population of Düsseldorf would grow to 152,255, or 23.6% of the population.^[42] 272,982 people, or 42.6% of residents had a migration background as of 2019.^[43]

Düsseldorf has the third-largest Jewish community in Germany, with about 7,000 members.^[44]^[45]^[46]

Government

Boroughs

Since 1975, Düsseldorf is divided into ten administrative boroughs. Each borough (Stadtbezirk) has its own elected borough council (Bezirksvertretung) and its own borough mayor (Bezirksvorsteher). The borough councils are advisory only. Each borough is further subdivided into quarters (Stadtteile). There are 50 quarters in Düsseldorf.^[47]

Borough 1 (Stadtbezirk 1): Altstadt, Carlstadt, Derendorf, Golzheim, Pempelfort, Stadtmitte
Borough 2 (Stadtbezirk 2): Düsseltal, Flingern-Nord, Flingern-Süd
Borough 3 (Stadtbezirk 3): Bilk, Flehe, Friedrichstadt, Hafen, Hamm, Oberbilk, Unterbilk, Volmerswerth
Borough 4 (Stadtbezirk 4): Heerdt, Lörick, Niederkassel, Oberkassel
Borough 5 (Stadtbezirk 5): Angermund, Kaiserswerth, Kalkum, Lohausen, Stockum, Wittlaer

Borough 6 (Stadtbezirk 6): Lichtenbroich, Mörsenbroich, Rath, Unterrath
Borough 7 (Stadtbezirk 7): Gerresheim, Grafenberg, Hubbelrath, Knittkuhl, Ludenberg
Borough 8 (Stadtbezirk 8): Eller, Lierenfeld, Unterbach, Vennhausen
Borough 9 (Stadtbezirk 9): Benrath, Hassels, Himmelgeist, Holthausen, Itter, Reisholz, Urdenbach, Wersten
Borough 10 (Stadtbezirk 10): Garath, Hellerhof

Mayor

The current Mayor of Düsseldorf is Stephan Keller of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), who was elected in 2020.

The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows:


Candidate		Party	First round		Second round
Candidate		Party	Votes	%	Votes	%
	Stephan Keller	Christian Democratic Union	83,425	34.1	118,308	56.0
	Thomas Geisel	Social Democratic Party	64,203	26.3	92,999	44.0
	Stefan Engstfeld	Alliance 90/The Greens	42,463	17.4
	Marie-Agnes Strack-Zimmermann	Free Democratic Party	30,584	12.5
	Florian Josef Hoffmann	Alternative for Germany	6,564	2.7
	Udo Adam Bonn	The Left	5,257	2.2
	Dominique Mirus	Die PARTEI	3,039	1.2
	Mark Schenk	Volt Germany	2,255	0.9
	Claudia Krüger	Animal Welfare Here!	1,939	0.8
	Hans-Joachim Grumbach	Free Voters	1,192	0.5
	Celine Coldewe	Climate List Düsseldorf	954	0.4
	Michael Baumeister	Independent	947	0.4
	Marc Olejak	Pirate Party Germany	792	0.3
	Markus Brakonier	German Sport Party	383	0.2
	Andre Maniera	The Republicans	325	0.1
Valid votes			244,322	98.8	211,307	99.3
Invalid votes			3,008	1.2	1,571	0.7
Total			247,330	100.0	212,878	100.0
Electorate/voter turnout			470,511	52.6	470,312	45.3
Source: State Returning Officer

City council

The Düsseldorf city council (Düsseldorfer Stadtrat) governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:


Party		Votes	%	+/-	Seats	+/-
	Christian Democratic Union (CDU)	81,833	33.4	3.3	30	1
	Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)	58,881	24.0	10.3	22	11
	Social Democratic Party (SPD)	43,949	17.9	11.4	16	8
	Free Democratic Party (FDP)	22,453	9.2	2.2	8	2
	The Left (Die Linke)	9,951	4.1	1.1	4	±0
	Alternative for Germany (AfD)	8,776	3.6	0.6	3	1
	Volt Germany (Volt)	4,512	1.8	New	2	New
	Die PARTEI (PARTEI)	4,371	1.8	New	2	New
	Animal Welfare Here! (Tierschutz hier!)	3,437	1.4	New	1	New
	Free Voters (FW)	2,212	0.9	0.3	1	±0
	Climate List Düsseldorf (Klimaliste)	2,124	0.9	New	1	New

	Pirate Party Germany (Piraten)	1,464	0.6	1.1	0	1
	German Sport Party (DSP)	642	0.3	New	0	New
	The Republicans (REP)	586	0.2	0.4	0	1
	RESISTANCE 2020 We for Düsseldorf	76	0.0	New	0	New
Valid votes		245,271	99.2
Invalid votes		2,085	0.8
Total		247,356	100.0		90	8
Electorate/voter turnout		470,511	52.6	3.4
Source: State Returning Officer

Economy

Düsseldorf has become one of the top telecommunications centres in Germany. With two of the four big German providers of mobile frequencies, D2 Vodafone and E-Plus, Düsseldorf leads the German mobile phone market. There are many foreign information and communication technology companies in Düsseldorf such as Huawei, NTT, Ericsson, Oppo, Vivo and Xiaomi.^[48] There are 18 internet service providers located in the capital of North Rhine-Westphalia. There are two airlines with headquarters in the city: Eurowings and formerly independent LTU International.^[49]

Many of the internet companies in Düsseldorf have their roots in the world of advertising: there are 400 advertising agencies in Düsseldorf, among them three of the largest in Germany: BBDO Group, Grey Global Group and Publicis. A number of affiliates of foreign agencies deserve mention as well, such as Ogilvy & Mather, Dentsu, Hakuhodo, TBWA, and DDB. There are also about 200 publishing houses in Düsseldorf.

Businesses operating in Düsseldorf include Peek & Cloppenburg (fashion); Uniper (electricity generation); L'Oréal Germany (Cosmetics and Beauty); Henkel AG & Co. KGaA (Branded Consumer Goods and Industrial technologies); Metro (wholesale, retail); Ceconomy (retail); Esprit Holdings (fashion, headquarters in Ratingen near Düsseldorf); BASF Personal Care & Nutrition (formerly Cognis – chemicals, headquarters in Monheim near Düsseldorf, but production mainly in Düsseldorf).^{[citation needed]} Daimler AG builds the Mercedes-Benz Sprinter light commercial vehicles in Düsseldorf.

Since the 1960s, there has been a strong relationship between the city and Japan. Many Japanese banks and corporations have their European headquarters in Düsseldorf – so many that Düsseldorf has the third largest Japanese community in Europe, after London and Paris.^[40]^[41]

The "Kö", which stands for Königsallee ("King's Avenue"), is a shopping destination. Some jewellery shops, designer labels, and galleries have their stores here. The Kö has among the highest rents for retail and office space in Germany.^[50]

Financial center

The city is an important financial center.^[51] More than 30,000 people work for the financial and insurance sector in Düsseldorf.^[52] There are around 170 national and international financial institutions, and about 130 insurance agencies, and one of Germany's eight stock exchanges. HSBC has its German headquarters in Düsseldorf and employs 3,000 people. NRW.BANK is a development bank of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia and the largest state development bank in Germany. NRW.BANK was spun off from WestLB in 2002. Today Deutsche Bank and Commerzbank have major branches in Düsseldorf with about 2,000 employees. Düsseldorf is also the most important German financial center for Japanese credit institutions. MUFG Bank, SMBC and Mizuho have their German headquarters in Düsseldorf. Also Santander has its German headquarters in the Düsseldorf region. Some major insurance companies such as ERGO, a subsidiary of Munich Re, and ARAG are located in the city. Several other major financial service companies have their headquarters in the city.

Media

Important newspapers and journals such as Handelsblatt, Rheinische Post, Wirtschaftswoche, Deutsches Wirtschaftsblatt and VDI-Nachrichten are published in Düsseldorf. Almost all of these papers are available online. Renowned filmmaking companies, such as Germany's biggest cinema enterprise, the Riech Group, and TV channels such as WDR and QVC are located in Düsseldorf. The Film- und Medienstiftung NRW foundation supports the production of film and new media.^{[citation needed]}

With regard to movies and movie theatres in Düsseldorf, moviegoers are able to view movies in a range of different languages. Many mainstream movies are shown in English, Spanish, French, and German.^[53]

Transport

Düsseldorf Airport

Düsseldorf Airport, also referred to as Rhein-Ruhr Airport, is located eight kilometres (5 miles) north of the city centre and can easily be reached by train or the S-Bahn urban railway. There is a long-distance train station served by regional and national services, which is linked to the airport by the SkyTrain, an automatic people mover. Another station situated under the terminal building carries the S-Bahn line (S11) to Düsseldorf Central Station, and to Cologne as well as a few selected night services. After those of Frankfurt, Munich and Berlin, Düsseldorf Airport is Germany's fourth largest commercial airport, with 25.5 million passengers annually (2019).^[54] The airport offers 180 destinations on four continents, and is served by 70 airlines. The airport buildings were partly destroyed by a devastating fire caused by welding works in 1996, killing 17 people. It was completely rebuilt and the Skytrain installed.

Railway

Düsseldorf Straßenbahn and Düsseldorf Stadtbahn network, part of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr

The city is a major hub in the Deutsche Bahn (DB) railway network. More than 1,000 trains stop in Düsseldorf daily. Düsseldorf Central Station at Konrad-Adenauer-Platz is located in Düsseldorf-Stadtmitte. Several Rhein-Ruhr S-Bahn lines connect Düsseldorf to other cities of Rhine-Ruhr. Local Düsseldorf Straßenbahn and light rail Düsseldorf Stadtbahn traffic, as well as local bus traffic, is carried out by the city-owned Rheinbahn which operates within the VRR public transport system. The light rail system also serves neighbouring cities and is partially operated underground. The Central Station and the Airport Station (Flughafen-Bahnhof) are connected to the national and European high-speed systems (Intercity/Eurocity, IC/EC and InterCityExpress).

Taxi

In Düsseldorf there are 1320 officially licensed taxis. According to the regulations, the cars are always ivory coloured. On the back window you always find a black number on a yellow patch. Credit card payment has to be accepted at the taxi stands at Airport of Düsseldorf.

The supply of taxis in Düsseldorf is over the German average.^{[citation needed]} Two taxi organisations cover the market.^{[citation needed]} "Taxi-Düsseldorf" offers more than 1180 cabs in different sizes. The smaller one is "Rhein-Taxi" with more than 120 cabs. It is obligatory to carry out any journeys to destinations in the city and directly neighbouring cities.^[55]

Carsharing

In addition to stationary car sharing, where vehicles must be returned to their original location after use, one-way carsharing vehicles have also been available for hire since 2012. These vehicles, which can be parked anywhere where parking is normally allowed within Düsseldorf, can be rented from Car2go, Greenwheels, Stadtmobil and DriveNow.^[56]

Autobahn

North Rhine-Westphalia has the densest network of autobahns in Germany and Düsseldorf is directly accessible via the A3, A44, A46, A52, A57, A59 and A524.

Cycling

Düsseldorf is connected to some national and international cycling paths, including EV15 The Rhine Cycle Route.

The city of Düsseldorf is a member of the German North Rhine-Westphalia District, Municipality and City Friends of Pedestrians and Cyclists Working Group, who bestowed upon Düsseldorf the title of "Friend of Cyclists City" in 2007, although the city still has a few gaps in the network of cycle paths in the eyes of many of its citizens.

Culture and recreation

Elector Jan Wellem and his wife Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici of Tuscany, were patrons of Düsseldorf's first significant cultural activities in the 17th and 18th centuries. Heinrich Heine, whose 200th birthday was celebrated in 1997 and who originally had a proposed memorial in the city dedicated to him; Clara and Robert Schumann; and Felix Mendelssohn, are the most prominent artists related to the city, which is home to a distinguished Academy of Fine Arts.

The Düsseldorf cultural scene comprises traditional and avant-garde, classical and popular. The world-famous state art collection of North Rhine-Westphalia, the highly acclaimed Deutsche Oper am Rhein (opera), and the Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus (theatre), artistic home of Gustaf Gründgens, are major elements of Düsseldorf's reputation as a centre of the fine arts.

Beer

Düsseldorf is well known for its Altbier,^[57] a hoppy beer which translates as old [style] beer, a reference to the pre-lager brewing method of using a warm top-fermenting yeast like British pale ales.^[58] Over time the Alt yeast adjusted to lower temperatures, and the Alt brewers would store or lager the beer after fermentation, leading to a cleaner, crisper beer. The name "altbier" first appeared in the 19th century to differentiate the beers of Düsseldorf from the new pale lager that was gaining a hold on Germany.^[59]

Brewers in Düsseldorf used the pale malts that were used for the modern pale lagers, but retained the old ("alt") method of using warm fermenting yeasts. The first brewery to use the name Alt was Schumacher, which opened in 1838.^[60] The founder, Mathias Schumacher, allowed the beer to mature in cool conditions in wooden casks for longer than normal, and laid the foundation for the modern alt – amber coloured and lagered.^[61] The result is a pale beer that has some of the lean dryness of a lager but with fruity notes as well.^[62]

There are five pub-breweries in Düsseldorf which brew Altbier on the premises: Füchschen, Schumacher, Schlüssel, Uerige and Brauerei Kürzer. Four of the five are in the historic centre of Düsseldorf (Altstadt); the other (Schumacher), between the Altstadt and Düsseldorf Central railway station (Hauptbahnhof), also maintains an establishment in the Altstadt, Im Goldenen Kessel, across the street from Schlüssel.

Each (except Brauerei Kürzer) produces a special, secret, seasonal "Sticke" version in small quantities, though the names vary: Schlüssel spells it "Stike", without the "c", while Schumacher calls its special beer "Latzenbier", meaning "slat beer", possibly because the kegs from which it was poured had been stored on raised shelves.^[63] Füchschen's seasonal is its Weihnachtsbier (Christmas beer), available in bottles starting mid-November, and served in the brewpub on Christmas Eve.^[64]

Music and nightlife

slj

Düsseldorf has been home to a number of influential music artists and bands, particularly in the electronic and krautrock genres, with Kraftwerk being the most prominent example. As one source describes, "This is the place where Neu! conceived the motorik beat, Harmonia dreamed up ambient, Die Krupps expanded the idea of industrial, and where those brilliant mensch-maschines Kraftwerk, declared: 'We are the robots'."^[65]

Since the 1950s the "Kom(m)ödchen" has been one of the most prominent political cabarets of Germany. The city's best-known contribution to the culture of modern popular music is the influential avant-garde electronic band Kraftwerk. Formed by two Düsseldorf-born musicians, Kraftwerk is internationally known as the most significant band in the history of post-war German music and as pioneers in electronic music.^[66]

Other influential musical groups originating from Düsseldorf include Neu!, formed in 1971 by Klaus Dinger and Michael Rother, after their split from Kraftwerk,^[67] and La Düsseldorf, also formed by Dinger in 1976 shortly after Neu! disbanded. Both groups had a significant influence on a variety of subsequent rock, post-punk, and electronic music artists.^[68]

Internationally known power metal band Warlock was formed in Düsseldorf in 1982. Its frontwoman, Doro Pesch, has had a successful solo career in Europe and Asia since Warlock ended. The punk band Die Toten Hosen, the electronic act D.A.F., as well as the electronic/industrial pioneers Die Krupps, all originated in Düsseldorf.

Düsseldorf appears in several songs, including Düsseldorf by the British indie band Teleman and Wärst du doch in Düsseldorf geblieben by Danish singer Dorthe Kollo.

