Jump to content

Narendra Modi

Edit links
Page extended-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Gmcssb (talk | contribs) at 14:17, 26 May 2014 (member -> leader). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Narendra Modi
File:Narendra Damodardas Modi (cropped).jpg
15th Prime Minister of India
Assumed office
26 May 2014
PresidentPranab Mukherjee
Preceded byManmohan Singh
14th Chief Minister of Gujarat
In office
7 October 2001 – 22 May 2014
GovernorSunder Singh Bhandari
Kailashpati Mishra
Balram Jakhar
Nawal Kishore Sharma
S. C. Jamir
Kamla Beniwal
Preceded byKeshubhai Patel
Succeeded byAnandiben Patel
Personal details
Born
Narendra Damodardas Modi

(1950-09-17) 17 September 1950 (age 73)
Vadnagar, Gujarat, India
Political partyBharatiya Janata Party
Spouse(s)Jashodaben Chimanlal (Child
marriage; estranged)
Alma materUniversity of Delhi
Gujarat University
Signature
Websitenarendramodi.in
pmindia.gov.in

Narendra Damodardas Modi (pronunciationⓘ, born 17 September 1950) is the 15th Prime Minister of the Republic of India. Modi, a leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), was Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014.

Modi was a key strategist for the BJP in the successful 1995 and 1998 Gujarat state election campaigns. He became Chief Minister of Gujarat in October 2001 and served longer by far in that position than anyone else to date. He was a major campaign figure in the 2009 general election, which the BJP led National Democratic Alliance lost to the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA). He led the BJP in the April–May 2014 general election, which resulted in a majority for the BJP in the Lok Sabha.

Modi was also a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).[1][2][3] He is a controversial figure both within India as well as internationally[4][5][6][7] as his administration has been criticised for the incidents surrounding the 2002 Gujarat riots.[7][8] He has been praised for his economic policies, which are credited with creating an environment for a high rate of economic growth in Gujarat.[9] However, his administration has also been criticised for failing to make a significant positive impact upon the human development of the state.[10]

Early life and education

Modi with his mother on his 63rd birthday on 17 September 2013.

Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a family of grocers belonging to the backward Ghanchi-Teli (oil-presser) community, in Vadnagar in Mehsana district of what was then Bombay State (present-day Gujarat), India.[11][12][13][14][15] He was the third of four children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and his wife, Heeraben.[16] He helped his father sell tea at Vadnagar railway station. As a child and as a teenager, he ran a tea stall with his brother near a bus terminus.[17][18] The entire family lived in a small single storey house which was approximately 40 feet by 12 feet.[19] In 1967, he completed his schooling in Vadnagar, where a teacher described him as being an average student, but a keen debater who had an interest in theatre.[17][20] He was highly influenced by the works of Swami Vivekananda which is said to have laid the foundation of his journey towards spiritualism.[19]

That interest has influenced how he now projects himself in politics.[21] At the age of eight, Modi came in contact with RSS and he began attending its local shakhas where he came in contact with Lakshmanrao Inamdar, popularly known as Vakil Saheb, who is known as his political guru and mentor. Inamdar inducted Modi as a balswayamsevak, a junior cadet in RSS. During his morning exercise session at the keri pitha shakha of RSS, he also came in contact with Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda, leaders of the Jan Sangh who later founded the BJP's Gujarat state unit in 1980.[22][23][24][25][26][27]

Modi's parents arranged his marriage as a child, in keeping with the traditions of the Ghanchi caste. He was engaged at the age of 13 to Jashodaben Chimanlal and the couple were married by the time he was 18. They spent very little time together and were soon estranged because Modi decided to pursue an itinerant life.[17][28] However as per Modi's biographer Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, the marriage was never consummated.[29] Having remained silent on his marital status, during declarations related to candidature during four state elections since 2002 and having claimed that his status as a single person meant that he had no reason to be corrupt, Modi acknowledged Jashodaben as his legal spouse when filling in his nomination form for the 2014 Lok Sabha elections.[30][31]

As per Modi in Kishore Makwana's Common Man Narendra Modi, published in 2014, after leaving home at 17, he went to Ramakrishna Mission ashram in Rajkot and then to the Belur Math near Kolkata. Then he went to Guwahati and later joined another ashram set up by Swami Vivekananda in Almora, in the Himalayan foothills. Two years after, he returned to Vadnagar and after a brief halt at his house, Modi left again for Ahmedabad, where he lived and worked in a tea stall run by his uncle where he again came in contact with Lakshmanrao Inamdar who was then based at Hedgewar Bhavan, the RSS headquarters in the city.[22][23][24] He then worked in the staff canteen of Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation until he became a full–time pracharak (propagandist) of the RSS in 1970.[26] In 1978, Modi graduated with an extramural degree through Distance Education in political science from Delhi University.[23][29] In 1983, while remaining as a pracharak in the RSS, completed his Master's degree in political science from Gujarat University.[20][32]

Early political career

Modi formally joined the RSS after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.[29] After Modi had received some RSS training in Nagpur, which was a prerequisite for taking up an official position in the Sangh Parivar, he was given charge of Sangh's student wing, Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, in Gujarat. During 1975-1977, when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of the emergency, political opponents were jailed and political organisation including RSS were banned. Modi went underground in Gujarat and to evade arrest was occasionally disguised as a Sikh, saint, elderly man etc. and printed and sent booklets against the central government to Delhi. He also organised agitations and covert distribution of Sangh's pamphlets.[17][29][33][34]

He also participated in the movement against the Emergency under Jayaprakash Narayan. He was made the general secretary of the Gujarat Lok Sangharsh Samiti and his primary role was to coordinate between activists in the state.[23][35] During this period he wrote a book titled Sangharsh ma Gujarat (Gujarat’s struggle) in Gujarati which chronicles events, anecdotes as well as his personal experiences.[34][36][37] The RSS assigned Modi to the BJP in 1985.[26] While Shankersinh Vaghela and Keshubhai Patel were the established names in the Gujarat BJP at that time, Modi rose to prominence after organising Murli Manohar Joshi's Kanyakumari-Srinagar Ekta yatra (Journey for Unity) in 1991.[17] In 1988, Modi was elected as organizing secretary of BJP's Gujarat unit,[38] marking his formal entry into mainstream politics.[29] As secretary, his electoral strategy was central to BJP's victory in the 1995 state elections.[26][39][40]

In November 1995, Modi was elected National Secretary of BJP and was transferred to New Delhi where he was assigned responsibility for the party's activities in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.[39][41] Vaghela defected from the BJP after he lost the 1996 Lok Sabha elections, having previously threatened to do so in 1995.[17] Modi was promoted to the post of General Secretary (Organisation) of the BJP in May 1998. While on the selection committee for the 1998 Assembly elections in Gujarat, Modi favoured supporters of Patel over those loyal to Vaghela, in an attempt to put an end to the factional divisions within the party. His strategies were credited as being key to winning the 1998 elections.[39]

