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Pescetarianism

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Pescetarianism (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˌpɛsk[invalid input: 'ɨ']ˈtɛəriən/) is the practice of a diet that includes seafood but not the flesh of other animals.

A Fishing Boat at Bar Harbor, Maine, used to catch Lobster. Lobster is considered edible on a pescetarian diet.

In addition to fish and/or shellfish, a pescetarian diet typically includes all of vegetables, fruit, nuts, grains and beans, and also permits eggs and dairy. The Merriam-Webster dictionary dates the origin of the term "pescetarian" to 1993 and defines it to mean: "one whose diet includes fish but no meat".[1]

Etymology

Pescetarian is probably a neologism formed as a portmanteau of the Italian word pesce ("fish") and the English word "vegetarian".[1] The Italian word is pronounced [ˈpeʃe], while the English neologism is commonly /ˌpɛsk[invalid input: 'ɨ']ˈtɛəriən/, with a /sk/ sound, thus differing from pronunciations of similar terms in English and Italian.

Pesce in turn derives from the Latin piscis,[1] which has the form pisci- when it serves as a prefix, as it often does in scholarly terms (e.g. "pisciculture" /ˈpɪsɨkʌltʃər/), or "piscivore" /ˈpɪsɨvɔr/). Note that a piscivore, as a type of carnivore, eats a diet primarily of fish, whereas the neologism pescetarian refers to persons who consume plant derivatives as well as fish.

Rationale

Health considerations

Japanese nigiri-sushi. Many cultures offer pescetarian friendly cuisine

One of the most commonly cited reasons is that of health, based on findings that red meat is detrimental to health in many cases due to non-lean red meats containing high amounts of saturated fats.[2][3] Eating certain kinds of fish raises HDL levels,[4][5] and some fish are a convenient source of omega-3 fatty acids,[6] and have numerous health benefits in one food variety.[7] A 1999 meta-study of five studies comparing vegetarian and non-vegetarian mortality rates in Western countries found that in comparison with regular meat eaters, mortality from ischemic heart disease was 34% lower in pescetarians, 34% lower in vegetarians, 26% lower in vegans and 20% lower in occasional meat eaters.[8]

On the other hand, there have been concerns cited about consuming large quantities of some fish varieties due to their containing toxins such as mercury and PCBs,[9] though it is possible to select fish that contain little or no mercury and moderate the consumption of mercury-containing fish.[10][11]

Comparisons to other diets

Pescetarianism is similar to many traditional diets emphasizing fish as well as fruits, vegetables and grains. Many coastal regions tend to eat this way and these features characterize the traditional Mediterranean diet and the diets of many countries in Asia, Northern Europe and the Caribbean. These other traditional diets tend to also include meat, although it is peripheral. Pescetarians are sometimes described as vegetarian or pesco-vegetarian, and often people unfamiliar with vegetarianism believe the pescetarian diet to be vegetarian. In common with vegetarians, pescetarians often eat eggs and dairy products, in addition to fruits, vegetables and grains. The Vegetarian Society, which initiated popular use of the term vegetarian as early as 1847, does not consider pescetarianism a vegetarian diet.[12] The definitions of "vegetarian" in mainstream dictionaries vary.[13]

List of pescetarians

See also: Category:Pescetarians, List of vegans, and List of vegetarians

This is a list of notable people who are known to be pescetarians or were pescetarians.

References

  1. ^ a b c Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. "pescatarian." [Online] Merriam Webster, Inc. Available at http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pescatarian [Accessed 17 July 2009]
  2. ^ E Giovannucci, EB Rimm, MJ Stampfer, GA Colditz, A Ascherio and WC Willett, "Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men"., Cancer Research 54, 2390-2397, (May 1, 1994)
  3. ^ Frank B. Hu, MD, PhD, JoAnn E. Manson, MD, DrPh and Walter C. Willett, MD, DrPh, "Types of Dietary Fat and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Critical Review"., Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 20, No. 1, 5-19 (2001)
  4. ^ Paul J Nestel, "Fish oil and cardiovascular disease: lipids and arterial function"., American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 71, No. 1, 228S-231S, (January 2000)
  5. ^ Sacks FM, Hebert P, Appel LJ, Borhani NO, Applegate WB, Cohen JD, Cutler JA, Kirchner KA, Kuller LH, Roth KJ, et al., "Short report: the effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention"., Journal of Hypertension, 209-13, ( Feb 12, 1994)
  6. ^ Frank B. Hu, MD; Leslie Bronner, MD; Walter C. Willett, MD; Meir J. Stampfer, MD; Kathryn M. Rexrode, MD; Christine M. Albert, MD; David Hunter, MD; JoAnn E. Manson, MD, "Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women"., JAMA. 2002;287:1815-1821.
  7. ^ Get Hooked on Fish! by Sue Gilbert, MS, Nutritionis
  8. ^ Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Beral V, Reeves G, Burr ML, Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kuzma JW, Mann J, McPherson K: “Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies”. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1999, 70:516S-524S. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/70/3/516S
  9. ^ Committee on the Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Council, "Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury"., ISBN 0-309-07140-2 (2000)
  10. ^ Experts Say Consumers Can Eat Around Toxins In Fish - Science Daily
  11. ^ Mercury: Are Fish safe to eat? by Gloria Tsang R.D.
  12. ^ "Vegetarians do not eat fish!" The "fish campaign" webpage of the Vegetarian Society
  13. ^ "Shorter Oxford English Dictionary" (Document). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3506. {{cite document}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |isbn= (help); Unknown parameter |edition= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |volume= ignored (help) defines "vegetarian" (noun) as "A person who on principle abstains from animal food; esp. one who avoids meat but will consume dairy produce and eggs and sometimes also fish (cf. VEGAN noun)."
    "Shorter Oxford English Dictionary" (Document). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 3511. {{cite document}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |isbn= (help); Unknown parameter |edition= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |volume= ignored (help) has the same definition.
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