Fashion

Düsseldorf has been the fashion capital of Germany for decades; it is also a major cultural center for the art scene. Berlin, Germany's 'fashion capital' until 1945, lost its position because of its special location within the Soviet occupation zone. After the monetary reform of June 20, 1948, fashionable clothes trends gained importance. Igedo organised fashion shows staged in Düsseldorf starting in March 1949.^[69] There are a number of schools dedicated to fashion design in Düsseldorf, among them Akademie Mode & Design (de), Design Department, and Mode Design College.^[70]

Carnival

One of the biggest cultural events in Düsseldorf is the Karneval (also referred to as the "fifth season") which starts every year on 11 November at 11:11 a.m., and reaches its climax on Rosenmontag (Rose Monday), featuring a huge parade through the streets of Düsseldorf. Karneval ends on Aschermittwoch (Ash Wednesday).

Düsseldorf's cartwheeler

The Düsseldorfer Radschläger (boy who does cartwheels) is said to be the city's oldest tradition. The symbol of the cartwheeler can be found on souvenirs and various things in Düsseldorf have cartwheelers to thank for their names.^{[citation needed]}

Legends of its origin and history

The tradition cannot be linked to one specific historical event. Instead, there are several stories surrounding the beginnings of the Düsseldorf cartwheelers. Probably the most well known version is the Battle of Worringen. In the battle of 1288, Count Adolf devastatingly defeated the Archbishop of Cologne. As a consequence of this victory, Düsseldorf obtained town privileges. Inhabitants, especially children, ran joyfully on the streets and performed cartwheels.

Another story talks about a wedding procession during which one of the wheels of the wedding carriage broke. In order to fend off the threat of bad luck, a boy supposedly jumped up to the carriage, took hold of the wheel and thus became a living part of the wheel. Whether the story is about the marriage of Jan Wellem and Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici or the wedding of Margravine Jakobea of Baden and Johann Wilhelm is debatable.

Another story gives an account of the wedding between Margrave Jacobe von Baden and Johann Wilhelm in 1585. According to legend, she felt miserable about her marriage, but the cartwheelers who displayed their skills next to her carriage were able to make her smile. Numerous travelers were attracted to the city by great exhibitions – the forerunner of today's fairs – between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. During this time the children who did cartwheels found out that it was a profitable source of income. The bourgeoisie accepted this in good humour as a symbolic act of local patriotism. In the beginning the lads shouted "för eene Penning schlage ich das Rad“ (a cartwheel for a penny).

The Jan Wellem monument returned to Düsseldorf at the end of the Second World War. The procession was accompanied by torches, fanfares and cartwheeling boys.

Cartwheelers in the cityscape

Cartwheelers can be found at several fountains within the city and near many small landmarks. The most famous is Cartwheeler's Fountain in Burgplatz (de) with an inscription of a quote by Hans Müller-Schlösser: "Radschläger wolle mer blieve, wie jeck et de Minschen och drieve" (We will always remain cartwheelers, however crazy it drives people.) The fountain was designed by Alfred Zschorsch in 1954 and donated by Heimatverein Düsseldorfer Jonges, which is a club devoted to the maintenance of local and regional traditions. There are other cartwheelers that decorate storm drains and the door knocker on the Church of Lambertus, designed by Friedrich Becker. He created the cartwheeler in front of the Schadow Arcades.^{[citation needed]}

The tradition has been kept alive by the Alde Düsseldorfer Bürgergesellschaft von 1920 e. V., a society founded in 1920, which organized the first cartwheeler competition on 17 October 1937. This event has been held annually since 1971^[71] in cooperation with the Stadtsparkasse (a local bank). Formerly held in the Königsallee, it has taken place since 2006 on the Rheinwerft, near the old part of town. This is a fixed date in the city's calendar of events. About 500 boys regularly participate in the event and girls have also taken part since 1971. In an art project Radschläger-Kunst (Cartwheeler Art) launched in 2001, over 100 cartwheeler sculptures were designed by various artists. The door knocker on the Church of Lambertus^[72]^{[circular reference]} served as a model for the sculptures that are 2 metres (6 feet 7 inches) high, 2 metres (6 feet 7 inches) wide and 30 cm (12 in) deep. They were positioned around the city centre. Some of the sculptures have been auctioned off to companies and private owners.^{[citation needed]}

Christmas market

Every Christmas, the city of Düsseldorf uses the city centre to host one of the largest Christmas gatherings in Germany. The Christmas festival occurs every year from 17 November until 23 December. This Christmas fest brings Düsseldorf a large portion of tourism every year as many people from nearby areas come to the city to drink mulled wine and hot chocolate and watch craftsmen blow glass and create art. The event takes place among many small wooden buildings all clustered in the middle of the city for all the citizens to enjoy. The event, to many visitors, has an old European feel, but is very lively.

Cuisine

Traditional meals in the region are Rheinischer Sauerbraten (a beef roast and sometimes horse marinated for a few days in vinegar and spices served with gravy and raisins) and Heaven and Earth (Himmel und Äd; black pudding with stewed apples mixed with mashed potatoes). In winter the people like to eat Muscheln Rheinischer Art (Rhenish-style mussels) as well as Reibekuchen (fried potato pancake served with apple sauce). Also a special meal: Düsseldorfer Senfrostbraten (Steaks roasted with Düsseldorf mustard on top).

Düsseldorf is known for its strong Dijon-like mustard served in a traditional pot called "Mostertpöttche", which was immortalised in a still life by Vincent van Gogh in 1884.^[73]

The Rhine Metropolis is one of the most diverse areas in terms of culinary diversity. Düsseldorf, with the third largest Japanese community in Europe, not only provides a wide range of cuisine but also has a solid foundation of authentic Asian food in the city. Düsseldorf's exceptional cuisine has been recognized by the worldwide leading travel guide Lonely Planet. Along with a broad range of diverse cultural cuisine, Düsseldorf is also home to various Michelin starred restaurants that are world renowned.^[74]

Local specialties include:

Halve Hahn – this dish is made from a half a double rye roll, which is another of the specialties of Düsseldorf, buttered, with a thick slice of aged Gouda cheese, onions, mustard, ground paprika and sour pickles.

Himmel un Aad – a dish of mashed potatoes and apples along with slices of blutwurst. Caramelized onions are usually served with this meal.

Reibekuchen is another famous dish from Düsseldorf; this dish is usually drizzled with Rübensyrup (beet syrup) and is served on pumpernickel slices along with applesauce.^[75]

Literature

The Förderpreis für Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf is a German Literary award donated by the City of Düsseldorf in Northrhine-Westphalia.^[76] The Prize for Literature in support of the City of Düsseldorf is awarded since 1972 by the Council of the City due to the decisions of the courts.^[77]

The Förderpreis für Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf is given once a year to artists and groups, especially to the areas of poetry, writing, review and translation.^[78]

Rivalry with Cologne

Düsseldorf and Cologne have had a "fierce regional rivalry".^[79] The rivalry includes carnival parades, football, ice hockey and beer.^[79] People in Cologne prefer Kölsch while people in Düsseldorf prefer Altbier.^[79] Some Waiters and patrons will "scorn" and make a "mockery" of people who order Alt beer in Cologne and Kölsch in Düsseldorf.^[79] The rivalry has been described as a "love-hate relationship".^[79]

Theatres

Apollo (varieté, circus; shows do not require knowledge of German language)
Capitol (musicals)
Deutsche Oper am Rhein (Opera; Ballet)
Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus; the theatre started with theatrical performances in 1585
Düsseldorfer Marionetten-Theater
Merkur Spiel-Arena (Venue of the Eurovision Song Contest 2011)
FFT – Forum Freies Theater (intimate theatre)
Junges Theater in der Altstadt
Klangraum (20th-century classical music)
Kom(m)ödchen (Political cabaret)
Komödie Düsseldorf
Palais Wittgenstein
Puppentheater an der Helmholtzstraße (puppetry)
Robert-Schumann-Saal
Savoy-Theater
Seniorentheater in der Altstadt
Tanzhaus NRW (theatre for dance)
Tonhalle Düsseldorf (concert hall for classical music, jazz, pop, cabaret)
Theater an der Kö
Theater an der Luegallee
Theateratelier Takelgarn
Theater Flin
Theater Glorreich

Museums, arts and history institutes, and other attractions

Akademie-Galerie (exhibition space of the Art Academy Düsseldorf)
Andreaskirche
Aquazoo-Löbbecke-Museum (aquarium and zoological museum)^[80]
TvTower^[81]
BRAUSE – Vereinsheim des Metzgerei Schnitzel Kunstvereins e.V.
Film museum^[82]
Filmstiftung NRW (NRW Film Foundation)
Forum NRW
Goethe-Museum
Heinrich-Heine-Institut
Heinrich Heine Birth-house
Hetjens Museum (German museum of ceramics)
Imai – inter media art institute
Institut Français Düsseldorf
Institut für Kunstdokumentation und Szenografie^[83] (Institute for Art Documentation and Scenography)
Julia Stoschek Collection^[84] (video art)
KAI 10|Raum für Kunst^[85]
Kulturbahnhof Eller^[86]
Kunstarchiv Kaiserswerth (works of Bernd and Hilla Becher/Kahmen Collection)
Kunst im Tunnel (KIT)^[87]
Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen (Art Collection Northrhine-Westphalia) – K20 (Grabbeplatz) and K21 (Ständehaus)
Kunsthalle Düsseldorf
Kunstverein für die Rheinlande und Westfalen (Society for the Promotion of the Fine Arts)
Museum Kunstpalast
Mahn- und Gedenkstätte für die Opfer des Nationalsozialmus (Memorial museum for victims of Nationalsocialism)
Onomato^[88]
Polnisches Institut Düsseldorf^[89]
Puppentheater an der Helmholtzstraße
Rathaus
Reinraum e.V. – Verein zur Förderung von Kunst und Kultur
Rheinturm (Rhine Tower; highest building and landmark of Düsseldorf)
Collegiate Church of St Lambertus [de]
Schiffahrt Museum
Schloss Jägerhof
Schlossturm
Schloss und Park Benrath (palace and park of Benrath)
Stadtbibliothek
Stadtmuseum (City history museum)
Statue of Jan Wellem
Theatermuseum, Düsseldorf
Triton Museum
Volkshochschule
Zakk^[90] – cultural centre with concerts, readings, debates and party

Parks and gardens

Botanischer Garten Düsseldorf, a modern botanical garden
Hofgarten
The Nordpark, with the Aquazoo
The Südfriedhof (The South Cemetery)
Volksgarten adjacent to Südpark

Sports and live events

The ISS-Dome, an ice hockey stadium, opened in 2006.
The Merkur Spiel-Arena (formerly LTU Arena)
Logo during Eurovision Song Contest 2011 ESC
Racecourse, general view from the east
Main Tribune of the Racecourse for horses/Galopprennbahn Düsseldorf

Düsseldorf's main football team Fortuna Düsseldorf won the 1933 German championship, the German Cup in 1979 and 1980, and were finalists in the European Cup Winners Cup in 1979. They currently play in the 2. Bundesliga, after being relegated from the Bundesliga in 2020. They play their matches in the Merkur Spiel-Arena (formerly known as the 'ESPIRIT arena'), a multi-functional stadium with a capacity of 54,500.

Düsseldorf was one of nine host cities for the 1974 FIFA World Cup, and is one of ten venues staging the 2024 UEFA European Championship. The Rochusclub Düsseldorf has hosted the tennis World Team Cup from 1978 till 2012.^[91] Düsseldorf also held the Grand Départ for the Tour de France in July 2017.^[92]

Other sports in Düsseldorf are ice hockey (the Düsseldorfer EG which play in the PSD Bank Dome) and American football. The Düsseldorf Panther are one of the most successful teams in Germany with six German Bowl titles and the Eurobowl victory in 1995. In addition the Junior Team are the most successful youth department in Germany with fifteen Junior Bowl victories. Rhine Fire Düsseldorf were an established team of the NFL Europe and won the World Bowl two times in 1998 and 2000. Düsseldorf has a successful rugby union team (Düsseldorf Dragons), who as of 2017/18 play in the western division of the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German rugby.^[93]

Table tennis is also played (Borussia Düsseldorf – the most successful team in Germany with Timo Boll), as are handball (HSG Düsseldorf), basketball (Düsseldorf Giants), baseball (Düsseldorf Senators) and dancing (Rot-Weiß Düsseldorf). Düsseldorf also has a Cricket team, the Düsseldorf Blackcaps, who play in the regional NRW league.^[94]

The city hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2011.

Education

Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf is located in the southern part of the city. It has about 30,000 students and a wide range of subjects in natural sciences, mathematics, computer sciences, philosophy, social sciences, arts, languages, medicine, pharmacy, economy and the law.

Other academic institutions include:

the Clara Schumann Musikschule (music school)
the Robert Schumann Hochschule
the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf^[95] (Academy of Fine Arts) which is famous for high-profile artists like Joseph Beuys, Paul Klee, Nam June Paik, Gerhard Richter, the Bechers, and Andreas Gursky
the Hochschule Düsseldorf^[96] (University of Applied Sciences)
the AMD Academy of Fashion and Design^[97]
the Max Planck Institute for Iron Research^[98]
the Goethe Institute^[99]
Verwaltungs- und Wirtschafts-Akademie Düsseldorf
WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management (Düsseldorf Campus)

International primary and secondary schools:

Notable buildings

Rheinturm (TV tower), the city's landmark (1982: 234 m [ 768 ft ], since 2004: 240.50 m [ 789.0 ft ]), the lights of which comprise the world's largest digital clock
The Frank Gehry designed Neuer Zollhof in the Düsseldorf media harbour
The Colorium, an 18-storey tower designed by Alsop and Partners, also in the Düsseldorf media harbour
The Benrather Schloss (Benrath palace)
The Grupello-Haus, probably designed by the Italian architect Matteo Alberti (architect) [de] in 1706 for Duke Johann Wilhelm
The Wilhelm Marx House of 1922/24: at twelve storeys high, it was Germany's first high-rise building.
The Stahlhof of 1906, the administrative centre of Germany's steel economy until 1945
The Stummhaus of 1925, another early German high-rise building
Gerresheim Basilica^[100]
St. Suitbertus (Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth) [de]^[101]
Hotel Römischer Kaiser, built in 1903–04
DRV Tower, 120-metre-high (394 ft) tower constructed in 1978
GAP 15, an 85-metre-high (279 ft) building constructed in 2005 near Königsallee
ARAG-Tower; at 131 m (430 ft) in height, it is Düsseldorf's highest office building; designed by Sir Norman Foster.
Eight bridges span the Rhine at Düsseldorf; they, too, are city landmarks.
Eastern pylon of Reisholz Rhine Powerline Crossing, an electricity pylon under whose legs runs a rail
Johanneskirche, Düsseldorf

Notable places

Königsallee, a shopping street with luxuries shops
Schloss Benrath, rococo castle
Altstadt (Düsseldorf), literally "old town", the historic town centre with the town hall Altes Rathaus from 1573. Nowadays Düsseldorf's entertainment district with hundreds of pubs and restaurants, and proverbially known by Germans as "the longest bar in the world".
Düsseldorf-Hafen; the harbour is a modern build district.
Kaiserswerth, historical district with the ruined castle of Barbarossa Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
Schloss Heltorf, the biggest palace in Düsseldorf, since 1662 homestead of the noble family Grafen von Spee
Hofgarten, old city park
Schloss Jägerhof, an old hunting lodge at the Hofgarten, today a Goethe Museum