Chief Minister of Gujarat

Members of Modi's former Council of Ministers with him at a Planning Commission meet in New Delhi

In 2001, Keshubhai Patel's health was failing, and the BJP had lost seats in the by-elections. Allegations of abuse of power, corruption and poor administration were being made, and Patel's standing had been damaged by his administration's handling of the Bhuj Earthquake of 2001.[39][42][43] As a result, the BJP's national leadership sought a new candidate for the office of chief minister, and Modi, who had aired his misgivings about Patel's administration, was chosen as a replacement.[17] L. K. Advani, a senior leader of the BJP, did not want to ostracise Patel and was worried about Modi's lack of experience in governance. Modi declined an offer to be Patel's deputy chief minister, informing Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee that he was "going to be fully responsible for Gujarat or not at all", and on 7 October 2001, Modi was appointed the Chief Minister of Gujarat, with the responsibility of preparing the BJP for elections in December 2002.[citation needed] As Chief Minister, Modi's ideas of governance revolved around privatisation and small government, which stood at odds with what political commentator Aditi Phadnis has described as the "anti-privatisation, anti-globalisation position" of the RSS.[42]

First term (2001–2002)

2002 Gujarat riots

Main article: 2002 Gujarat riots

On 27 February 2002, a train with several hundred passengers including large numbers of Hindu pilgrims was burned near Godhra, killing around 60 people.[a] Following rumors that the fire was carried out by Muslim arsonists, anti-Muslim violence spread throughout Gujarat.[46] Estimates of the death toll ranged from 900 to over 2,000, while several thousand more people were injured.[47][48] The Modi government imposed a curfew in major cities, issued shoot-at-sight orders, and called for the army to prevent the violence from escalating.[49][50] However, human rights organizations, opposition parties, and sections of the media all accused Gujarat's government of taking insufficient action against the riots, and even condoning it in some cases.[49][50][51] Modi's decision to move the corpses of the Kar Sevaks who had been burned to death in Godhra to Ahmedabad had been criticised for inflaming the violence.[52][53]

In March 2008, the Supreme Court asked the state government to re-investigate nine cases in the 2002 Gujarat riots, including the Gulbarg Society incident, and constituted a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to probe the cases afresh.[51][54][55] Responding to a petition from Zakia Jafri, widow of Ehsan Jafri who was killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre, the Supreme court in April 2009 asked the SIT to probe her complaint alleging that Modi and another minister had been complicit in the killing.[54][56] The SIT questioned Modi in March 2010, and in May 2010 presented its report before the Court, stating that it found no evidence to substantiate the allegations.[54][57] In July 2011, the amicus curiae Raju Ramachandran submitted his final report to the Supreme Court, stating that Modi could be prosecuted based on the available evidence, contrary to the position of the SIT. The Supreme court handed the matter to the magistrate court, and left it to the SIT to examine Ramachandran's report. Ramachandran's report was criticised by the SIT for relying on the testimony of Sanjiv Bhatt, who, it said, had fabricated the documents used as evidence.[58] The SIT submitted its final report in March 2012, seeking closure of the case. Zakia Jaffri filed a protest petition, which was rejected by the magistrate court in December 2013. The court stated that there was no evidence against Modi in the case.[59]

In 2012, Maya Kodnani, a former minister in Modi's Government from 2007 – 2009, was convicted of having participated in the Naroda Patiya massacre during the 2002 riots.[60][61] She was both the first female and the first MLA to be convicted in a post-Godhra riots case.[62] While initially announcing that it would seek the death penalty for Kodnani, Modi's government eventually pardoned her in 2013 and settled for a prison sentence.[63][64][65]

2002 election

Main article: Gujarat legislative assembly election, 2002

In the aftermath of the violence, there were widespread calls for Modi to resign from his position as chief minister of Gujarat. These came from both within and outside the state, including from the leaders of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the Telugu Desam Party, which were allies in then BJP-led NDA government at the centre. The opposition parties stalled the national parliament over the issue.[66][67] In April 2002, at the national executive meeting of BJP at Goa, Modi submitted his resignation; however, it was rejected by the party.[68] On 19 July 2002, Modi's cabinet had an emergency meeting and offered its resignation to the Governor of Gujarat, S. S. Bhandari, and the assembly was dissolved.[69][70] In the subsequent elections, the BJP, led by Modi, won 127 seats in the 182-member assembly.[71] Modi made significant use of anti-Muslim rhetoric during his election campaign, though he later denied it.[72][73][74][75]

Second term (2002–2007)

Despite allegations of using anti-Muslim rhetoric during the campaign, Modi's emphasis shifted during his second term from Hindutva to the economic development of Gujarat.[42][72] Modi's decisions curtailed the influence of organizations of the Sangh Parivar such as the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (BKS) and the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP),[76] which had become entrenched in Gujarat after the decline of Ahmedabad's textile industry.[42] Modi dropped Gordhan Zadafia, an ally of his former Sangh co–worker and VHP state chief Praveen Togadia, from the cabinet ministry. When the BKS launched a farmers' agitation, Modi ordered their eviction from houses provided by the state government. Modi's decision to demolish 200 illegal temples in Gandhinagar deepened the rift with VHP.[76][77] Various organisations of the Sangh were no longer consulted nor informed of Modi's administrative decisions prior to their enactment.[76]

The changes brought by Modi in the period 2002–2007 has led to Gujarat being called an attractive investment destination. Aditi Phadnis writes that "there was sufficient anecdotal evidence pointing to the fact that corruption had gone down significantly in the state... if there was to be any corruption, Modi had to know about it".[42] Modi started financial and technology parks in the state. During the 2007 Vibrant Gujarat summit, real estate investment deals worth ₹6.6 trillion were signed in Gujarat.[42]

Despite his focus on economic issues during the second term, Modi continued to be criticised for his relationship with Muslims. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, then Prime Minister of India, who had asked Modi not to discriminate between citizens in the aftermath of the 2002 Gujarat violence and had pushed for his resignation as Chief Minister of Gujarat,[78][79] distanced himself from Modi and reached out to North Indian Muslims before the 2004 elections to the Lok Sabha. After the elections, Vajpayee held that the violence in Gujarat had been one of the reasons for BJP's electoral defeat and acknowledged that not removing Modi immediately after the Gujarat violence was a mistake.[80][81]