Twin towns – sister cities

Düsseldorf is twinned with:^[102]

Reading, England, UK (1988)
Chemnitz, Germany (1988)
Haifa, Israel (1988)
Warsaw, Poland (1989)
Chongqing, China (2004)
Palermo, Italy (2016)
Chiba Prefecture, Japan (2019)
Chernivtsi, Ukraine (2022)
Moscow, Russia (1992);^[103] suspended due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine^[104]

Friendship and cooperation

Düsseldorf also cooperates with:^[105]

Toulouse, France (2003)
Tenerife, Spain (2003)
Shenyang, China (2004)
Guangzhou, China (2006)
Montreal, Canada (2015)

Notable people

Born before 1850

Anne of Cleves (1515–1557), Married to Henry VIII
François-Charles de Velbrück (1719–1784), Prince-Bishop of Liège
Helena Curtens (1722–1738), last victim of the witch trials in the Lower Rhine
Johann Georg Jacobi (1740–1814), writer
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743–1819), philosopher and writer
Peter von Cornelius (1783–1867), painter
Heinrich Heine (1797–1856), poet and writer
Lorenz Clasen (1812–1899), painter
Wilhelm Camphausen (1818–1885), painter
Louise Strantz (1823–1909), composer and singer
Paul von Hatzfeldt (1831–1901), diplomat
Anton Josef Reiss (1835–1900), sculptor
Eugen Richter (1838–1906), politician and publicist
Arnold Forstmann (1842–1914), landscape painter
Peter Janssen (1844–1908), painter, professor at the Art Academy
Karl Rudolf Sohn (1845–1908), painter
Felix Klein (1849–1925), mathematician

Born 1851–1900

Georg Wenker (1852–1911), linguist, founder of linguistic atlas of the German Reich (Wenkeratlas)
Karl Janssen (1855–1927), sculptor, professor at the Art Academy
Leopold Graf von Kalckreuth (1855–1928), painter
Maria Countess von Kalckreuth (1857–1897), painter
Fritz Reiss (1857–1915), lithographer, illustrator, graphic artist and painter
Bruno Schmitz (1858–1916), architect
Otto Hupp (1859–1949), signature graphic artist, engraver
Albert Herzfeld (1865–1943), painter and author
Agnes Elisabeth Overbeck (1870–1919), composer and pianist
Hanns Heinz Ewers (1871–1943), writer and filmmaker
Wilhelm Levison (1876–1947), historian
Elly Ney (1882–1968), world-famous concert pianist
Carl Maria Weber (1890–1953), writer
Willy Reetz (1892–1963), painter, "Düsseldorf School"
Hermann Knüfken (1893–1976), marine soldier, revolutionary, union activist, resistance fighter and secret agent
Ludwig Gehre (1895–1945), officer and resistance fighter
Hans Globke (1898–1973), jurist, National Socialist, from 1949 Assistant Secretary, then Secretary of State in the Federal Chancellery (1953–1963)
Karl von Appen (1900–1981), stage designer

Born after 1900

Max Lorenz (1901–1975), tenor

Joseph H. Heinen (1903-1981), founder, Heinen's Grocery Stores, Cleveland, Ohio

Toni Ulmen (1906–1976), motorcycle and car race driver
Karl Pschigode (1907–1971), actor and theatre director
Helmut Käutner (1908–1980), film director and actor
Hilarius Gilges (1909–1933), Afro-German actor, victim of Nazism
Ernst Klusen (1909–1988), musicologist
Luise Rainer (1910–2014), actress
Josef Peters (1914–2001), racing driver
Ursula Benser (1915–2001), painter
Fred Beckey (1923–2017), rock climber, mountaineer, author
Jürgen Habermas (born 1929), philosopher and sociologist
Carl-Ludwig Wagner (1930–2012), politician (CDU)
Wim Wenders (born 1945), filmmaker, playwright, author
Carmen Thomas (born 1946), journalist, radio and television presenter, author and lecturer
Marius Müller-Westernhagen (born 1948), actor and musician
Heiner Koch (born 1954), Roman Catholic bishop
Andreas Gursky (born 1955), photographer
Bettina Böttinger (born 1956), TV-presenter
Birgitt Bender (born 1956), politician (The Greens), Member of Landtag and Bundestag
Tommi Stumpff (born 1958), musician
Bettina Hoffmann (born 1959), musician and musicologist
Andreas Frege (born 1962), "Campino", singer in the band Die Toten Hosen
René Obermann (born 1963), manager, husband of Maybrit Illner
Jörg Schmadtke (born 1964), football manager
André Olbrich (born 1967), guitarist in the band Blind Guardian
Michael Preetz (born 1967), footballer
Svenja Schulze (born 1968), politician (SPD)
Heike Makatsch (born 1971), actress and singer
Tetsuya Kakihara (born 1982), voice actor and singer
Erika Ikuta (born 1997), Japanese actress, a former member of Nogizaka46

Associated with Düsseldorf

William Thomas Mulvany (1806–1885 in Düsseldorf), entrepreneur
Robert Schumann (1810–1856), composer, 1850–1854 urban music director in Düsseldorf
Alfred Rethel (1816–1859 in Düsseldorf), history painter
Christian Eduard Boettcher (1818–1889), painter who lived, worked and died in Düsseldorf
Clara Schumann (1819–1896), pianist and composer, wife of Robert Schumann, frequent host of Johannes Brahms in Düsseldorf (1850–1854)
Emanuel Leutze (1824–1868), painter, Düsseldorf School
Louise Dumont (1862–1932 in Düsseldorf), actress and 1904 founder of the Schauspielhaus Düsseldorf
Johanna "Mother" Ey (1864–1947 in Düsseldorf), gallery owner
Peter Behrens (1868–1940), architect and director of the Düsseldorf Art Academy
Wilhelm Kreis (1873–1955), architect and director of the School of Applied Arts Düsseldorf
Peter Kürten (1883–1931), called "The Vampire of Düsseldorf", committed in Düsseldorf during the period between February and November 1929 series of sexual homicides
Adolf Uzarski (1885–1970 in Düsseldorf), writer, painter and graphic artist
Emil Fahrenkamp (1885–1966), architect and director of Düsseldorf Art Academy 1937–1945
Betty Knox (1906–1963), dancer with variety act Wilson, Keppel and Betty and war correspondent. She lived in the city during her later years and died there.^[106]
Ernest Martin (born 1932), theatre director, theatre manager and actor in Düsseldorf

References

^ Ripuarian dialects are only spoken in the very south of the city, south of the Benrath line.
^ after Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, and Frankfurt
^ From north to south: Kittelbach, Nördliche Düssel, Südliche Düssel, Brückerbach

^ Wahlergebnisse in NRW Kommunalwahlen 2020 Archived 17 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, accessed 19 June 2021.
^ Amt für Statistik und Wahlen. "Demografie-Monitoring Düsseldorf 2013 bis 2018" (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
^ "Bevölkerung der Gemeinden Nordrhein-Westfalens am 31. Dezember 2023 – Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes auf Basis des Zensus vom 9. Mai 2011" (in German). Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
^ "Dusseldorf". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
^ "Düsseldorf". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
^ "Düsseldorf Definition & Meaning". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
^ 1,525,029 inhabitants for the Düsseldorf Larger Urban Zone
^ "Communla Administration of Düsseldorf, 28 of July 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
^ "Immobilien Zeitung: Mehr Räume für die große Modenschau vom 28. August 2008, 1 March 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
^ "Cushman & Wakefield: European Cities Monitor" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
^ "Messe Düsseldorf Annual Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
^ 2010 survey by Jones Lang LaSalle Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine; accessed 8 December 2014. (in German)
^ "Mercer's 2011 Quality of Living survey highlights — Global". Mercer. 15 June 2011. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
^ Woolsey, Matt (28 April 2009). "World's 20 Best Places To Live". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
^ Weidenhaupt, Hugo: Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Düsseldorf, Triltsch-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1979; ISBN 3-7998-0000-X. (in German)
^ Jörg Nimmergut: Historische Wertpapiere – Sinnvoll sammeln – garantiert gewinnen, p. 144-145, ISBN 3894410426
^ Madison, Rodney (2005). "Air Warfare, Strategic Bombing". The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social and Military History. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 45–46. ISBN 1851094202.; Tilford, Earl H. Jr. (1996). "Air Warfare: Strategic Bombing". The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 13–15. ISBN 0-81533-351-X.
^ Birchall, Ian H./Pierre Broué/Brian Pearce, The German Revolution 1917–1923, p. 278.
^ "Strafgefängnis und Untersuchungshaftanstalt Düsseldorf-Derendorf". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 31 March 2024.
^ Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2009). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 330–336. ISBN 978-0-253-35328-3.
^ "Lager für Sinti und Roma Düsseldorf". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 31 March 2024.
^ "Israel National News 1 August 2021". Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
^ Stanton, Shelby, World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946 (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books, p. 174.
^ "Düsseldorf, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
^ "Bezirksregierung Düsseldorf – Luftreinhalteplan (2004)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
^ Klimaatlas – NRW (1989): Der Minister für Umwelt, Raumordnung und Landwirtschaft des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalens, Düsseldorf.
^ "Düsseldorf Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
^ "Monatswerte Düsseldorf". Deutscher Wetterdienst. 2020. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
^ "IT.NRW – Statistisches Landesamt Nordrhein-Westfalen". Landesbetrieb IT.NRW. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^ "Statistische Informationen" (PDF). Amt 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
^ "Statistische Informationen" (PDF). Amt 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
^ "Statistische Informationen" (PDF). Amt 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
^ "Statistische Informationen" (PDF). Amt 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
^ "Statistische Informationen" (PDF). Amt 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
^ "Statistische Informationen" (PDF). Amt 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
^ "Statistische Informationen" (PDF). Amt 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
^ "EU-Ausländer in Duesseldorf" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
^ "Amtliche Bevölkerungszahlen". Information und Technik Nordrhein-Westfalen. Archived from the original on 14 July 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
^ "Statistisches Jahrbuch der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf – Bevölkerung nach Nationalität" (PDF). Duesseldorf.de. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Japanese Düsseldorf". VirtualTourist.com. 11 February 2003. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Japantag in Düsseldorf: Welcome". Japantag-duesseldorf-nrw.de. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
^ Düsseldorf, Landeshauptstadt. "Statistische Daten". www.duesseldorf.de (in German). Retrieved 30 October 2023.
^ Düsseldorf, Landeshauptstadt. "Statistische Daten". www.duesseldorf.de (in German). Retrieved 30 October 2023.
^ "Düsseldorf | Jüdische Allgemeine". www.juedische-allgemeine.de. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
^ Zeitung, Aachener (10 October 2019). ""Bleiben wir?": Juden in Düsseldorf nach Anschlag von Halle verunsichert". Aachener Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
^ Zeitung, Westdeutsche (22 August 2017). "Düsseldorf: Antisemitismus in Düsseldorf: Jüdische Schüler werden angefeindet". Westdeutsche Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
^ Stadtbezirke und Stadtteile Archived 10 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf. Retrieved 3 November 2022. (in German)
^ "Strengthening the IT and digital location: Three Chinese tech corporations move to North Rhine-Westphalia". www.nrwinvest.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
^ "Kontakt". Archived from the original on 6 June 2000. Retrieved 30 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) LTU International; retrieved 21 June 2009.
^ "Modemetropole Mit Internationalem Chic" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
^ Finke, Tobias Rafael (2016). "Deutschland, deine Finanzplätze". Die Bank – Zeitschrift für Bankpolitik und Praxis. 8: 18–22.
^ "Regionalreport über Beschäftigte – Kreise und Agenturen für Arbeit". 2019. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
^ Garry. "Movie theatres and cinemas showing original language films and movies, OV, OmU in Düsseldorf on Amazing Düsseldorf | Amazing Capitals". www.amazingcapitals.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
^ derwesten.de, DerWesten- (8 September 2021). "Größte Flughäfen in Deutschland: DAS sind die Airports mit den meisten Passagieren in der Bundesrepublik". www.derwesten.de (in German). Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
^ "Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf - Verordnung über die Beförderungsentgelte und Beförderungsbedingungen im Gelegenheitsverkehr mit den in der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf zugelassenen Taxen (Taxentarifordnung)". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015. Verordnung über die Beförderungsentgelte und Beförderungsbedingungen im Gelegenheitsverkehr mit den in der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf zugelassenen Taxen (Taxentarifordnung) (German)
^ Düsseldorf, Landeshauptstadt. "CarSharing". www.duesseldorf.de. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
^ Unknown. "Altbier". Brauer-bund.de. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ "Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter – Copper-bottom ales halt lager tide in Germany". Beerhunter.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ "Altbier". Germanbeerinstitute.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
^ "Düsseldorf Breweries". Europeanbeerguide.net. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
^ Prost! The Story of German Beer, Horst D. Dornbusch, Brewers Publications, 1997, pp 109–110; ISBN 0-937381-55-1
^ "Düsseldorf Pub Guide: the best beer bars, pubs and brewpubs". Europeanbeerguide.net. Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ Horst Dornbusch, Altbier, Boulder, CO: Brewers Publications.
^ "Fuchschen webpage on Weihnachtsbier". Archived from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Hollow, Christopher (5 June 2015). "How Dusseldorf became the birthplace of modern electronica". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
^ Desperately seeking Kraftwerk Archived 26 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine; "Kraftwerk [was] so far ahead of [its] time that the rest of the world...spent 25 years inventing new musical genres in an attempt to catch up. Another famous Synth-pop band to come from the city was Propaganda. House, techno, hip-hop, trip-hop, synth-pop, trance, electroclash: Kraftwerk's influence looms over all of them. It's difficult to imagine what rock and pop music would sound like today if Kraftwerk had never existed", The Guardian, 24 July 2003; accessed 8 December 2014.
^ Strong, Martin Charles (2002). The Great Rock Discography. Canongate. p. 687. ISBN 978-1-84195-312-0.
^ "Neu! | Biography & History | AllMusic". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
^ Verkaufs- und Modewoche Düsseldorf (source: Der Spiegel 2/1950 Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine)
^ "Fashion Schools". www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
^ "Düsseldorf Christmas Market | Christmas Markets". Christmas Markets. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
^ picture
^ "Düsseldorf Altstadt: Van Gogh, Stilleben mit ABB-Senf". Duesseldorf-altstadt.blogspot.com. 25 January 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
^ "Düsseldorf's culinary side – Metropolis Düsseldorf – Düsseldorf Tourism". www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
^ "Johannisbeeren and Schwarze Johannisbeeren – Redcurrant – Red and Black Currant". About.com Food. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
^ Michael Bergmann. "Förderpreis für Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf". Duesseldorf.de. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ Förderpreis für Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf Archived 23 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Kürschners Deutscher Literatur-Kalender 2010/2011: Band I: A-O. Band II: P-Z.], Walter De Gruyter Incorporated, 2010, p. 1427.
^ Benutzername / E-Mail- (7 December 2011). "Düsseldorf vergibt Kulturpreise". Rp-online.de. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Giving beer a home in the Rhineland". The Local. 28 July 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
^ "File:Dusseldorf AquaZoo Entrance.jpg – Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. 31 July 2010. Archived from the original on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
^ "File:Dusseldorf-Tv Tower2.JPG – Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. 20 August 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
^ "Filmmuseum". Duesseldorf.de. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ "iks-medienarchiv.de". iks-medienarchiv.de. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ Julia Stoschek Collection Archived 10 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^ "KAI 10 | Raum für Kunst". Kaistrasse10.de. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ "Kulturbahnhof Eller". Kultur-bahnhof-eller.de. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ "KIT". Kunst-im-tunnel.de. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ "onomato künstlerverein". Onomato-verein.de. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ "Polnisches Institut Düsseldorf". Polnisches-institut.de. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ "zakk". Zakk.de. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ "Tennis: ATP führt World Team Cup wieder ein". RP ONLINE (in German). July 2018. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
^ "Site officiel du Tour de France 2018". www.letour.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
^ "RugbyWeb Spielpläne – BL2W". RugbyWeb.de. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ "Official Homepage". Düsseldorf Blackcaps. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ "Official Homepage". Kunstakademie-duesseldorf.de. Archived from the original on 26 October 2000. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ "Fachhochschule Düsseldorf – Home". Fh-duesseldorf.de. Archived from the original on 16 April 2004. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ "AMD Akademie Mode und Design". Amdnet.de. Archived from the original on 27 November 1999. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ "Official homepage of the institute". Mpie.de. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ "Deutsch lernen in Deutschland – Deutschkurse und Deutschprüfungen in Deutschland – Kursorte – Düsseldorf – Goethe-Institut". Goethe.de. Archived from the original on 21 April 2006. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ "Gerresheim Basilica". Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ "St Suitbertus Basilica". Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ "Weltweite Kontakte: Türöffner für Bürger, Wirtschaft und Kultur". duesseldorf.de (in German). Düsseldorf. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ "Moskau". duesseldorf.de (in German). Düsseldorf. Archived from the original on 14 March 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ "Konsequenzen für die Städtepartnerschaft mit Moskau". duesseldorf.de (in German). Düsseldorf. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ "Städtefreundschaften & Kooperationen". duesseldorf.de (in German). Düsseldorf. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ "Wilson, Keppel and Betty — Curios". That's Entertainment. Archived from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.

Bibliography

External links

"Düsseldorf" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911.
Wikidus.de The Wiki for Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf Official website
visitduesseldorf.de Official Düsseldorf Tourist Board
dusseldorf.guide Archived 1 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine Unofficial Düsseldorf Guide
Düsseldorf City Panoramas
"Burrying [sic] the Hoppeditz: Carnival in Düsseldorf". Archived from the original on 13 January 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2006.
The Lost City WW2 Bomb Damage 1942/3

[7] Ripuarian dialects are only spoken in the very south of the city, south of the Benrath line.

[8] ter Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, and Frankfurt

[10] From north to south: Kittelbach, Nördliche Düssel, Südliche Düssel, Brückerbach

[1] Wahlergebnisse in NRW Kommunalwahlen 2020 Archived 17 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, accessed 19 June 2021.

[2] Amt für Statistik und Wahlen. "Demografie-Monitoring Düsseldorf 2013 bis 2018" (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2019.

[3] "Bevölkerung der Gemeinden Nordrhein-Westfalens am 31. Dezember 2023 – Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes auf Basis des Zensus vom 9. Mai 2011" (in German). Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW. Retrieved 20 June 2024.

[4] "Dusseldorf". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2023.

[5] "Düsseldorf". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2 February 2023.

[6] "Düsseldorf Definition & Meaning". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.

[9] 1,525,029 inhabitants for the Düsseldorf Larger Urban Zone

[11] "Communla Administration of Düsseldorf, 28 of July 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2010.

[12] "Immobilien Zeitung: Mehr Räume für die große Modenschau vom 28. August 2008, 1 March 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2010.

[13] "Cushman & Wakefield: European Cities Monitor" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2011.

[14] "Messe Düsseldorf Annual Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.

[15] 2010 survey by Jones Lang LaSalle Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine; accessed 8 December 2014. (in German)

[Mercer-16] "Mercer's 2011 Quality of Living survey highlights — Global". Mercer. 15 June 2011. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011.

[Forbes-17] Woolsey, Matt (28 April 2009). "World's 20 Best Places To Live". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.

[18] Weidenhaupt, Hugo: Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Düsseldorf, Triltsch-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1979; ISBN 3-7998-0000-X. (in German)

[19] Jörg Nimmergut: Historische Wertpapiere – Sinnvoll sammeln – garantiert gewinnen, p. 144-145, ISBN 3894410426

[20] Madison, Rodney (2005). "Air Warfare, Strategic Bombing". The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social and Military History. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 45–46. ISBN 1851094202.; Tilford, Earl H. Jr. (1996). "Air Warfare: Strategic Bombing". The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 13–15. ISBN 0-81533-351-X.

[21] Birchall, Ian H./Pierre Broué/Brian Pearce, The German Revolution 1917–1923, p. 278.

[22] "Strafgefängnis und Untersuchungshaftanstalt Düsseldorf-Derendorf". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 31 March 2024.

[23] Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2009). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 330–336. ISBN 978-0-253-35328-3.

[24] "Lager für Sinti und Roma Düsseldorf". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 31 March 2024.

[25] "Israel National News 1 August 2021". Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.

[26] Stanton, Shelby, World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946 (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books, p. 174.

[27] "Düsseldorf, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2018.

[28] "Bezirksregierung Düsseldorf – Luftreinhalteplan (2004)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2016.

[29] Klimaatlas – NRW (1989): Der Minister für Umwelt, Raumordnung und Landwirtschaft des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalens, Düsseldorf.

[NOAA-30] "Düsseldorf Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.

[31] "Monatswerte Düsseldorf". Deutscher Wetterdienst. 2020. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2020.

[32] "IT.NRW – Statistisches Landesamt Nordrhein-Westfalen". Landesbetrieb IT.NRW. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.

[33] "Statistische Informationen" (PDF). Amt 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2018.

[34] "Statistische Informationen" (PDF). Amt 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2018.

[35] "Statistische Informationen" (PDF). Amt 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2018.

[36] "Statistische Informationen" (PDF). Amt 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2018.

[37] "Statistische Informationen" (PDF). Amt 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2018.

[38] "Statistische Informationen" (PDF). Amt 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2018.

[39] "Statistische Informationen" (PDF). Amt 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2018.

[40] "EU-Ausländer in Duesseldorf" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2018.

[41] "Amtliche Bevölkerungszahlen". Information und Technik Nordrhein-Westfalen. Archived from the original on 14 July 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2017.

[Statistisches_Jahrbuch-42] "Statistisches Jahrbuch der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf – Bevölkerung nach Nationalität" (PDF). Duesseldorf.de. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2017.

[virtualtourist.com-43] "Japanese Düsseldorf". VirtualTourist.com. 11 February 2003. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2014.

[Japantag_in_Düsseldorf:_Welcome-44] "Japantag in Düsseldorf: Welcome". Japantag-duesseldorf-nrw.de. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2014.

[45] Düsseldorf, Landeshauptstadt. "Statistische Daten". www.duesseldorf.de (in German). Retrieved 30 October 2023.

[46] Düsseldorf, Landeshauptstadt. "Statistische Daten". www.duesseldorf.de (in German). Retrieved 30 October 2023.

[47] "Düsseldorf | Jüdische Allgemeine". www.juedische-allgemeine.de. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.

[48] Zeitung, Aachener (10 October 2019). ""Bleiben wir?": Juden in Düsseldorf nach Anschlag von Halle verunsichert". Aachener Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.

[49] Zeitung, Westdeutsche (22 August 2017). "Düsseldorf: Antisemitismus in Düsseldorf: Jüdische Schüler werden angefeindet". Westdeutsche Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.

[50] Stadtbezirke und Stadtteile Archived 10 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf. Retrieved 3 November 2022. (in German)

[51] "Strengthening the IT and digital location: Three Chinese tech corporations move to North Rhine-Westphalia". www.nrwinvest.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.

[52] "Kontakt". Archived from the original on 6 June 2000. Retrieved 30 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) LTU International; retrieved 21 June 2009.

[53] "Modemetropole Mit Internationalem Chic" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2014.

[54] Finke, Tobias Rafael (2016). "Deutschland, deine Finanzplätze". Die Bank – Zeitschrift für Bankpolitik und Praxis. 8: 18–22.

[55] "Regionalreport über Beschäftigte – Kreise und Agenturen für Arbeit". 2019. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019.

[56] Garry. "Movie theatres and cinemas showing original language films and movies, OV, OmU in Düsseldorf on Amazing Düsseldorf | Amazing Capitals". www.amazingcapitals.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.

[57] rwesten.de, DerWesten- (8 September 2021). "Größte Flughäfen in Deutschland: DAS sind die Airports mit den meisten Passagieren in der Bundesrepublik". www.derwesten.de (in German). Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.

[58] "Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf - Verordnung über die Beförderungsentgelte und Beförderungsbedingungen im Gelegenheitsverkehr mit den in der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf zugelassenen Taxen (Taxentarifordnung)". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015. Verordnung über die Beförderungsentgelte und Beförderungsbedingungen im Gelegenheitsverkehr mit den in der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf zugelassenen Taxen (Taxentarifordnung) (German)

[59] Düsseldorf, Landeshauptstadt. "CarSharing". www.duesseldorf.de. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.

[60] Unknown. "Altbier". Brauer-bund.de. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[61] "Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter – Copper-bottom ales halt lager tide in Germany". Beerhunter.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[62] "Altbier". Germanbeerinstitute.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.

[63] "Düsseldorf Breweries". Europeanbeerguide.net. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2009.

[64] Prost! The Story of German Beer, Horst D. Dornbusch, Brewers Publications, 1997, pp 109–110; ISBN 0-937381-55-1

[65] "Düsseldorf Pub Guide: the best beer bars, pubs and brewpubs". Europeanbeerguide.net. Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[Dornbusch-66] Horst Dornbusch, Altbier, Boulder, CO: Brewers Publications.

[Fuchschen_Weihnachtsbier-67] "Fuchschen webpage on Weihnachtsbier". Archived from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[68] Hollow, Christopher (5 June 2015). "How Dusseldorf became the birthplace of modern electronica". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 February 2024.

[graun_kraftwerk-69] Desperately seeking Kraftwerk Archived 26 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine; "Kraftwerk [was] so far ahead of [its] time that the rest of the world...spent 25 years inventing new musical genres in an attempt to catch up. Another famous Synth-pop band to come from the city was Propaganda. House, techno, hip-hop, trip-hop, synth-pop, trance, electroclash: Kraftwerk's influence looms over all of them. It's difficult to imagine what rock and pop music would sound like today if Kraftwerk had never existed", The Guardian, 24 July 2003; accessed 8 December 2014.

[The_Great_Rock_Discography-70] Strong, Martin Charles (2002). The Great Rock Discography. Canongate. p. 687. ISBN 978-1-84195-312-0.

[71] "Neu! | Biography & History | AllMusic". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2017.

[72] Verkaufs- und Modewoche Düsseldorf (source: Der Spiegel 2/1950 Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine)

[73] "Fashion Schools". www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.

[74] "Düsseldorf Christmas Market | Christmas Markets". Christmas Markets. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.

[75] ture

[76] "Düsseldorf Altstadt: Van Gogh, Stilleben mit ABB-Senf". Duesseldorf-altstadt.blogspot.com. 25 January 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2009.

[77] "Düsseldorf's culinary side – Metropolis Düsseldorf – Düsseldorf Tourism". www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.

[78] "Johannisbeeren and Schwarze Johannisbeeren – Redcurrant – Red and Black Currant". About.com Food. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.

[79] Michael Bergmann. "Förderpreis für Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf". Duesseldorf.de. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[80] Förderpreis für Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf Archived 23 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Kürschners Deutscher Literatur-Kalender 2010/2011: Band I: A-O. Band II: P-Z.], Walter De Gruyter Incorporated, 2010, p. 1427.

[81] Benutzername / E-Mail- (7 December 2011). "Düsseldorf vergibt Kulturpreise". Rp-online.de. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[Rivalry-82] "Giving beer a home in the Rhineland". The Local. 28 July 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.

[83] "File:Dusseldorf AquaZoo Entrance.jpg – Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. 31 July 2010. Archived from the original on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.

[84] "File:Dusseldorf-Tv Tower2.JPG – Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. 20 August 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2014.

[85] "Filmmuseum". Duesseldorf.de. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[86] "iks-medienarchiv.de". iks-medienarchiv.de. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[87] Julia Stoschek Collection Archived 10 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine

[88] "KAI 10 | Raum für Kunst". Kaistrasse10.de. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[89] "Kulturbahnhof Eller". Kultur-bahnhof-eller.de. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[90] "KIT". Kunst-im-tunnel.de. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[91] "onomato künstlerverein". Onomato-verein.de. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[92] "Polnisches Institut Düsseldorf". Polnisches-institut.de. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[93] "zakk". Zakk.de. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[94] "Tennis: ATP führt World Team Cup wieder ein". RP ONLINE (in German). July 2018. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.

[95] "Site officiel du Tour de France 2018". www.letour.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2018.

[96] "RugbyWeb Spielpläne – BL2W". RugbyWeb.de. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018.

[97] "Official Homepage". Düsseldorf Blackcaps. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[98] "Official Homepage". Kunstakademie-duesseldorf.de. Archived from the original on 26 October 2000. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[99] "Fachhochschule Düsseldorf – Home". Fh-duesseldorf.de. Archived from the original on 16 April 2004. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[100] "AMD Akademie Mode und Design". Amdnet.de. Archived from the original on 27 November 1999. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[101] "Official homepage of the institute". Mpie.de. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[102] "Deutsch lernen in Deutschland – Deutschkurse und Deutschprüfungen in Deutschland – Kursorte – Düsseldorf – Goethe-Institut". Goethe.de. Archived from the original on 21 April 2006. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[103] "Gerresheim Basilica". Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[104] "St Suitbertus Basilica". Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[105] "Weltweite Kontakte: Türöffner für Bürger, Wirtschaft und Kultur". duesseldorf.de (in German). Düsseldorf. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[106] "Moskau". duesseldorf.de (in German). Düsseldorf. Archived from the original on 14 March 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[107] "Konsequenzen für die Städtepartnerschaft mit Moskau". duesseldorf.de (in German). Düsseldorf. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[108] "Städtefreundschaften & Kooperationen". duesseldorf.de (in German). Düsseldorf. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[Betty-109] "Wilson, Keppel and Betty — Curios". That's Entertainment. Archived from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.