2007 election

Further information: Gujarat legislative assembly election, 2007

In the run up to the assembly elections in 2007 and the general election in 2009, the BJP stepped up its rhetoric on terrorism.[82] On 18 July 2006, Modi criticised the Indian Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, "... for his reluctance to revive anti-terror legislations" such as the Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act. He asked the national government to allow states to invoke tougher laws in the wake of the 2006 blasts in Mumbai.[83] Around this time Modi frequently demanded the execution of Afzal Guru,[84] a collaborator of the Pakistani jihadists who had been convicted of terrorism for his involvement in the 2001 Indian Parliament attack.[85][b] As a consequence of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, Modi held a meeting to discuss security of Gujarat's 1,600 km (990 mi) long coastline which resulted in the central government authorisation of 30 high–speed surveillance boats.[86]

In July 2007, Modi completed 2,063 consecutive days as chief minister of Gujarat, making him the longest-serving holder of that post.[87] The BJP won 122 of the 182 seats in the state assembly in the 2007 election, and Modi continued as chief minister.[88]

Third term (2007–2012)

Development projects

The Sardar Sarovar Dam, undergoing a height increase in 2006.
File:GIFT City.PNG
A skyscraper in the Gujarat International Finance Tec-City, under construction, described as a pet project of Narendra Modi.

Successive BJP governments under Patel and Modi supported NGOs and communities in the creation of infrastructure projects for conservation of groundwater. Gujarat is a semi-arid state and, according to Tushaar Shah, was "... never known for agrarian dynamism". By December 2008, 500,000 structures had been constructed, of which 113,738 were check dams. While most check dams remained empty during the pre-monsoon season, they helped recharge the aquifers that lie beneath them.[89] 60 of the 112 tehsils which were found to have over–exploited the groundwater table in 2004 had regained their normal groundwater level by 2010,[90] meaning that Gujarat had managed to increase its groundwater levels at a time when they were falling in all other Indian states. As a result, production of genetically-modified Bt cotton, which could now be irrigated using tube wells, increased to become the largest in India.[89] The boom in cotton production and utilization of semi–arid land[91] saw the agriculture growth rate of Gujarat increase to 9.6% in the period 2001–2007.[92] Though public irrigation measures in the central and southern areas, such as the Sardar Sarovar Project, have not been as successful in achieving their aims,[89] for the decade 2001–2010, Gujarat recorded an agricultural growth rate of 10.97%, the highest among all Indian states.[91] However, sociologists have pointed out that the growth rate under the Congress government during 1992-97 was at 12.9%.[93]

The Narendra Modi government also succeeded in bringing electricity to every village in Gujarat, although Dipankar Banerjee points out that all but 170 of them had been electrified under the previous Congress administration.[93] Modi also greatly changed the system of power distribution in the state, with a significant impact on farmers. The state greatly expanded the Jyotigram Yojana scheme, in which the agricultural electricity supply was rewired to separate it from other rural power supplies. The electricity supplied was then rationed to fit scheduled demand for irrigation, resulting in a cost reduction. Initial farmer protests died down when the farmers who benefited found that supply had become more regular.[89] An assessment study found that corporations and large farmers had significantly benefited from the policy, but that small farmers and laborers had been negatively impacted.[94]

In his third term, progress was made on the Gujarat International Finance Tec-City project, considered as one of Modi's pet projects. The first phase, which encompassed two skyscrapers, GIFT One and Two, was completed in 2012.[95][96]

Debate on Gujarat's development under Modi

Narendra Modi addressing law graduates at the Gujarat National Law University.

Modi's government has worked to brand Gujarat as a state of dynamic development, economic growth and prosperity, using the slogan "Vibrant Gujarat".[97][98][99] However, critics have pointed to Gujarat's relatively poor record on human development, poverty alleviation, nutrition, and education. The state is 13th in India for poverty, 21st for education, 44.7 percent of children under five are underweight and 23 percent are undernourished putting the state in the "alarming" category on the India State Hunger Index.[100] In contrast, officials from the state of Gujarat claim that Gujarat outperformed India as a whole in the rates of improvement of multiple human indicators, such as female education, between 2001 and 2011. Furthermore, they claim that the school dropout rates declined from 20 percent in 2001 to 2 percent in 2011, and that maternal mortality declined by 32 percent from 2001 to 2011.[101]

Political scientist Christophe Jaffrelot asserts that the development in Gujarat has been limited to the urban middle class, while rural dwellers and lower castes have become increasingly marginalised. He cites the fact that Gujarat ranks 10th among the 21 Indian states in the Human Development Index, which he attributes to the lower development in rural Gujarat. He states that under Modi, the number of families living below the poverty line has increased, and that particularly rural adivasi and dalits have become increasingly marginalised.[102] In July 2013, Economics Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen criticised Narendra Modi's governance record and said he did not approve of it, saying that under Modi's administration, Gujarat's "record in education and healthcare is pretty bad".[103] However, economists Arvind Panagariya and Jagdish Bhagwati state that Gujarat's social indicator improved from a much lower baseline than other Indian states. They state that Gujarat's performance in raising literacy rates has been superior to other states in India, and the "rapid" improvement of health indicators in Gujarat as evidence that "its progress has not been poor by any means."[104]

Sadbhavana mission and fasts

During late 2011 and early 2012, Modi undertook a series of fasts as part of a Sadbhavna Mission (Goodwill Mission), meant to reach out to the Muslim community in Gujarat.[105] Modi announced that he believed that his fast would "further strengthen Gujarat’s environment of peace, unity and harmony."[106]

The mission started on 17 September 2011 in Ahmedabad with a three-day fast. He subsequently observed 36 fasts in 26 districts and eight cities.[107] However, these fasts were not well received by all Muslims; for example, Modi's refusal to wear a skull cap offered to him by a Muslim cleric named Sayed Imam Shahi Saiyed[108] of a Dargah in Piranawas was deemed an insult by the cleric.[109] Another example occurred when Modi was fasting in Godhra, the site of the train burning that sparked the 2002 riots: a number of activists were detained for allegedly planning rallies against Modi.[110][111] Although some criticised his fast as a public relations mission,[112] Modi himself denied that the mission was about wooing "any particular community or religion".[113]

In 2011, the Supreme Court complimented the Gujarat Government for its land acquisition policy as there were "no complaints of any forcible acquisition" whereas issues of farmers and poor being uprooted are pouring in from all other states.[114]

Press and public relations

In 2011, the Gujarat state organisation of the Indian National Congress party banned the Gujarati-language TV 9 television channel from covering its events and prevented access to its press conferences.[115] Modi criticised this decision, saying that

Journalists on Twitter who spoke against Congress, were blocked. Here they banned a TV channel. Their crime is that they exposed cracks in the ghar nu ghar (own your home) scheme of the Congress. Yet this party talks about democracy.[116]