[1]

[3]

[2]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[a]

[b]

[7]

[c]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 [[File:Logo Düsseldorf.svg|thumb|Logo of the city of Düsseldorf]]
-'''Düsseldorf''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ʊ|s|əl|d|ɔːr|f}} {{respell|DUUSS|əl|dorf}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|dj|uː|s|-}} {{respell|DEWSS|-}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/dusseldorf|title=Dusseldorf|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013441/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/dusseldorf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Düsseldorf|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Dictionary.com|title=Düsseldorf Definition & Meaning|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dusseldorf|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203033939/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dusseldorf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPA|de|ˈdʏsl̩dɔʁf|lang|De-Düsseldorf.ogg}}; [[Low Franconian]] and [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]]:{{efn|Ripuarian dialects are only spoken in the very south of the city, south of the [[Benrath line]].}} ''Düsseldörp'' {{IPA|li|ˈdʏsəldœʀ(ə)p|}};{{fix|text=tone?|date=March 2022}} archaic {{lang-nl|Dusseldorp}} {{IPA|nl|ˈdʏsəlˌdɔr(ə)p|}}) is the capital city of [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], the most populous [[state of Germany]]. It is the second-largest city in the state after [[Cologne]], and the [[List of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants|sixth-largest city in Germany]],{{efn|after [[Berlin]], [[Hamburg]], [[Munich]], [[Cologne]], and [[Frankfurt]]}} with a 2022 population of 629,047.<ref>1,525,029 inhabitants for the Düsseldorf [[Larger Urban Zone]]</ref>
+'''Düsseldorf''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ʊ|s|əl|d|ɔːr|f}} {{respell|DUUSS|əl|dorf}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|dj|uː|s|-}} {{respell|DEWSS|-}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/dusseldorf|title=Dusseldorf|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013441/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/dusseldorf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Düsseldorf|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Dictionary.com|title=Düsseldorf Definition & Meaning|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dusseldorf|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203033939/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dusseldorf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPA|de|ˈdʏsl̩dɔʁf|lang|De-Düsseldorf.ogg}}; [[Low Franconian]] and [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]]:{{efn|Ripuarian dialects are only spoken in the very south of the city, south of the [[Benrath line]].}} ''Düsseldörp'' {{IPA|li|ˈdʏsəldœʀ(ə)p|}};{{fix|text=tone?|date=March 2022}} archaic {{lang-nl|Dusseldorp}} {{IPA|nl|ˈdʏsəlˌdɔr(ə)p|}}) is the capital city of [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], the most populous [[state of Germany]]. It is the second-largest city in the state after [[Cologne]] and the [[List of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants|sixth-largest city in Germany]],{{efn|after [[Berlin]], [[Hamburg]], [[Munich]], [[Cologne]], and [[Frankfurt]]}}, with a 2022 population of 629,047.<ref>1,525,029 inhabitants for the Düsseldorf [[Larger Urban Zone]]</ref>
 The [[Düssel]], from which the city and the borough of [[Düsseltal]] take their name, divides into four separate branches within the city,{{efn|From north to south: Kittelbach, Nördliche Düssel, Südliche Düssel, Brückerbach}} each with its own mouth into the [[Rhine]] ([[Lower Rhine]]). Most of Düsseldorf lies on the right bank of the Rhine, and the city has grown together with [[Neuss]], [[Ratingen]], [[Meerbusch]], [[Erkrath]] and [[Monheim am Rhein]]. Düsseldorf is the central city of the metropolitan region [[Rhine-Ruhr]], the [[List of EU metropolitan areas by GDP|second biggest metropolitan region by GDP]] in the European Union, that stretches from [[Bonn]] via [[Cologne]] and Düsseldorf to the [[Ruhr]] (from [[Duisburg]] via [[Essen]] to [[Dortmund]]).
-The ''-dorf'' suffix means "village" in German (English [[cognate]]: ''[[thorp]]''); its use is unusual for a settlement as large as Düsseldorf. Linguistically, Düsseldorf is the largest city in the German part of the [[Low Franconian]] area, dialects that are closely related to [[Dutch language|Dutch]]. [[Düsseldorf Airport]] is Germany's [[List of the busiest airports in Germany|fourth-busiest]] airport, serving as the most important international airport for the population of the densely populated [[Ruhr]], Germany's largest urban area.
+The ''-dorf'' suffix means "village" in German (English [[cognate]]: ''[[thorp]]''); its use is unusual for a settlement as large as Düsseldorf. Linguistically, Düsseldorf is the largest city in the German part of the [[Low Franconian]] area, dialects that are closely related to [[Dutch language|Dutch]].
-[[World's Most Livable Cities|Mercer's 2012 Quality of Living survey]] ranked Düsseldorf the sixth most livable city in the world.<ref name="Mercer">{{cite web|url=http://www.mercer.com/summary.htm?idContent=1128060 |title=Mercer's 2011 Quality of Living survey highlights — Global |date=15 June 2011 |work=Mercer |access-date=15 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513212442/http://www.mercer.com/summary.htm?idContent=1128060 |archive-date=13 May 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Forbes">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/04/27/cities-best-live-lifestyle-real-estate-best-places-to-live.html|title=World's 20 Best Places To Live|magazine=Forbes.com|first=Matt|last=Woolsey|date=28 April 2009|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108090046/https://www.forbes.com/2009/04/27/cities-best-live-lifestyle-real-estate-best-places-to-live.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Düsseldorf is an international business and financial centre, renowned for its fashion and trade fairs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.duesseldorf.de/presse/pld/d2008/d2008_07/d2008_07_28/08072813_160.pdf |title=Communla Administration of Düsseldorf, 28 of July 2008. |access-date=16 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806064622/http://www.duesseldorf.de/presse/pld/d2008/d2008_07/d2008_07_28/08072813_160.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anteon.de/images/stories/Anteon/Pressearchiv/IZ_280808.pdf|title=Immobilien Zeitung: ''Mehr Räume für die große Modenschau'' vom 28. August 2008, 1 March 2009.|access-date=16 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718195759/http://www.anteon.de/images/stories/Anteon/Pressearchiv/IZ_280808.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeancitiesmonitor.eu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/ECM-2010-Full-Version.pdf |title=Cushman & Wakefield: European Cities Monitor |access-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504012517/http://www.europeancitiesmonitor.eu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/ECM-2010-Full-Version.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2012 }}</ref> and is headquarters to one [[Fortune Global 500]] and two [[DAX]] companies. [[Messe Düsseldorf]] organises nearly one fifth of premier trade shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.messe-duesseldorf.com/md-files/doc/MD_annual_report_2009.pdf |title=Messe Düsseldorf Annual Report |access-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713042013/http://www.messe-duesseldorf.com/md-files/doc/MD_annual_report_2009.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2011 }}</ref> As second largest city of the [[Rhineland]], Düsseldorf holds [[Rhenish Carnival]] celebrations every year in February/March, the Düsseldorf carnival celebrations being the third most popular in Germany after those held in [[Cologne Carnival|Cologne]] and [[Mainz carnival|Mainz]].<ref>[http://www.deal-magazin.com/index.php?cont=news&news=10153 2010 survey by Jones Lang LaSalle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145908/http://www.deal-magazin.com/index.php?cont=news&news=10153 |date=24 February 2021 }}; accessed 8 December 2014. {{in lang|de}}</ref>
+Düsseldorf is an international business and financial centre, renowned for its fashion and trade fairs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.duesseldorf.de/presse/pld/d2008/d2008_07/d2008_07_28/08072813_160.pdf |title=Communla Administration of Düsseldorf, 28 of July 2008. |access-date=16 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806064622/http://www.duesseldorf.de/presse/pld/d2008/d2008_07/d2008_07_28/08072813_160.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anteon.de/images/stories/Anteon/Pressearchiv/IZ_280808.pdf|title=Immobilien Zeitung: ''Mehr Räume für die große Modenschau'' vom 28. August 2008, 1 March 2009.|access-date=16 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718195759/http://www.anteon.de/images/stories/Anteon/Pressearchiv/IZ_280808.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeancitiesmonitor.eu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/ECM-2010-Full-Version.pdf |title=Cushman & Wakefield: European Cities Monitor |access-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504012517/http://www.europeancitiesmonitor.eu/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/ECM-2010-Full-Version.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2012 }}</ref> and is headquarters to one [[Fortune Global 500]] and two [[DAX]] companies. [[Messe Düsseldorf]] organises nearly one fifth of premier trade shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.messe-duesseldorf.com/md-files/doc/MD_annual_report_2009.pdf |title=Messe Düsseldorf Annual Report |access-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713042013/http://www.messe-duesseldorf.com/md-files/doc/MD_annual_report_2009.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2011 }}</ref> [[Düsseldorf Airport]] is Germany's [[List of the busiest airports in Germany|fourth-busiest]] airport, serving as the most important international airport for the population of the densely populated [[Ruhr]], Germany's largest urban area.
+As second largest city of the [[Rhineland]], Düsseldorf holds [[Rhenish Carnival]] celebrations every year in February/March, the Düsseldorf carnival celebrations being the third most popular in Germany after those held in [[Cologne Carnival|Cologne]] and [[Mainz carnival|Mainz]].<ref>[http://www.deal-magazin.com/index.php?cont=news&news=10153 2010 survey by Jones Lang LaSalle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145908/http://www.deal-magazin.com/index.php?cont=news&news=10153 |date=24 February 2021 }}; accessed 8 December 2014. {{in lang|de}}</ref>
-There are 22 institutions of higher education in the city including the [[University of Düsseldorf|Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf]], the university of applied sciences ([[Hochschule Düsseldorf]]), the academy of arts ([[Kunstakademie Düsseldorf]], whose members include [[Joseph Beuys]], [[Emanuel Leutze]], [[August Macke]], [[Gerhard Richter]], [[Sigmar Polke]], and [[Andreas Gursky]]), and the university of music ([[Robert Schumann Hochschule|Robert-Schumann-Musikhochschule Düsseldorf]]). The city is also known for its influence on electronic/experimental music ([[Kraftwerk]]) and [[Japanese community of Düsseldorf|its Japanese community]]. Düsseldorf is classified as a [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network|GaWC]] [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Beta|Beta+]] [[world city]].
+There are 22 institutions of higher education in the city including the [[University of Düsseldorf|Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf]], the university of applied sciences ([[Hochschule Düsseldorf]]), the academy of arts ([[Kunstakademie Düsseldorf]], whose members include [[Joseph Beuys]], [[Emanuel Leutze]], [[August Macke]], [[Gerhard Richter]], [[Sigmar Polke]], and [[Andreas Gursky]]), and the university of music ([[Robert Schumann Hochschule|Robert-Schumann-Musikhochschule Düsseldorf]]). The city is also known for its influence on electronic/experimental music ([[Kraftwerk]]) and [[Japanese community of Düsseldorf|its Japanese community]]. Düsseldorf is classified as a [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network|GaWC]] [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Beta|Beta+]] [[world city]]. [[World's Most Livable Cities|Mercer's 2012 Quality of Living survey]] ranked Düsseldorf the sixth most livable city in the world.<ref name="Mercer">{{cite web|url=http://www.mercer.com/summary.htm?idContent=1128060 |title=Mercer's 2011 Quality of Living survey highlights — Global |date=15 June 2011 |work=Mercer |access-date=15 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513212442/http://www.mercer.com/summary.htm?idContent=1128060 |archive-date=13 May 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Forbes">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/04/27/cities-best-live-lifestyle-real-estate-best-places-to-live.html|title=World's 20 Best Places To Live|magazine=Forbes.com|first=Matt|last=Woolsey|date=28 April 2009|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108090046/https://www.forbes.com/2009/04/27/cities-best-live-lifestyle-real-estate-best-places-to-live.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==History==
@@ Line 81: / Line 83: @@
 [[File:Stadt Düsseldorf 1899.jpg|left|thumb|Bond of the town Düsseldorf, issued 26. July 1899<ref>Jörg Nimmergut: Historische Wertpapiere – Sinnvoll sammeln – garantiert gewinnen, p. 144-145, {{ISBN|3894410426}}</ref>]]
-The first written mention of Düsseldorf (then called ''Dusseldorp'' in the local [[Meuse-Rhenish|Low Rhenish]] dialect) dates back to 1135. Under [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa]] the small town of [[Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth|Kaiserswerth]] to the north of Düsseldorf became a well-fortified outpost, where soldiers kept a watchful eye on every movement on the Rhine. Kaiserswerth eventually became a suburb of Düsseldorf in 1929. In 1186, Düsseldorf came under the rule of the Counts of [[County of Berg|Berg]]. 14 August 1288 is one of the most important dates in the history of Düsseldorf. On this day the sovereign Count [[Adolf VIII of Berg]] granted the village on the banks of the Düssel [[town privileges]]. Before this, a bloody struggle for power had taken place between the [[Archbishop of Cologne]] and the count of [[County of Berg|Berg]], culminating in the [[Battle of Worringen]].{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
+The first written mention of Düsseldorf (then called ''Dusseldorp'' in the local [[Meuse-Rhenish|Low Rhenish]] dialect) dates back to 1135. Under [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa]] the small town of [[Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth|Kaiserswerth]] to the north of Düsseldorf became a well-fortified outpost, where soldiers kept a watchful eye on every movement on the Rhine. Kaiserswerth eventually became a suburb of Düsseldorf in 1929.
+In 1186, Düsseldorf came under the rule of the Counts of [[County of Berg|Berg]]. 14 August 1288 is one of the most important dates in the history of Düsseldorf, the day the sovereign Count [[Adolf VIII of Berg]] granted [[town privileges]] to the village on the banks of the Düssel. Before this, a [[War of the Limburg Succession|bloody struggle for power]] had taken place between the [[Archbishop of Cologne]] and his allies arrayed against the count of [[County of Berg|Berg]] and other local powers, culminating in the [[Battle of Worringen]].{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} The Archbishop of Cologne's forces were wiped out by the forces of the count of [[County of Berg|Berg]], who were supported by citizens and farmers of Cologne and Düsseldorf, paving the way for Düsseldorf's elevation to city status, which is commemorated today by a monument on the Burgplatz.
+After this battle the relationship between Cologne and Düsseldorf deteriorated, because they were commercial rivals; it is often said that there is a kind of hostility between the citizens of Cologne and Düsseldorf. Today, it finds its expression mainly in a humorous form (especially during the Rhineland ''[[carnival|Karneval]]'') and in sports.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
 [[File:NRW, Dusseldorf, Rheinturm - view to Landtag.jpg|thumb|The [[Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia|state parliament]], seen from the top of the [[Rheinturm]]]]
 [[File:Rheinturm Düsseldorf NRW mit Sternschnuppe.jpg|thumb|Rheinturm Düsseldorf 70th Anniversary of the NRW state, illumination with [[Rheinkomet]]]]
 [[File:Dusseldorf Germany - Various scenes - 2014 Dec 27 28.webm|thumb|Various scenes around Düsseldorf in December, 2014]]
-The Archbishop of Cologne's forces were wiped out by the forces of the count of [[County of Berg|Berg]] who were supported by citizens and farmers of Cologne and Düsseldorf, paving the way for Düsseldorf's elevation to city status, which is commemorated today by a monument on the Burgplatz. The custom of turning cartwheels is credited to the children of Düsseldorf. There are variations of the origin{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} of the cartwheeling children. Today the symbol (Der Radschläger){{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} represents the story and every year the Düsseldorfers celebrate by having a cartwheeling contest. After this battle the relationship between the four cities deteriorated, because they were commercial rivals; it is often said that there is a kind of hostility between the citizens of Cologne and Düsseldorf. Today, it finds its expression mainly in a humorous form (especially during the Rhineland ''[[carnival|Karneval]]'') and in sports.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
+The custom of turning cartwheels is credited to the children of Düsseldorf. There are variations of the origin{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} of the cartwheeling children. Today the symbol (Der Radschläger){{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} represents the story and every year the Düsseldorfers celebrate by having a cartwheeling contest.
-A [[market square]] sprang up on the banks of the Rhine and the square was protected by [[Defensive wall|city walls]] on all four sides. In 1380, the dukes of [[Duchy of Berg|Berg]] moved their seat to the town and Düsseldorf was made regional capital of the Duchy of Berg. During the following centuries several famous landmarks were built, including the {{ill|Collegiate Church of St Lambertus|de|St. Lambertus (Düsseldorf)}}. In 1609, the ducal line of the [[United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg]] died out, and after a virulent struggle over succession, Jülich and Berg fell to the [[House of Wittelsbach|Wittelsbach]] Counts of [[Palatinate-Neuburg]], who made Düsseldorf their main domicile, even after they inherited the [[Electorate of the Palatinate]], in 1685, becoming now [[Prince-elector]]s as Electors Palatine.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
+A [[market square]] sprang up on the banks of the Rhine and the square was protected by [[Defensive wall|city walls]] on all four sides. In 1380, the dukes of [[Duchy of Berg|Berg]] moved their seat to the town and Düsseldorf was made regional capital of the Duchy of Berg. During the following centuries several famous landmarks were built, including the {{ill|Collegiate Church of St Lambertus|de|St. Lambertus (Düsseldorf)}}. In 1609, the ducal line of the [[United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg]] died out, and after a violent struggle over succession, Jülich and Berg fell to the [[House of Wittelsbach|Wittelsbach]] Counts of [[Palatinate-Neuburg]], who made Düsseldorf their main domicile, even after they inherited the [[Electorate of the Palatinate]], in 1685, becoming now [[Prince-elector]]s as Electors Palatine.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
-Under the art-loving [[Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine|Johann Wilhelm II]] (r. 1690–1716), a vast [[art museum|art gallery]] with a huge selection of paintings and sculptures, were housed in the ''Stadtschloss'' (city castle). After his death, the city fell on hard times again, especially after Elector [[Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria|Charles Theodore]] inherited Bavaria and moved the electoral court to [[Munich, Germany|Munich]]. With him he took the [[collection (museum)|art collection]], which became part of what is now the [[Alte Pinakothek]] in Munich. Destruction and poverty struck Düsseldorf after the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. [[Napoleon]] made Berg a [[Grand Duchy of Berg|Grand Duchy]] and Düsseldorf its capital. [[Johann Christian Claudius Devaranne|Johann Devaranne]], a leader of [[Solingen]]'s resistance to Napoleon's conscription decrees, was executed here in 1813. After Napoleon's defeat, the whole [[Rhineland]] including Berg was given to the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in 1815. The [[Rhine Province]]'s parliament was established in Düsseldorf.{{When|date=December 2014}} By the mid-19th century, Düsseldorf enjoyed a revival thanks to the [[Industrial Revolution]] as the city boasted 100,000 inhabitants by 1882; the figure doubled in 1892.
+Under the art-loving [[Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine|Johann Wilhelm II]] (r. 1690–1716), a vast [[art museum|art gallery]], with a huge selection of paintings and sculptures, was housed in the ''Stadtschloss'' (city castle). After his death, the city fell on hard times again, especially after Elector [[Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria|Charles Theodore]] inherited Bavaria and moved the electoral court to [[Munich, Germany|Munich]]. With him he took the [[collection (museum)|art collection]], which became part of what is now the [[Alte Pinakothek]] in Munich.
+Destruction and poverty struck Düsseldorf after the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. [[Napoleon]] made Berg a [[Grand Duchy of Berg|Grand Duchy]] and Düsseldorf its capital. [[Johann Christian Claudius Devaranne|Johann Devaranne]], a leader of [[Solingen]]'s resistance to Napoleon's conscription decrees, was executed here in 1813.
+After Napoleon's defeat, the whole [[Rhineland]] including Berg was given to the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in 1815. The [[Rhine Province]]'s parliament was established in Düsseldorf.{{When|date=December 2014}} By the mid-19th century, Düsseldorf enjoyed a revival thanks to the [[Industrial Revolution]] as the city boasted 100,000 inhabitants by 1882; the figure doubled in 1892.
 ===World War I===
@@ Line 96: / Line 107: @@
 ===Weimar Republic===
-In 1920, Düsseldorf became the centre of the General Strike. On 15 April 1920, 45 delegates of the German Miners Union were murdered by the [[Freikorps]].<ref>Birchall, Ian H./Pierre Broué/Brian Pearce, ''The German Revolution 1917–1923'', p. 278.<!-- publishing info; ISBN needed --></ref>
+In 1920, Düsseldorf became the centre of the [[Ruhr uprising|General Strike]] that grew out of the resistance to the [[Kapp Putsch]]. On 15 April 1920, 45 delegates of the German Miners Union were murdered by the [[Freikorps]].<ref>Birchall, Ian H./Pierre Broué/Brian Pearce, ''The German Revolution 1917–1923'', p. 278.<!-- publishing info; ISBN needed --></ref>
 ===World War II===
 {{See also|Gau Düsseldorf|Bombing of Düsseldorf in World War II}}
-During [[World War II]], Düsseldorf was the location of a Nazi prison with several [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] subcamps,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1109|title=Strafgefängnis und Untersuchungshaftanstalt Düsseldorf-Derendorf|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=31 March 2024|language=de}}</ref> five subcamps of the [[Buchenwald concentration camp]] for mostly Polish and Russian prisoners, but also French, Dutch, Belgian, Czech, Italian, Yugoslavian,<ref>{{cite book|last=Megargee|first=Geoffrey P.|year=2009|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|pages=330–336|isbn=978-0-253-35328-3}}</ref> and a camp for [[Sinti]] and Romani people (see ''[[Romani Holocaust]]'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1107|title=Lager für Sinti und Roma Düsseldorf|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=31 March 2024|language=de}}</ref>
+During [[World War II]], Düsseldorf was the location of a Nazi prison with several [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] subcamps,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1109|title=Strafgefängnis und Untersuchungshaftanstalt Düsseldorf-Derendorf|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=31 March 2024|language=de}}</ref> five subcamps of the [[Buchenwald concentration camp]] for mostly Polish and Russian prisoners, but also French, Dutch, Belgian, Czech, Italian, Yugoslavian,<ref>{{cite book|last=Megargee|first=Geoffrey P.|year=2009|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|pages=330–336|isbn=978-0-253-35328-3}}</ref> and a camp for [[Sinti]] and Romani people (see ''[[Romani Holocaust]]'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1107|title=Lager für Sinti und Roma Düsseldorf|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=31 March 2024|language=de}}</ref> The Rabbi of the Düsseldorf Jewish Community fled to the Netherlands and died in KZ [[Auschwitz]] in 1943.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/310937 |title=Israel National News 1 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803175038/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/310937 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The city was a target of [[strategic bombing during World War II]], particularly during the [[battle of the Ruhr|RAF bombing campaign in 1943]] when over 700 bombers were used in a single night. Raids continued late into the war. As part of [[Oil Campaign of World War II|the campaign against German oil facilities]], the RAF raid of 20–21 February on the Rhenania Ossag refinery in the Reisholz district of the city halted oil production there.
-The Rabbi of the Düsseldorf Jewish Community fled to the Netherlands and died in KZ [[Auschwitz]] in 1943.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/310937 |title=Israel National News 1 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803175038/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/310937 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city was a target of [[strategic bombing during World War II]], particularly during the [[battle of the Ruhr|RAF bombing campaign in 1943]] when over 700 bombers were used in a single night. Raids continued late into the war. As part of [[Oil Campaign of World War II|the campaign against German oil facilities]], the RAF raid of 20–21 February on the Rhenania Ossag refinery in the Reisholz district of the city halted oil production there. The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Düsseldorf in mid-April 1945. The [[97th Infantry Division (United States)|United States 97th Infantry Division]] easily captured the city on 18 April 1945,<ref>Stanton, Shelby, ''World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946'' (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books, p. 174.<!-- ISBN needed --></ref> after the local [[German resistance to Nazism|German Resistance]] group launched [[Aktion Rheinland]].
+The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Düsseldorf in mid-April 1945. The [[97th Infantry Division (United States)|United States 97th Infantry Division]] easily captured the city on 18 April 1945,<ref>Stanton, Shelby, ''World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946'' (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books, p. 174.<!-- ISBN needed --></ref> after the local [[German resistance to Nazism|German Resistance]] group launched [[Aktion Rheinland]].
 ===German Federal Republic===
@@ Line 320: / Line 333: @@
 |}
-With a population of 653,253 within the city boundaries (31 December 2022),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.it.nrw.de/statistik/a/daten/bevoelkerungszahlen_zensus/index.html|title=Amtliche Bevölkerungszahlen|publisher=Information und Technik Nordrhein-Westfalen|access-date=6 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714144940/http://www.it.nrw.de/statistik/a/daten/bevoelkerungszahlen_zensus/index.html|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Düsseldorf is [[List of cities in Germany by population|Germany's sixth largest city]]. Its population surpassed the threshold of 100,000 inhabitants during the height of industrialisation in 1882, and peaked at just over 705,000 in 1962. The city then began to lose residents with many moving into neighbouring municipalities. However, since the late 1990s, the city's population has been slowly rising again.
+With a population of 653,253 within the city boundaries (31 December 2022),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.it.nrw.de/statistik/a/daten/bevoelkerungszahlen_zensus/index.html|title=Amtliche Bevölkerungszahlen|publisher=Information und Technik Nordrhein-Westfalen|access-date=6 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714144940/http://www.it.nrw.de/statistik/a/daten/bevoelkerungszahlen_zensus/index.html|archive-date=14 July 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Düsseldorf is [[List of cities in Germany by population|Germany's sixth largest city]]. Its population surpassed the threshold of 100,000 inhabitants during the height of industrialisation in 1882, and peaked at just over 705,000 in 1962. The city then began to lose residents, with many moving into neighbouring municipalities. However, since the late 1990s, the city's population has been slowly rising again.
 A total of 109,883<ref name="Statistisches Jahrbuch">{{cite web |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/statistisches_jahrbuch_2015.pdf |title=Statistisches Jahrbuch der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf – Bevölkerung nach Nationalität |publisher=Duesseldorf.de |access-date=13 July 2017 |archive-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325171507/https://www.duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Amt12/statistik/stadtforschung/download/statistisches_jahrbuch_2015.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> (18%) of Düsseldorf's population are foreigners (31 December 2008), the majority of whom come from within [[Europe]] (81,742). The largest [[minority group|national minorities]] are [[Turks in Germany|Turks]], [[Greeks in Germany|Greeks]], and [[Poles in Germany|Poles]]. Düsseldorf and its surroundings have the third-largest [[Japanese community of Düsseldorf|Japanese community]] in Europe and the largest in Germany (about 11,000 people).<ref name="virtualtourist.com"/><ref name="Japantag in Düsseldorf: Welcome"/>
 By 2019, the foreign population of Düsseldorf would grow to 152,255, or 23.6% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Düsseldorf |first=Landeshauptstadt |title=Statistische Daten |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/statistik-und-wahlen/statistik-und-stadtforschung/statistische-daten |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=www.duesseldorf.de |language=de}}</ref> 272,982 people, or 42.6% of residents had a migration background as of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Düsseldorf |first=Landeshauptstadt |title=Statistische Daten |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/statistik-und-wahlen/statistik-und-stadtforschung/statistische-daten |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=www.duesseldorf.de |language=de}}</ref>
 Düsseldorf has the third-largest [[Jews in Germany|Jewish community]] in Germany, with about 7,000 members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/gemeinden/duesseldorf/|title=Düsseldorf {{!}} Jüdische Allgemeine|website=www.juedische-allgemeine.de|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128143448/https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/gemeinden/duesseldorf/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aachener-zeitung.de/nrw-region/juden-in-duesseldorf-nach-anschlag-von-halle-verunsichert_aid-46400081|title="Bleiben wir?": Juden in Düsseldorf nach Anschlag von Halle verunsichert|last=Zeitung|first=Aachener|website=Aachener Zeitung|date=10 October 2019|language=de|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128143457/https://www.aachener-zeitung.de/nrw-region/juden-in-duesseldorf-nach-anschlag-von-halle-verunsichert_aid-46400081|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wz.de/nrw/duesseldorf/antisemitismus-in-duesseldorf-juedische-schueler-werden-angefeindet_aid-26219237|title=Düsseldorf: Antisemitismus in Düsseldorf: Jüdische Schüler werden angefeindet|last=Zeitung|first=Westdeutsche|website=Westdeutsche Zeitung|date=22 August 2017|language=de|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128143452/https://www.wz.de/nrw/duesseldorf/antisemitismus-in-duesseldorf-juedische-schueler-werden-angefeindet_aid-26219237|url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 673: / Line 685: @@
 Many of the internet companies in Düsseldorf have their roots in the world of advertising: there are 400 [[advertising agency|advertising agencies]] in Düsseldorf, among them three of the largest in Germany: [[BBDO|BBDO Group]], [[Grey Global Group]] and [[Publicis]]. A number of affiliates of foreign agencies deserve mention as well, such as [[Ogilvy & Mather]], [[Dentsu]], [[Hakuhodo]], [[TBWA Worldwide|TBWA]], and [[DDB Worldwide|DDB]]. There are also about 200 [[publishing|publishing houses]] in Düsseldorf.
-[[Peek & Cloppenburg]] (fashion); [[Uniper]] (electricity generation); [[L'Oréal]] Germany (Cosmetics and Beauty); [[Henkel]] AG & Co. KGaA (Branded Consumer Goods and Industrial technologies); [[Metro AG|Metro]] (wholesale, retail); [[Ceconomy]] (retail); [[Esprit Holdings]] (fashion, headquarters in Ratingen near Düsseldorf); [[BASF]] Personal Care & Nutrition (formerly [[Cognis]] – chemicals, headquarters in Monheim near Düsseldorf, but production mainly in Düsseldorf).{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}}
+Businesses operating in Düsseldorf include [[Peek & Cloppenburg]] (fashion); [[Uniper]] (electricity generation); [[L'Oréal]] Germany (Cosmetics and Beauty); [[Henkel]] AG & Co. KGaA (Branded Consumer Goods and Industrial technologies); [[Metro AG|Metro]] (wholesale, retail); [[Ceconomy]] (retail); [[Esprit Holdings]] (fashion, headquarters in Ratingen near Düsseldorf); [[BASF]] Personal Care & Nutrition (formerly [[Cognis]] – chemicals, headquarters in Monheim near Düsseldorf, but production mainly in Düsseldorf).{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} [[Daimler AG]] builds the [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] light commercial vehicles in Düsseldorf.
-[[Daimler AG]] builds the [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] light commercial vehicles in Düsseldorf.
 Since the 1960s, there has been a strong relationship between the city and [[Japan]]. Many Japanese banks and corporations have their European headquarters in Düsseldorf – so many that Düsseldorf has the third largest [[Japanese community of Düsseldorf|Japanese community]] in Europe, after [[London]] and [[Paris]].<ref name="virtualtourist.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Europe/Germany/Land_Nordrhein_Westfalen/Duesseldorf-67466/Local_Customs-Duesseldorf-Japanese_Duesseldorf-BR-1.html|title=Japanese Düsseldorf|publisher=VirtualTourist.com|date=11 February 2003|access-date=6 December 2014|archive-date=19 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919220103/http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Europe/Germany/Land_Nordrhein_Westfalen/Duesseldorf-67466/Local_Customs-Duesseldorf-Japanese_Duesseldorf-BR-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Japantag in Düsseldorf: Welcome">{{cite web|url=http://www.japantag-duesseldorf-nrw.de/305.html?&L=1 |title=Japantag in Düsseldorf: Welcome |publisher=Japantag-duesseldorf-nrw.de |access-date=6 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217025744/http://www.japantag-duesseldorf-nrw.de/305.html?&L=1 |archive-date=17 February 2012 }}</ref>