Modi interacted with netizens on Google+ on 31 August 2012.[117] The chat session was also broadcast live on YouTube.[117] The questions were submitted before the chat, and those broadcast were mostly based on issues about education, youth empowerment, rural development and causes of urbanisation.[118] The hashtag #ModiHangout became the most trending term in India at Twitter on the day of the session, whereas #VoteOutModi, used by Modi's opponents, became the third most trending term in the country.[117] The event made Modi the first Indian politician to interact with netizens through live chat on the internet.[119]

Fourth term (2012–2014)

Modi at the inauguration of a hospital in Kheda district, Gujarat.
Further information: Gujarat legislative assembly election, 2012

In the 2012 Gujarat legislative assembly elections, Modi won from the constituency of Maninagar with a majority of 86,373 votes over Sanjiv Bhatt's wife, Shweta, who was contesting for the Indian National Congress.[120] The BJP won 115 of the 182 seats, continuing the majority that the party has had throughout Modi's tenure,[121] and allowing the party to form the government, as it has in Gujarat since 1995.[122]

In later by-elections, the BJP won an additional four assembly seats and 2 Lok Sabha seats that were all held by the Indian National Congress prior to the by-elections, even though Modi never campaigned for its candidates.[123] This brought the number of seats held by the BJP in the state assembly up to 119.

In 2013, the Wharton India Economic Forum (WIEF) at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania cancelled a keynote video-conference speech by Modi after some Indian-Americans lobbied against Modi.[124]

After being elected as Prime Minister, Modi resigned from the post of chief minister on 21 May 2014, and his MLA seat from the Maninagar constituency, after delivering a leaving speech described as emotional. Anandiben Patel was chosen as his replacement.[125]

National government

2009 election

File:Narendra Modi in BJP National Executive Meet in Goa.jpg
Modi and other BJP leaders after the party's National Executive Meet. Modi was named the chairman of Central Election Campaign Committee during this meet.

Modi played a role in the 2009 national general election campaign.[126][127] On 31 March 2013, Modi was appointed to the BJP Parliamentary Board, the highest decision-making body of the party.[128][129] On 9 June 2013, Modi was appointed Chairman of the BJP's Central Election Campaign Committee for the 2014 general election, at the national level executive meeting of BJP.[130] The party's senior leader and founding member Lal Krishna Advani resigned from all his posts at the party following the selection, protesting against leaders who were "concerned with their personal agendas"; the resignation was described by The Times of India as "a protest against Narendra Modi's elevation as the chairman of the party's election committee". However, Advani withdrew his resignation the next day at the urging of RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat.[131] In September 2013, BJP announced Modi as their prime ministerial candidate for the 2014 Lok Sabha election.[132]

2014 general election

Main article: Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for Indian general election, 2014
Modi addressing his first rally after being declared as the Prime Ministerial candidate of the NDA at Rewari, Haryana.

Narendra Modi contested the election from two constituencies: Varanasi[133] and Vadodara.[134] His candidacy was supported by spiritual leaders Ramdev and Morari Bapu,[135] and by economists Jagdish Bhagwati and Arvind Panagariya, who have stated that they, "...are impressed by Modi's economics." [136] His detractors included Nobel Prize laureate economist Amartya Sen, who said that he did not want Modi as a Prime Minister because he had not done enough to make minorities feel safe, and claimed that under Modi, Gujarat's record in health and education provision has been "pretty bad".[103]

A BJP unit celebrated its party led alliance's victory in the 2014 Indian General Election under the leadership of Modi by raising the traditional Gudhi, a ritual normally performed in celebration of Hindu new year.

Modi won from both seats he contested; defeating Arvind Kejriwal, leader of the Aam Aadmi Party, in Varanasi and Madhusudan Mistry of the Indian National Congress in Vadodara (by a margin of 5,70,128 votes, the second highest ever).[137] He led the BJP-led NDA to a decisive victory in the general elections in which the ruling Indian National Congress suffered its worst ever defeat.[138][139][140] Modi was unanimously elected as the leader of the BJP parliamentary party following his party's victory in the Indian parliamentary elections and was subsequently appointed the prime minister by India's president.[141][142]

Prime Minister

Main article: Swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi

Modi was sworn in as prime minister on 26 May at the Rastrapati Bhavan. He is India's first prime minister born after the country's independence.[143] In a first of its kind, Modi invited all SAARC leaders to attend his swearing-in ceremony;[144] the attendees included Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif,[145] Sri Lankan president Mahinda Rajapaksa, Afghanistan president Hamid Karzai, Bhutan Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay, Nepal Prime Minister Sushil Koirala, Maldives president President Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom and speaker of Bangladesh Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury and Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam of Mauritius (SAARC observer).[146][147]

International diplomacy

Modi speaking at the World Economic Forum's India Economic Summit 2008 in New Delhi.

To attract foreign investment in Gujarat during his time as chief minister, Modi made visits to countries such as China, Singapore and Japan.[148] He also visited China in November 2006 to study the Special Economic Zones that were about to be implemented in Gujarat.[149] He again visited in September 2007[150] and later in November 2011. A month after his visit of 2011, the Chinese Government released 13 diamond traders from India who had been jailed by the Shenzhen Customs, which Modi attributed to his diplomatic efforts and statesmanship.[151][152]

In 2005, Modi was denied a diplomatic visa to the United States. In addition, the B-1/B-2 visa that had previously been granted to him was also revoked, under a section of the Immigration and Nationality Act which makes any foreign government official who was responsible or "directly carried out, at any time, particularly severe violations of religious freedom" ineligible for the visa.[153] In July 2013, BJP president Rajnath Singh visited the US and gave a speech urging the US to grant Modi a visa to visit the country.[154][155] In response to Singh's visit, 65 Members of the Indian parliament allegedly signed a letter to US President Barack Obama requesting that the policy of denying Modi a visa be upheld.[156] However, the veracity of some of the signatures has been called into question, as Sitaram Yechury and purported signatories have denied ever signing such a petition[157] In March 2014, when asked if Washington was ready to do business with Modi, U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Nisha Biswal commented that "the United States has welcomed every leader (of India)", and "a democratically elected leader of India will be a welcome partner".[158]

A report in April 2014 in the Sunday Guardian revealed that by the end of 2012, a reversal in foreign policy towards Modi by Obama had occurred. Previously, during the tenure of former secretary of state Hillary Clinton, efforts were made to "get Narendra Modi", apparently for the 2002 Gujarat riots, but in reality "for taking stands that may be different from that favoured by the US administration". The clandestine operation had run through European NGOs, and efforts were made to find mass-graves in Gujarat, which could be presented as "evidence of genocide" to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva.[citation needed] According to the report, despite six years of searching, aided by local politicians, "no evidence whatsoever of mass graves was uncovered".[159] As the prospect of Modi becoming India’s leader became more real, U.S. diplomats reached out to him and tried to improve relations.[160]

In 2011, the Karachi Chamber of Commerce & Industry, impressed with the development of Gujarat, invited Modi to visit Pakistan and address prominent business leaders. They also asked him to consider a flight between Karachi and Ahmedabad, on account of the historical cultural and economic relations between the two regions of Gujarat and Sindh. Modi wanted to help Pakistan out of its power crisis, especially in Sindh, suggesting Pakistan can follow the 'Gujarat Model' in two ways — Gujarat Solar Park and Kalpasar Project.[161]

In April 2014, in a move described as "unexpected", senior Pakistani diplomats told The Daily Telegraph that Modi is their preferred choice for the Prime Minister of India, "as he could provide the strong leadership necessary for peace talks".[162]

The United Kingdom refused to deal with Modi for a decade following the 2002 violence but lifted its diplomatic boycott in October 2012.[163] Later, in March 2013, the European Union, of which the UK is a member, also ended its boycott, saying that talking with Modi was a separate issue from that of protecting human rights and the rights of women.[164]

Although boycotted by Western nations, Modi visited Japan in 2012. According to Ryohei Kasai, research fellow at the Center for South Asian Studies, Gifu Women's University, Japan, "There is a growing interest in Modi in Japan with much anticipation that he will reshape India by revitalizing its economy and better governance.[citation needed] I believe Japan has an excellent relationship with him. Not only have successive Japanese ambassadors to India been regular guests in 'Vibrant Gujarat' investors' summit (organized biennially) but Japanese private companies also made a big amount of investment in the state."[165]

Personality and image

Narendra Modi meeting the South Korean ambassador in Gandhinagar.

Modi is a vegetarian.[166] He has a frugal lifestyle with a personal staff of three. He is a workaholic and an introvert.[167] He writes poems in Gujarati.[168] As a speaker, he is known as a crowd-puller.[169] In the critical opinion of Somini Sengupta, writing for the New York Times in a 2009 article on the Supreme Court's ordering of an investigation into Modi's role in the 2002 Gujarat riots, "Mr. Modi has assiduously sought to reinvent himself from a scruffy mascot of Hindu nationalism to a decisive corporate-style administrator"[51]

Modi has been labelled by the media and some articles in peer-reviewed journals as a controversial, polarising, and divisive figure,[170][171][172] but British economist Jim O'Neill, author of the BRIC report, wrote on his blog that Modi is "good on economics", one of the things that "India desperately needs in a leader".[173] In August 2013, financial analyst Chris Wood, chief strategist of CLSA, wrote in his weekly Greed & Fear that "the Indian stock market's greatest hope is the emergence of Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi as the BJP's prime ministerial candidate".[173]

Awards and recognitions

  • Gujarat Ratna by Shri Poona Gujarati Bandhu Samaj at Ganesh Kala Krida Manch on celebration of centenary year.[174]
  • e-Ratna award by the Computer Society of India[175]
  • Best Chief Minister – In a nationwide survey conducted in 2007 by India Today magazine, Narendra Modi was declared the Best Chief Minister in the country.[176]
  • Asian Winner of the fDi Personality of the Year Award for 2009 by FDi magazine.[177]
  • In March 2012, Modi appeared on the cover of the Asian edition of Time, one of India's few politicians to have done so.[178]
  • Modi was featured in Time's 2014 Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world.[179]

References

Notes

  1. ^ The exact number of people killed in the train burning is variously reported. For example, the BBC says it was 59[44] while The Guardian put the figure at 60.[45]
  2. ^ Afzal Guru was executed on 9 February 2013. There had been BJP allegations that the government's delaying of the execution for so long was an attempt to ensure that the Muslim vote was not lost.[85]