@@ Line 681: / Line 692: @@
 === Financial center ===
-The city is an important [[financial center]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finke|first=Tobias Rafael|date=2016|title=Deutschland, deine Finanzplätze|journal=Die Bank – Zeitschrift für Bankpolitik und Praxis|volume=8|pages=18–22}}</ref> More than 30,000 people work for the financial and insurance sector in Düsseldorf.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/nn_217688/Statischer-Content/Rubriken/Beschaeftigung/Beschaeftigte/Beschaeftigte-nach-Regionen-Kreise-kreisefreie-Staedte-und-Agenturen-fuer-Arbeit.html|title=Regionalreport über Beschäftigte – Kreise und Agenturen für Arbeit|date=2019|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102220019/https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/nn_217688/Statischer-Content/Rubriken/Beschaeftigung/Beschaeftigte/Beschaeftigte-nach-Regionen-Kreise-kreisefreie-Staedte-und-Agenturen-fuer-Arbeit.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are around 170 national and [[global financial system|international financial institutions]], and about 130 insurance agencies, and one of Germany's eight [[stock exchange]]s. [[HSBC Trinkaus|HSBC]] has its German headquarters in Düsseldorf and employs 3.000 people. [[NRW.BANK]] is a development bank of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia and the largest state development bank in Germany. NRW.BANK was spun off from [[Portigon Financial Services|WestLB]] in 2002. Today [[Deutsche Bank]] and [[Commerzbank]] have major branches in Düsseldorf with about 2.000 employees. Düsseldorf is also the most important German financial center for Japanese credit institutions. [[MUFG Bank]], [[Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation|SMBC]] and [[Mizuho Bank|Mizuho]] have their German headquarters in Düsseldorf. Also [[Santander Consumer Bank (Deutschland)|Santander]] has its German headquarters in the Düsseldorf region. Some major insurance companies like [[ERGO Group|ERGO]], a subsidiary of [[Munich Re]], and [[ARAG SE|ARAG]] are located in the city. Several other major financial service companies have their headquarters in the city.
+The city is an important [[financial center]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Finke|first=Tobias Rafael|date=2016|title=Deutschland, deine Finanzplätze|journal=Die Bank – Zeitschrift für Bankpolitik und Praxis|volume=8|pages=18–22}}</ref> More than 30,000 people work for the financial and insurance sector in Düsseldorf.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/nn_217688/Statischer-Content/Rubriken/Beschaeftigung/Beschaeftigte/Beschaeftigte-nach-Regionen-Kreise-kreisefreie-Staedte-und-Agenturen-fuer-Arbeit.html|title=Regionalreport über Beschäftigte – Kreise und Agenturen für Arbeit|date=2019|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102220019/https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/nn_217688/Statischer-Content/Rubriken/Beschaeftigung/Beschaeftigte/Beschaeftigte-nach-Regionen-Kreise-kreisefreie-Staedte-und-Agenturen-fuer-Arbeit.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are around 170 national and [[global financial system|international financial institutions]], and about 130 insurance agencies, and one of Germany's eight [[stock exchange]]s. [[HSBC Trinkaus|HSBC]] has its German headquarters in Düsseldorf and employs 3,000 people. [[NRW.BANK]] is a development bank of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia and the largest state development bank in Germany. NRW.BANK was spun off from [[Portigon Financial Services|WestLB]] in 2002. Today [[Deutsche Bank]] and [[Commerzbank]] have major branches in Düsseldorf with about 2,000 employees. Düsseldorf is also the most important German financial center for Japanese credit institutions. [[MUFG Bank]], [[Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation|SMBC]] and [[Mizuho Bank|Mizuho]] have their German headquarters in Düsseldorf. Also [[Santander Consumer Bank (Deutschland)|Santander]] has its German headquarters in the Düsseldorf region. Some major insurance companies such as [[ERGO Group|ERGO]], a subsidiary of [[Munich Re]], and [[ARAG SE|ARAG]] are located in the city. Several other major financial service companies have their headquarters in the city.
 ===Media===
@@ Line 693: / Line 704: @@
 [[File:Duesseldorf international terminal.jpg|thumb|Düsseldorf Airport]]
 [[Düsseldorf Airport]], also referred to as Rhein-Ruhr Airport, is located {{convert|8|km|spell=in|abbr=off|0}} north of the city centre and can easily be reached by train or the [[Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn|S-Bahn]] urban railway. There is a [[Düsseldorf Airport station|long-distance train station]] served by regional and national services, which is linked to the airport by the [[Düsseldorf SkyTrain|SkyTrain]], an automatic [[people mover]]. Another station situated under the terminal building carries the S-Bahn line ([[S11 (Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn)|S11]]) to [[Düsseldorf Central Station]], and to [[Cologne]] as well as a few selected night services.
-After those of Frankfurt, Munich and Berlin, Düsseldorf Airport is Germany's fourth largest [[airport|commercial airport]], with 25.5 million passengers annually (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |last=derwesten.de |first=DerWesten- |date=2021-09-08 |title=Größte Flughäfen in Deutschland: DAS sind die Airports mit den meisten Passagieren in der Bundesrepublik |url=https://www.derwesten.de/panorama/vermischtes/groesste-flughaefen-in-deutschland-passagiere-verkehrsflughafen-passagieraufkommen-fluggesellschaft-drehkreuz-id233264561.html |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=www.derwesten.de |language=de |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727093256/https://www.derwesten.de/panorama/vermischtes/groesste-flughaefen-in-deutschland-passagiere-verkehrsflughafen-passagieraufkommen-fluggesellschaft-drehkreuz-id233264561.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The airport offers 180 destinations on 4 continents, and is served by 70 airlines. The airport buildings were partly destroyed by a devastating fire caused by welding works in 1996, killing 17 people. It was completely rebuilt and the Skytrain installed.
+After those of Frankfurt, Munich and Berlin, Düsseldorf Airport is Germany's fourth largest [[airport|commercial airport]], with 25.5 million passengers annually (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |last=derwesten.de |first=DerWesten- |date=2021-09-08 |title=Größte Flughäfen in Deutschland: DAS sind die Airports mit den meisten Passagieren in der Bundesrepublik |url=https://www.derwesten.de/panorama/vermischtes/groesste-flughaefen-in-deutschland-passagiere-verkehrsflughafen-passagieraufkommen-fluggesellschaft-drehkreuz-id233264561.html |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=www.derwesten.de |language=de |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727093256/https://www.derwesten.de/panorama/vermischtes/groesste-flughaefen-in-deutschland-passagiere-verkehrsflughafen-passagieraufkommen-fluggesellschaft-drehkreuz-id233264561.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The airport offers 180 destinations on four continents, and is served by 70 airlines. The airport buildings were partly destroyed by a devastating fire caused by welding works in 1996, killing 17 people. It was completely rebuilt and the Skytrain installed.
 ===Railway===
@@ Line 701: / Line 712: @@
 ===Taxi===
 [[File:PKW Mercedes W210 P4297201.JPG|thumb|left|Officially licensed taxis are always ivory coloured.]]
-In Düsseldorf there are 1320 officially licensed Taxis. According to the regulations, the cars are always in ivory colour. On the back window you always find a black number on a yellow patch. Credit card payment has to be accepted at the Taxi stands at Airport of Düsseldorf.
+In Düsseldorf there are 1320 officially licensed taxis. According to the regulations, the cars are always ivory coloured. On the back window you always find a black number on a yellow patch. Credit card payment has to be accepted at the taxi stands at Airport of Düsseldorf.
-The supply of taxis in Düsseldorf is over the German average.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} Two taxi organisations cover the market.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} "Taxi-Düsseldorf" offers more than 1180 cabs in different sizes for max. 8 Passengers. The smaller one is "Rhein-Taxi" with more than 120 cabs. It is obligatory to carry out any journeys to destinations in the city and directly neighbouring cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/stadtrecht/3/33/33_202.shtml |title=Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf - Verordnung über die Beförderungsentgelte und Beförderungsbedingungen im Gelegenheitsverkehr mit den in der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf zugelassenen Taxen (Taxentarifordnung) |access-date=6 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113728/https://www.duesseldorf.de/stadtrecht/3/33/33_202.shtml |archive-date=4 March 2016 }} Verordnung über die Beförderungsentgelte und Beförderungsbedingungen im Gelegenheitsverkehr mit den in der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf zugelassenen Taxen (Taxentarifordnung) (German)</ref>
+The supply of taxis in Düsseldorf is over the German average.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} Two taxi organisations cover the market.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} "Taxi-Düsseldorf" offers more than 1180 cabs in different sizes. The smaller one is "Rhein-Taxi" with more than 120 cabs. It is obligatory to carry out any journeys to destinations in the city and directly neighbouring cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.duesseldorf.de/stadtrecht/3/33/33_202.shtml |title=Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf - Verordnung über die Beförderungsentgelte und Beförderungsbedingungen im Gelegenheitsverkehr mit den in der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf zugelassenen Taxen (Taxentarifordnung) |access-date=6 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113728/https://www.duesseldorf.de/stadtrecht/3/33/33_202.shtml |archive-date=4 March 2016 }} Verordnung über die Beförderungsentgelte und Beförderungsbedingungen im Gelegenheitsverkehr mit den in der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf zugelassenen Taxen (Taxentarifordnung) (German)</ref>
 ===Carsharing===
@@ Line 719: / Line 731: @@
 Elector [[Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine|Jan Wellem]] and his wife [[Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici]] of Tuscany, were patrons of Düsseldorf's first significant cultural activities in the 17th and 18th centuries. [[Heinrich Heine]], whose 200th birthday was celebrated in 1997 and who originally had a proposed [[Heinrich Heine Memorial|memorial]] in the city dedicated to him; Clara and [[Robert Schumann]]; and [[Felix Mendelssohn]], are the most prominent artists related to the city, which is home to a distinguished [[Düsseldorf Academy of Fine Arts|Academy of Fine Arts]].
-The Düsseldorf cultural scene comprises traditional and [[avant-garde]], classical and glamorous. The world-famous state art collection of North Rhine-Westphalia, the highly acclaimed [[Deutsche Oper am Rhein]] (opera), and the [[Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus]] (theatre), artistic home of [[Gustaf Gründgens]], are major elements of Düsseldorf's reputation as a centre of the fine arts.
+The Düsseldorf cultural scene comprises traditional and [[avant-garde]], classical and popular. The world-famous state art collection of North Rhine-Westphalia, the highly acclaimed [[Deutsche Oper am Rhein]] (opera), and the [[Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus]] (theatre), artistic home of [[Gustaf Gründgens]], are major elements of Düsseldorf's reputation as a centre of the fine arts.
 ===Beer===
@@ Line 725: / Line 737: @@
 Düsseldorf is well known for its [[Altbier]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Unknown |url=http://www.brauer-bund.de/bierfans/sorten/alt.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429113232/http://www.brauer-bund.de/bierfans/sorten/alt.htm |archive-date=29 April 2007 |title=Altbier |publisher=Brauer-bund.de |access-date=8 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a hoppy beer which translates as ''old [style] beer'', a reference to the pre-[[lager]] brewing method of using a warm [[top-fermenting yeast]] like British pale ales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000838.html|title=Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter – Copper-bottom ales halt lager tide in Germany|publisher=Beerhunter.com|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214102307/http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000838.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Over time the Alt yeast adjusted to lower temperatures, and the Alt brewers would store or lager the beer after fermentation, leading to a cleaner, crisper beer. The name "altbier" first appeared in the 19th century to differentiate the beers of Düsseldorf from the new [[pale lager]] that was gaining a hold on Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.germanbeerinstitute.com/altbier.html|title=Altbier|publisher=Germanbeerinstitute.com|access-date=8 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313011829/http://www.germanbeerinstitute.com/altbier.html|archive-date=13 March 2009}}</ref>
-Brewers in Düsseldorf used the pale malts that were used for the modern pale lagers, but retained the old ("alt") method of using warm fermenting yeasts. The first brewery to use the name Alt was Schumacher which opened in 1838.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/dussbrew.htm#schumacher|title=Düsseldorf Breweries|publisher=Europeanbeerguide.net|access-date=8 July 2009|archive-date=29 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929194654/http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/dussbrew.htm#schumacher|url-status=live}}</ref> The founder, Mathias Schumacher, allowed the beer to mature in cool conditions in wooden casks for longer than normal, and laid the foundation for the modern alt – amber coloured and lagered.<ref>Prost! The Story of German Beer, Horst D. Dornbusch, Brewers Publications, 1997, pp 109–110; {{ISBN|0-937381-55-1}}</ref> The result is a pale beer that has some of the lean dryness of a lager but with fruity notes as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/dusspubs.htm|title=Düsseldorf Pub Guide: the best beer bars, pubs and brewpubs|publisher=Europeanbeerguide.net|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=15 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115125114/http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/dusspubs.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Brewers in Düsseldorf used the pale malts that were used for the modern pale lagers, but retained the old ("alt") method of using warm fermenting yeasts. The first brewery to use the name Alt was Schumacher, which opened in 1838.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/dussbrew.htm#schumacher|title=Düsseldorf Breweries|publisher=Europeanbeerguide.net|access-date=8 July 2009|archive-date=29 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929194654/http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/dussbrew.htm#schumacher|url-status=live}}</ref> The founder, Mathias Schumacher, allowed the beer to mature in cool conditions in wooden casks for longer than normal, and laid the foundation for the modern alt – amber coloured and lagered.<ref>Prost! The Story of German Beer, Horst D. Dornbusch, Brewers Publications, 1997, pp 109–110; {{ISBN|0-937381-55-1}}</ref> The result is a pale beer that has some of the lean dryness of a lager but with fruity notes as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/dusspubs.htm|title=Düsseldorf Pub Guide: the best beer bars, pubs and brewpubs|publisher=Europeanbeerguide.net|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=15 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115125114/http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/dusspubs.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
 There are five pub-breweries in Düsseldorf which brew Altbier on the premises: Füchschen, Schumacher, Schlüssel, Uerige and Brauerei Kürzer. Four of the five are in the historic centre of Düsseldorf (Altstadt); the other (Schumacher), between the Altstadt and Düsseldorf Central railway station (Hauptbahnhof), also maintains an establishment in the Altstadt, Im Goldenen Kessel, across the street from Schlüssel.
@@ Line 732: / Line 744: @@
 ===Music and nightlife===
-[[File:Sensation White 2008 Silvester - LTU Arena, Düsseldorf.jpg|thumb|[[Sensation White]] New Year's Eve party, [[Merkur Spiel-Arena|Esprit Arena]]]]
+[[File:Sensation White 2008 Silvester - LTU Arena, Düsseldorf.jpg|thumb|[[Sensation White]] New Year's Eve party, [[Merkur Spiel-Arena|Esprit Arena]]]]slj
 Düsseldorf has been home to a number of influential music artists and bands, particularly in the [[Electronic music|electronic]] and [[krautrock]] genres, with [[Kraftwerk]] being the most prominent example. As one source describes, "This is the place where [[Neu!]] conceived the motorik beat, [[Harmonia (band)|Harmonia]] dreamed up ambient, [[Die Krupps]] expanded the idea of industrial, and where those brilliant mensch-maschines Kraftwerk, declared: 'We are the robots'."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hollow |first=Christopher |date=2015-06-05 |title=How Dusseldorf became the birthplace of modern electronica |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/how-dusseldorf-became-the-birthplace-of-modern-electronica-20150602-13194w.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>
@@ Line 739: / Line 751: @@