Citations

  1. ^ Harris, Gardiner (13 September 2013). "Divisive Nationalist to Lead Opposition in Indian Vote". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
  2. ^ Menon, Kalyani Devaki (2012). Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0812222340. Yet, months after this violent pogrom against Muslims, the Hindu nationalist chief minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi, went to the polls and won a resounding victory
  3. ^ Mishra, Pankaj (April 2011). Visweswaran, Kamala (ed.). Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 188. ISBN 978-1405100625. The chief minister of Gujarat, a young up-and-coming leader of the Hindu nationalists called Narendra Modi, quoted Isaac Newton to explain the killings of Muslims. "Every action", he said, "has an equal and opposite reaction."
  4. ^ Nair, Rupam Jain (12 December 2007). "Edgy Indian state election going down to the wire". Reuters. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  5. ^ Robinson, Simon (11 December 2007). "India's Voters Torn Over Politician". Time. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  6. ^ Burke, Jason (28 March 2010). "Gujarat leader Narendra Modi grilled for 10 hours at massacre inquiry". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  7. ^ a b Buncombe, Andrew (19 September 2011). "A rebirth dogged by controversy". The Independent. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  8. ^ David, Ruth (24 December 2007). "Controversial Gujarati Premier Confirmed in Office". Forbes. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  9. ^ Joseph, Manu (15 February 2012). "Shaking Off the Horror of the Past in India". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  10. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (June 2013). "Gujarat Elections: The Sub-Text of Modi's 'Hattrick' — High Tech Populism and the 'Neo-middle Class". Studies in Indian Politics. 1. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  11. ^ "'Modi is a Teli-Ghanchi OBC': BJP". The Times of India. 23 April 2014.
  12. ^ "Everything you need to know about Narendra Modi". Livemint. 29 September 2011.
  13. ^ "BJP plays Modi caste card to run down Nitish". Hindustan Times. 18 June 2013.
  14. ^ "OBC વડાપ્રધાન હોવા જોઈએ ભાજપ હવે જ્ઞાાતિનું કાર્ડ ઉતરશે". Gujarat Samachar. 6 May 2014.
  15. ^ Bhatt, Sheela (16 September 2011). "Why fasting is no big deal for Narendra Modi". Rediff.com. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  16. ^ "Early lifeof Narendra Modi". India Today. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Jose, Vinod K. (1 March 2012). "The Emperor Uncrowned". The Caravan. pp. 2–4. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  18. ^ Mehta, Harit (18 September 2011). "On Race Course road?". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014.
  19. ^ a b "Prime Minister Narendra Modi - Personal life story". Prime Minister of India's Office. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  20. ^ a b "Affidavit of Narendra Modi for 2014 Indian General Elections (Varanasi)". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  21. ^ "Modi's life dominates publishing space (Election Special)". New Kerala. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  22. ^ a b Unnithan, Sandeep (2014). "The man behind Modi: Lakshmanrao Inamdar". Ahmedabad: India Today. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  23. ^ a b c d Marino, Andy (2014). Narendra Modi: A Political Biography. HarperCollins India. ISBN 9351362183.
  24. ^ a b Mukhopadhyay, Nilanjan (2014). "Narendra Modi: The making of the political leader". Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  25. ^ "Narendra Modi: Dedicated Life". Narenndra Modi. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  26. ^ a b c d Pathak, Anil (2 October 2001). "Modi's meteoric rise". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  27. ^ Debasree (2014). "Will former tea vendor be India's next PM?". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  28. ^ "Narendra Modi's 'wife' Jashodaben finally speaks, 'I like to read about him (Modi)... I know he will become PM'". The Financial Express. 1 February 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  29. ^ a b c d e "Narendra Modi: From tea vendor to PM candidate". India Today. 13 September 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  30. ^ Bodh, Anand (17 February 2014). "I am single, so best man to fight graft: Narendra Modi". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  31. ^ "Jashodaben is my wife, Narendra Modi admits under oath". The Times of India. 10 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  32. ^ "Modi proves to be an astute strategist". The Hindu. 23 December 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  33. ^ "From Vadnagar to 7 RCR: Modi's meteoric rise". Rediff News. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  34. ^ a b "Narendra Modi's Book on the Emergency". India 272 Staff. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  35. ^ "Why Modi disguised as Sikh during Emergency?". Dainik Bhaskar. 16 March 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2014. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  36. ^ Patel, Aakar. "The poetic side of Narendra Modi". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  37. ^ "Emergency Time taught Me Importance of Democracy: Narendra Modi". India 272 Campaign. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  38. ^ Mishra, Mayank (20 July 2013). "Did Narendra Modi make Gujarat Vibrant?". Business Standard. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  39. ^ a b c d Venkatesan, V. (13 October 2001). "A pracharak as Chief Minister". Frontline. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  40. ^ "Gujarat Assembly Elections 2012: Narendra Modi profile". Zee News. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  41. ^ Mehta, Harit (1 April 2014). "Six-year banishment led to Narendra Modi's metamorphosis". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  42. ^ a b c d e f Phadnis, Aditi (2009). Business Standard Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings. Business Standard Books. pp. 116–21. ISBN 978-81-905735-4-2.
  43. ^ Bunsha, Dionne (13 October 2001). "A new oarsman". Frontline. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  44. ^ "Eleven sentenced to death for India Godhra train blaze". BBC News. 1 March 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  45. ^ Burke, Jason (22 February 2011). "Godhra train fire verdict prompts tight security measures". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  46. ^ Hampton, Janie (2002). Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey. Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-1853839528.
  47. ^ "Gujarat Riot Death Toll revealed". BBC News. 11 May 2005. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
  48. ^ Campbell, John; Seiple, Chris; Hoover, Dennis R.; Otis, Pauletta, eds. (2012). The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security. Routledge. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-415-66744-9.
  49. ^ a b "Army too helpless as violence mounts". The Economic Times. 1 March 2002. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  50. ^ a b "Curfew imposed in 26 cities". The Hindu. 1 March 2002. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  51. ^ a b c Sengupta, Somini (28 April 2009). "Shadows of Violence Cling to Indian Politician". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  52. ^ "Modi wanted Godhra bodies to come to A'bad". The Times of India. 22 August 2004. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  53. ^ "Decision to bring Godhra victims' bodies taken at top level". The Hindu. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  54. ^ a b c "Timeline: Zakia Jafri vs Modi in 2002 Gujarat riots case". Hindustan Times. 26 December 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  55. ^ "National Human Rights Commission vs. State of Gujarat & Ors. - Writ Petition (Crl.) No. 109/2003". Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  56. ^ "Jakia Nasim Ahesan & Anr. vs. State of Gujarat & Ors. - SLP (Crl) No. 1088 of 2008". Supreme Court of India. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  57. ^ Mahapatra, Dhananjay (3 December 2010). "SIT clears Narendra Modi of willfully allowing post-Godhra riots". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  58. ^ "SIT rejects amicus curiae's observations against Modi". The Hindu. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  59. ^ "Proceed against Modi for Gujarat riots: amicus". The Hindu. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  60. ^ Soni, Nikunj (21 February 2012). "For Maya Kodnani, riots memories turn her smile into gloom". DNA India. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  61. ^ "Maya Kodnani led mob to carry out Naroda riot: Gujarat govt to HC". The Economic Times. 21 February 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  62. ^ "Naroda Patiya riots: Former minister Maya Kodnani gets 28 years in jail". NDTV. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  63. ^ "Narendra Modi government now rethinks death penalty for ex-aide Maya Kodnani". NDTV. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  64. ^ "Modi government does U-turn on death penalty for Kodnani, Bajrangi". The Hindu. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  65. ^ "Modi gets cold feet on death for Kodnani". Hindustan Times. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  66. ^ "Gujarat Cabinet puts off decision on elections". The Tribune. 17 April 2002. Retrieved 9 May 2006.
  67. ^ "Congress demands Modi's resignation over Bannerjee report". Rediff.com. 3 March 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2007.
  68. ^ "BJP national exec rejects Modi's resignation". Rediff.com. 12 April 2002. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  69. ^ "Gujarat Assembly dissolved, early poll sought". The Economic Times. 19 July 2002. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  70. ^ "Modi resigns; seeks Assembly dissolution". The Hindu. 19 July 2002. Retrieved 9 May 2006.
  71. ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. p. 228. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  72. ^ a b "Gujarat IB officers transferred for putting Modi's controversial speech on record". Rediff. 19 July 2002. Retrieved 17 September 2002.
  73. ^ Brasted, Howard V. (2005). Lahoud, Nelly; Johns, A. H. (eds.). Islam in World Politics. Routledge. p. 119. ISBN 978-0415324113. the successful anti-Muslim campaign run in Gujarat in December 2002 by its provincial chief minister Narendra Modi – a hardline Hindu nationalist preacher turned politician – has ominous implications.
  74. ^ Corbridge, Stuart (2012). India Today: Economy, Politics and Society. Polity Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0745661124. December 2002, the BJP – led by Narendra Modi, who conducted a vicious campaign, making many stridently anti-Muslim statements {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  75. ^ Hardgrave, Jr., Robert L. (2005). "Hindu Nationalism and the BJP: Transforming Religion and Politics in India". In Dossani, Rafiq; Rowen, Henry S. (eds.). Prospects For Peace in South Asia. Stanford University Press. pp. 210–211. ISBN 9780804750851. In the campaign, Modi fused religion and politics and, as a spur to anti-Muslim sentiment, made Islamic terrorism and its ties to Pakistan a central plank in the BJP platform" etc
  76. ^ a b c Umat, Ajay (9 February 2013). "Once Hindutva twins, Narendra Modi and PravinTogadia no longer conjoined". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  77. ^ "Religious leaders demand rebuilding of temples". DNA India. [Press Trust of India. 25 November 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  78. ^ Dasgupta, Manas (4 April 2002). "Vajpayee's advice to Modi". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  79. ^ "Vajpayee, Advani differed over Modi's resignation". India Today. 20 March 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  80. ^ Tellis, Ashley J.; Wills, Michael (September 2007). Domestic political change and grand strategy. National Bureau of Asian Research. pp. 193–4. ISBN 978-0-9713938-8-2.
  81. ^ Yogendra, Kanwar (13 June 2004). "Not removing Modi was a mistake, says Vajpayee". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  82. ^ Naqvi, Saba (22 December 2008). "When fear didn't enter the booth". Outlook India. pp. 26–28. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  83. ^ "Mahatma on lips, Modi fights Centre". The Telegraph. Kolkata, India. 19 July 2006. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
  84. ^ "Now, Amar Singh says Afzal Guru must be hanged". The Indian Express. 4 November 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
  85. ^ a b Mohan, Vishwa (10 February 2013). "Afzal Guru hanged, remains in Tihar; no last wish, refused to eat". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  86. ^ "Modi wants 3-layer ring to secure coast". The Times of India. 28 November 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
  87. ^ "Narendra Modi wins Maninagar by 70,000 votes". The Hindustan Times. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  88. ^ "BJP adds 5 seats in Gujarat Assembly by-polls". The Deccan Herald. 14 September 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
  89. ^ a b c d Shah, Tushaar (2011). Business Standard India 2011. Business Standard Books. pp. 195–199. ISBN 978-93-80740-04-1.
  90. ^ Mahurkar, Uday (4 June 2010). "A green rising". India Today. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  91. ^ a b "Gujarat, Maharashtra record highest growth in farm sector". The Hindu. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  92. ^ Shah, Tushaar; Gulati, Ashok; Hemant, P.; Shreedhar, Ganga; Jain, R. C. (December 2009). "Secret of Gujarat's Agrarian Miracle after 2000". Economic and Political Weekly. 44 (52): 45–55. (subscription required)
  93. ^ a b Mishra, Mayank (20 July 2013). "Did Narendra Modi make Gujarat Vibrant?". Business Standard. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  94. ^ Shah, Tushar (22 February 2008). "Co-Management of Electricity and Groundwater: An Assessment of Gujarat's Jyotirgram Scheme". Economic and Political weekly. 43: 59–66. Retrieved 29 April 2014. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  95. ^ "Good interest for developing SEZ, non-SEZ areas in GIFT city". The Economic Times. 11 January 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  96. ^ GIFT Project Update July 2012 - Building and Construction Authority, Government of Singapore
  97. ^ Bobbio, Tommaso (2012). "Making Gujarat Vibrant: Hindutva, development and the rise of subnationalism in India". Third World Quarterly. 33 (4): 657–672. doi:10.1080/01436597.2012.657423. (subscription required)
  98. ^ Ibrahim, Farhana (25 August 2007). "Capitalism, Multiculturalism and Tolerance: A Perspective on'Vibrant Gujarat". Economic and Political Weekly: 3446–3449. JSTOR 4419936. (subscription required)
  99. ^ Mehta, Nalin (15 October 2010). "Ashis Nandy vs. the state of Gujarat: authoritarian developmentalism, democracy and the politics of Narendra Modi". South Asian History and Culture. 1 (4): 577–596. doi:10.1080/19472498.2010.507028. {{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |journal= (help) (subscription required)
  100. ^ Shah, Ghanshyam (June 2013). "Politics of Governance: A Study of Gujarat". Studies in Indian Politics. 1 (1): 65–77. doi:10.1177/2321023013482788. {{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |journal= (help) (subscription required)
  101. ^ Pathak, Vikas (11 August 2013). "Gujarat looks at marketing human development now". The Hindustan Times. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  102. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (June 2013). "Gujarat Elections: The Sub-Text of Modi's 'Hattrick'—High Tech Populism and the 'Neo-middle Class'". Studies in Indian Politics. 1 (1): 79–95. doi:10.1177/2321023013482789. {{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |journal= (help)[1]
  103. ^ a b Sen, Amartya (22 July 2013). "I don't want Narendra Modi as my PM: Amartya Sen". The Indian Express. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  104. ^ Bhagwati, Jagdish; Panagariya, Arvind (2013). "Reforms and Their Impact on Health and Education". Why Growth Matters:How Economic Growth in India Reduced Poverty and the Lessons for Other Developing Countries. New York City: PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781610392723. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
  105. ^ Kaushik, Himanshu (17 September 2011). "Narendra Modi begins 'sadbhavna' fast among chants of Allahu akbar, shlokas". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  106. ^ "'I am starting a Sadbhavana Mission': Modi's open letter calls for harmony". Firstpost. 17 September 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  107. ^ "Thanks to people of Gujarat for giving huge support to Sadbhavana Mission". narendramodi.in. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  108. ^ "Narendra Modi refuses to put on 'skull cap' offered by Muslim cleric". The Times of India. 19 September 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  109. ^ Dasgupta, Manas (21 September 2011). "Muslims unimpressed by Modi's fast". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  110. ^ "Narendra Modi takes Sadbhavna Mission to Godhra". Indian Express. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  111. ^ "Narendra Modi refuses to put on 'skull cap' offered by Muslim cleric". The Times of India. PTI. 19 September 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  112. ^ "'Sadbhavna Mission is PR exercise". Daily News and Analysis. 17 September 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  113. ^ "Modi offered Muslim prayer cap, declines". Zee News. 19 September 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  114. ^ "Land Acquisition act is a fraud, ought to be scrapped: Supreme Court". The Economic Times. PTI. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  115. ^ "Modhwadia censors media: Gujarat Congress bans TV9". Gujarat Global. 24 August 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  116. ^ "Modi slams Cong over TV channel ban". One India. 27 August 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  117. ^ a b c "Narendra Modi on Google Hangout, Ajay Devgn to host event". The Times of India. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  118. ^ Dinakaran, R. (1 September 2012). "Modi chats live on Google Plus Hangout". The Hindu. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  119. ^ "People ask, Narendra Modi answers on Google Plus Hangout". CNN-IBN. 1 September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  120. ^ "Big win for Narendra Modi, defeats Shweta Bhatt by huge margin". NDTV. Press Trust of India. 20 December 2012.