 Other influential musical groups originating from Düsseldorf include [[Neu!]], formed in 1971 by [[Klaus Dinger]] and [[Michael Rother]], after their split from Kraftwerk,<ref name="The_Great_Rock_Discography">{{cite book|first=Martin Charles | last=Strong|title=The Great Rock Discography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DE9qW3YfHG4C|year=2002|publisher=Canongate|isbn=978-1-84195-312-0|page=687}}</ref> and [[La Düsseldorf]], also formed by Dinger in 1976 shortly after Neu! disbanded. Both groups had a significant influence on a variety of subsequent [[rock music|rock]], [[post-punk]], and [[electronic music]] artists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/neu!-mn0000387815/biography|title=Neu! {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic|website=AllMusic|access-date=2017-01-05|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505163439/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/neu%21-mn0000387815/biography|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Internationally known [[power metal]] band [[Warlock (band)|Warlock]] was formed in Düsseldorf in 1982. Its frontwoman, [[Doro (musician)|Doro Pesch]], had a successful solo career in Europe and Asia since [[Warlock (band)|Warlock]] ended. The [[punk rock|punk band]] [[Die Toten Hosen]], the electronic act [[Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft|D.A.F.]], as well as the electronic/industrial pioneers [[Die Krupps]], all originated in Düsseldorf.
+Internationally known [[power metal]] band [[Warlock (band)|Warlock]] was formed in Düsseldorf in 1982. Its frontwoman, [[Doro (musician)|Doro Pesch]], has had a successful solo career in Europe and Asia since [[Warlock (band)|Warlock]] ended. The [[punk rock|punk band]] [[Die Toten Hosen]], the electronic act [[Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft|D.A.F.]], as well as the electronic/industrial pioneers [[Die Krupps]], all originated in Düsseldorf.
 Düsseldorf appears in several songs, including ''Düsseldorf'' by the British indie band [[Teleman]] and ''Wärst du doch in Düsseldorf geblieben'' by Danish singer [[Dorthe Kollo]].
 === Fashion ===
-Düsseldorf has been the [[fashion]] capital of Germany [[History of Germany (1945–1990)|for decades]] (it is also a major cultural center for the art and fashion scenes). Berlin, Germany's 'fashion capital' until 1945, lost its position because of its [[History of Berlin|special location]] within the [[Soviet occupation zone]]. After the [[monetary reform]] of June 20, 1948, fashionable clothes trends gained importance. [[Igedo]] organised fashion shows staged in Düsseldorf starting in March 1949.<ref>''Verkaufs- und Modewoche Düsseldorf'' (source: [[Der Spiegel]] [https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44445899.html 2/1950] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145426/https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44445899.html |date=24 February 2021 }})</ref>
+Düsseldorf has been the [[fashion]] capital of Germany [[History of Germany (1945–1990)|for decades]]; it is also a major cultural center for the art scene. Berlin, Germany's 'fashion capital' until 1945, lost its position because of its [[History of Berlin|special location]] within the [[Soviet occupation zone]]. After the [[monetary reform]] of June 20, 1948, fashionable clothes trends gained importance. [[Igedo]] organised fashion shows staged in Düsseldorf starting in March 1949.<ref>''Verkaufs- und Modewoche Düsseldorf'' (source: [[Der Spiegel]] [https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44445899.html 2/1950] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145426/https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44445899.html |date=24 February 2021 }})</ref>
 <!---- There are famous designers that have made a name for themselves in Düsseldorf as well. Designers Sabine Schumacher, Peter O. Mahler, and Renate Harvan all design in Düsseldorf.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} ---->
 There are a number of schools dedicated to fashion design in Düsseldorf, among them ''Akademie Mode & Design'' ([[:de:AMD Akademie Mode & Design|de]]), ''Design Department'', and ''Mode Design College''<!--- https://www.modedesigncollege.de --->.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de/en/fashion-shopping/fashion/|title=Fashion Schools |website=www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de|access-date=9 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406223337/http://www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de/en/fashion-shopping/fashion/fashion-schools/ |archive-date=6 April 2016}}</ref>
@@ Line 763: / Line 775: @@
 Another story talks about a wedding procession during which one of the wheels of the wedding carriage broke. In order to fend off the threat of bad luck, a boy supposedly jumped up to the carriage, took hold of the wheel and thus became a living part of the wheel. Whether the story is about the marriage of [[Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine|Jan Wellem]] and [[Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici]] or the wedding of Margravine [[Jakobea of Baden]] and [[John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg|Johann Wilhelm]] is debatable.
-Another story gives an account of the wedding between Margrave Jacobe von Baden and Johann Wilhelm, in 1585. According to legend, she felt miserable about her marriage, but the cartwheelers who displayed their skills next to her carriage were able to make her smile. Numerous travelers were attracted to the city by great exhibitions – the forerunner of today's fairs – between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. During this time the children who did cartwheels found out that it was a profitable source of income. The bourgeoisie accepted this in good humour as a symbolic act of local patriotism. In the beginning the lads shouted ''"för eene Penning schlage ich das Rad“'' (a cartwheel for a penny). The Jan Wellem monument returned to Düsseldorf at the end of the Second World War. The procession was accompanied by torches, fanfares and cartwheeling boys.
+Another story gives an account of the wedding between Margrave Jacobe von Baden and Johann Wilhelm in 1585. According to legend, she felt miserable about her marriage, but the cartwheelers who displayed their skills next to her carriage were able to make her smile. Numerous travelers were attracted to the city by great exhibitions – the forerunner of today's fairs – between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. During this time the children who did cartwheels found out that it was a profitable source of income. The bourgeoisie accepted this in good humour as a symbolic act of local patriotism. In the beginning the lads shouted ''"för eene Penning schlage ich das Rad“'' (a cartwheel for a penny).
+The Jan Wellem monument returned to Düsseldorf at the end of the Second World War. The procession was accompanied by torches, fanfares and cartwheeling boys.
 =====Cartwheelers in the cityscape=====
@@ Line 771: / Line 785: @@
 === Christmas market ===
-Every [[Christmas]], the city of Düsseldorf uses the city centre to host one of the largest Christmas gatherings in Germany. The Christmas festival occurs every year from 17 November until 23 December. This Christmas fest brings Düsseldorf a large portion of tourism every year as many people from nearby areas come to the city to drink [[mulled wine]] and hot chocolate and watch craftsman [[Glassblowing|blow glass]] and create art. The event contains many small wooden buildings all clustered in the middle of the city for all the citizens to enjoy. The event, to many visitors, has an old European feel, but is very lively.
+Every [[Christmas]], the city of Düsseldorf uses the city centre to host one of the largest Christmas gatherings in Germany. The Christmas festival occurs every year from 17 November until 23 December. This Christmas fest brings Düsseldorf a large portion of tourism every year as many people from nearby areas come to the city to drink [[mulled wine]] and hot chocolate and watch craftsmen [[Glassblowing|blow glass]] and create art. The event takes place among many small wooden buildings all clustered in the middle of the city for all the citizens to enjoy. The event, to many visitors, has an old European feel, but is very lively.
 ===Cuisine===
@@ Line 777: / Line 791: @@
 Traditional meals in the region are Rheinischer [[Sauerbraten]] (a beef roast and sometimes horse marinated for a few days in vinegar and spices served with gravy and raisins) and [[Himmel und erde|Heaven and Earth]] (Himmel und Äd; [[black pudding]] with stewed apples mixed with [[mashed potato]]es). In winter the people like to eat Muscheln Rheinischer Art (Rhenish-style mussels) as well as [[Reibekuchen]] (fried potato pancake served with apple sauce). Also a special meal: Düsseldorfer Senfrostbraten (Steaks roasted with Düsseldorf mustard on top).
-Düsseldorf is known for its strong [[Dijon mustard|Dijon]]-like [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]] served in a traditional pot called "Mostertpöttche", which was eternalised in a [[still life]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]] in 1884.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://duesseldorf-altstadt.blogspot.com/2007/01/van-gogh-stilleben-mit-abb-senf.html |title=Düsseldorf Altstadt: Van Gogh, Stilleben mit ABB-Senf |publisher=Duesseldorf-altstadt.blogspot.com |date=25 January 2007 |access-date=5 May 2009}}</ref>
+Düsseldorf is known for its strong [[Dijon mustard|Dijon]]-like [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]] served in a traditional pot called "Mostertpöttche", which was immortalised in a [[still life]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]] in 1884.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://duesseldorf-altstadt.blogspot.com/2007/01/van-gogh-stilleben-mit-abb-senf.html |title=Düsseldorf Altstadt: Van Gogh, Stilleben mit ABB-Senf |publisher=Duesseldorf-altstadt.blogspot.com |date=25 January 2007 |access-date=5 May 2009}}</ref>
+The Rhine Metropolis is one of the most diverse areas in terms of culinary diversity. Düsseldorf, with the third largest Japanese community in Europe, not only provides a wide range of cuisine but also has a solid foundation of authentic Asian food in the city. Düsseldorf's exceptional cuisine has been recognized by the worldwide leading travel guide Lonely Planet. Along with a broad range of diverse cultural cuisine, Düsseldorf is also home to various Michelin starred restaurants that are world renowned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de/en/duesseldorfs-culinary-side/|title=Düsseldorf's culinary side – Metropolis Düsseldorf – Düsseldorf Tourism|website=www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de|access-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109152903/https://www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de/en/duesseldorfs-culinary-side/|archive-date=9 November 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
+Local specialties include:
-The Rhine Metropolis is one of the most diverse areas in terms of culinary diversity. Düsseldorf, with the third largest Japanese community in Europe, not only provides a wide range of culinary cuisine but also has a solid foundation of Authentic Asian food in the city. Düsseldorf's exceptional culinary cuisine has been recognized and visited by the Worldwide leading travel guide of Lonely Planet. Along with a broad range of diverse cultural cuisine, Düsseldorf is also home to various Michelin starred restaurants that are world renowned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de/en/duesseldorfs-culinary-side/|title=Düsseldorf's culinary side – Metropolis Düsseldorf – Düsseldorf Tourism|website=www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de|access-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109152903/https://www.duesseldorf-tourismus.de/en/duesseldorfs-culinary-side/|archive-date=9 November 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 '''Halve Hahn''' – this dish is made from a half a double rye roll, which is another of the specialties of Düsseldorf, buttered, with a thick slice of aged Gouda cheese, onions, mustard, ground paprika and sour pickles.
@@ Line 892: / Line 908: @@
 </gallery>
-Düsseldorf's main [[Association football|football]] team [[Fortuna Düsseldorf]] won the 1933 German championship, the [[German Cup]] in 1979 and 1980, and were finalists in the [[European Cup Winners Cup]] in 1979. They currently play in the [[2. Bundesliga]], after being relegated from the [[Bundesliga]] in 2020. They play their matches in the [[Merkur Spiel-Arena]] (formerly known as the 'ESPIRIT arena'), a multi-functional stadium with a capacity of 54,500. Düsseldorf was one of nine host cities for the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]], and will be one of ten venues to stage the [[UEFA Euro 2024|2024 UEFA European Championship]]. The Rochusclub Düsseldorf has hosted the tennis [[World Team Cup]] from 1978 till 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rp-online.de/sport/tennis/atp-fuehrt-world-team-cup-wieder-ein_aid-23757427|title=Tennis: ATP führt World Team Cup wieder ein|website=RP ONLINE|date=July 2018|language=de|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128143538/https://rp-online.de/sport/tennis/atp-fuehrt-world-team-cup-wieder-ein_aid-23757427|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Düsseldorf's main [[Association football|football]] team [[Fortuna Düsseldorf]] won the 1933 German championship, the [[German Cup]] in 1979 and 1980, and were finalists in the [[European Cup Winners Cup]] in 1979. They currently play in the [[2. Bundesliga]], after being relegated from the [[Bundesliga]] in 2020. They play their matches in the [[Merkur Spiel-Arena]] (formerly known as the 'ESPIRIT arena'), a multi-functional stadium with a capacity of 54,500.
+Düsseldorf was one of nine host cities for the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]], and is one of ten venues staging the [[UEFA Euro 2024|2024 UEFA European Championship]]. The Rochusclub Düsseldorf has hosted the tennis [[World Team Cup]] from 1978 till 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rp-online.de/sport/tennis/atp-fuehrt-world-team-cup-wieder-ein_aid-23757427|title=Tennis: ATP führt World Team Cup wieder ein|website=RP ONLINE|date=July 2018|language=de|access-date=2019-11-28|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128143538/https://rp-online.de/sport/tennis/atp-fuehrt-world-team-cup-wieder-ein_aid-23757427|url-status=live}}</ref>
 Düsseldorf also held the [[List of Tour de France Grands Départs|Grand Départ]] for the [[2017 Tour de France|Tour de France]] in July 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letour.com/le-tour/2016/us/grand-depart-2017.html|title=Site officiel du Tour de France 2018|website=www.letour.com|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005114206/http://www.letour.com/le-tour/2016/us/grand-depart-2017.html|archive-date=5 October 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
-Other sports in Düsseldorf are [[ice hockey]] (the [[Düsseldorfer EG]] which play in the [[PSD Bank Dome]]) and [[American football]]. The [[Düsseldorf Panther]] are one of the most successful teams in Germany with six [[German Bowl]] titles and the [[Eurobowl]] victory in 1995. In addition the Junior-Team is the most successful youth department in Germany with fifteen [[German Junior Bowl|Junior Bowl]] victories. [[Rhein Fire (NFL Europe)|Rhine Fire Düsseldorf]] was an established team of the [[NFL Europa|NFL Europe]] and won the [[World Bowl]] two times in 1998 and 2000. Düsseldorf has a successful [[rugby union]] team (Düsseldorf Dragons), who as of 2017/18 play in the western division of the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German rugby.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rugbyweb.de/index.php?league=BL2W|website=RugbyWeb.de|access-date=26 January 2018|title=RugbyWeb Spielpläne – BL2W|archive-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185314/http://rugbyweb.de/index.php?league=BL2W|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Other sports in Düsseldorf are [[ice hockey]] (the [[Düsseldorfer EG]] which play in the [[PSD Bank Dome]]) and [[American football]]. The [[Düsseldorf Panther]] are one of the most successful teams in Germany with six [[German Bowl]] titles and the [[Eurobowl]] victory in 1995. In addition the Junior Team are the most successful youth department in Germany with fifteen [[German Junior Bowl|Junior Bowl]] victories. [[Rhein Fire (NFL Europe)|Rhine Fire Düsseldorf]] were an established team of the [[NFL Europa|NFL Europe]] and won the [[World Bowl]] two times in 1998 and 2000. Düsseldorf has a successful [[rugby union]] team (Düsseldorf Dragons), who as of 2017/18 play in the western division of the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German rugby.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rugbyweb.de/index.php?league=BL2W|website=RugbyWeb.de|access-date=26 January 2018|title=RugbyWeb Spielpläne – BL2W|archive-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185314/http://rugbyweb.de/index.php?league=BL2W|url-status=live}}</ref>
 [[Table tennis]] is also played (Borussia Düsseldorf – the most successful team in Germany with [[Timo Boll]]), as are [[team handball|handball]] (HSG Düsseldorf), [[basketball]] ([[Düsseldorf Giants]]), [[baseball]] (Düsseldorf Senators) and [[dance|dancing]] (Rot-Weiß Düsseldorf). Düsseldorf also has a [[Cricket]] team, the Düsseldorf Blackcaps, who play in the regional NRW league.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackcaps.de/|title=Official Homepage|publisher=Düsseldorf Blackcaps|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216220146/http://blackcaps.de/|url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 984: / Line 1,002: @@
 [[File:Heinrich Heine-Oppenheim.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Heinrich Heine 1831]]
 [[File:Jacobi (Tischbein).jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Johann Georg Jacobi]]
-*[[Anne Of Cleves]] (1515–1557), Married to Henry VIII
+*[[Anne of Cleves]] (1515–1557), Married to Henry VIII
 *[[François-Charles de Velbrück]] (1719–1784), Prince-Bishop of [[Liège]]
 *[[Helena Curtens]] (1722–1738), last victim of the witch trials in the Lower Rhine

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF FAST
National	Germany United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Israel
Geographic	MusicBrainz area
Other	IdRef NARA