  121. ^ Ghassem-fachandi, Parvis (2012). Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India. Princeton University Press. p. 198. ISBN 9780691151779.
  122. ^ 1. "Action continues: Narendra Modi makes lotus bloom again in Gujarat". DNA India. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
    2. "Gujarat results 2012 Live :Modi's claim for PM's post gets stronger". Samay Live. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
  123. ^ "BJP sweeps Gujarat bypolls, RJD trumps JD(U) in Bihar". The Hindu. 6 June 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  124. ^ Bhowmick, Nilanjana (5 March 2013). "Why Wharton Canceled Narendra Modi's Speech". Time. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  125. ^ LIVE: Anandiben Patel named new Gujarat chief minister - IndiaToday - May 21 2014l
  126. ^ Ramakrishnan, Venkatesh (11 April 2009). "A Wide Open Contest". Frontline. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  127. ^ "BJP banking on Modi effect". The Hindu. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  128. ^ "Narendra Modi inducted into BJP Parliamentary Board, Rajnath rejigs team". The Economic Times. 31 March 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  129. ^ "Parliamentary Board". Bharatiya Janata Party. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
  130. ^ "Narendra Modi set appointed as Chairman of BJP's Central Election Campaign Committee". The Economic Times. 9 June 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  131. ^ "Advani grabs lifeline, meekly withdraws resignation". The Times of India. 12 June 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  132. ^ "BJP announces Modi as prime ministerial candidate". The Hindu. 14 September 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  133. ^ "It's official: Modi picked for Varanasi, Jaitley for Amritsar". The Times of India. 16 March 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  134. ^ "Narendra Modi files nomination in Vadodara after grand roadshow". NDTV. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  135. ^ Kunwar, D S (27 April 2013). "Sadhus want Narendra Modi declared NDA's PM candidate". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  136. ^ "Academic brawl: Bhagwati-Panagariya pitch for Modi while Amartya Sen backs Nitish". The Economic Times. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  137. ^ "Modi's Vadodara victory margin not highest-ever". Business Standard. 16 May 2014.
  138. ^ "Lok Sabha polls: Narendra Modi wins big from Varanasi, Vadodara". Zee News. 16 May 2014.
  139. ^ "Election Results 2014: Narendra Modi Wins By Huge Margin in Vadodara". NDTV. 16 May 2014.
  140. ^ "Election Results 2014: Ab Ki Baar, Modi Sarkaar. BJP+ set for more than 300 seats". NDTV. 16 May 2014.
  141. ^ "President appoints Narendra Modi as Prime Minister, Oath taking ceremony on May 26". Office of President of India. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  142. ^ "Narendra Modi appointed PM, swearing-in on May 26". Indian Express. Press Trust of India. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  143. ^ "Narendra Modi appointed Prime Minister, swearing in on May 26". Times of India. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  144. ^ Swami, Praveen (22 May 2014). "In a first, Modi invites SAARC leaders for his swearing-in". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  145. ^ "PM accepts India's invite to Modi's oath-taking". DAWN. 24 May 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  146. ^ Jacob, Jayanth (24 May 2014). "Not SAARC meeting officially, but almost at Modi's swearing-in". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  147. ^ TNN (24 May 2014). "Pak PM Nawaz Sharif to attend Narendra Modi's swearing-in ceremony". Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  148. ^ "Japanese vendors keen on Gujarat: Suzuki tells Modi". Business Standard. 25 August 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  149. ^ "Gujarat now India's SEZ: Modi". The Indian Express. 6 September 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
  150. ^ "Modi visits Dalian port in China, meets city Mayor". One India. 8 September 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
  151. ^ "Modi shines like a diamond; frees jailed traders in China". One India. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  152. ^ "China frees 13 diamond traders, Narendra Modi pats his own back". Mumbai Mirror. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  153. ^ "No entry for Modi into US: visa denied". The Times of India. 18 March 2005. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  154. ^ "Rajnath Singh to try and get Narendra Modi US visa powe". DNA India. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  155. ^ Singh&n, Rajnath (22 July 2013). "US will have to give Narendra Modi visa sooner than later". The Economic Times. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  156. ^ "65 MPs write to Barack Obama: Don't give visa to Modi – The Economic Times on Mobile". The Economic Times. 5 December 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  157. ^ "Narendra Modi visa row: 9 MPs deny signing letter, govt says why involve the US". The Hindustan Times. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  158. ^ "U.S. says ready to do business with Indian front runner Modi". Reuters. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  159. ^ "Obama quietly reverses Hillary's 'get Modi' policy". Sunday Guardian. 19 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  160. ^ Cassidy, John (16 May 2014). "What Does Modi's Victory Mean for the World?". The Newyorker. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  161. ^ "Narendra Modi invites Pak investment, offers energy solutions". The News International. 20 September 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  162. ^ "Pakistan 'backs Narendra Modi' as India's next prime minister". The Daily Telegraph. 21 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  163. ^ Burke, Jason (22 October 2012). "UK government ends boycott of Narendra Modi". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  164. ^ "Germany delinks Narendra Modi's image from human rights issues". NDTV. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  165. ^ Narendra Modi and the art of Twiplomacy. Livemint (2014-05-14). Retrieved on 2014-05-21.
  166. ^ Harding, Luke (18 August 2013). "Profile: Narendra Modi". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  167. ^ "The Hawk in Flight". Outlook India. 24 December 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  168. ^ Aakar, Patel (19 December 2012). "Narendra Modi, smart politician and average poet". The Hindustan Times. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  169. ^ "Crowd puller Modi". The Hindustan Times. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  170. ^ Ramaseshan, Radhika (2 July 2013). "Boomerang warning in article on 'polarising' Modi". The Telegraph. Kolkata. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  171. ^ Malik, Ashok (8 November 2012). "Popular but polarising: can Narendra Modi be PM?". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  172. ^ Bajaj, Vikas (22 December 2012). "In India, a Dangerous and Divisive Technocrat". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  173. ^ a b "NaMo, Ram the new mantra on Dalal Street!". The Economic Times. 15 September 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  174. ^ "Narendra Modi to be presented 'Gujarat Ratna' today". The Times of India. 18 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  175. ^ "Twitter's Modi Express steams past 600,000 followers". One India. 1 May 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  176. ^ "Making Up For Lost Time". India Today. 12 February 2007. Retrieved 12 February 2007.
  177. ^ "Modi wins fDi personality of the year award". Sify. 25 August 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
  178. ^ "Why Narendra Modi is India's Most Loved and Loathed Politician". Time magazine. 16 March 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  179. ^ Zakaria, Fareed (23 April 2014). "The 100 Most Influential People: Narendra Modi". Time magazine. US. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Narendra Modi.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Narendra Modi.

Official

Others

Political offices
Preceded by Chief Minister of Gujarat
2001–2014 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of India
2014–present 		Incumbent

Template:Current EAS Leaders

Template:Persondata

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narendra_Modi&oldid=610208777"