List of Internet top-level domains
![]() | Parts of this article (those related to New TLDs: http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/program-status/delegated-strings) need to be updated. (March 2014) |
This is a list of Internet top-level domains (TLDs). A top-level domain is a domain name in the Domain Name System that is a direct subdomain of the DNS root zone.
The official list of all top-level domains is maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).[1]
In an initiative to expand the domain name space, IANA is considering approval of several proposed top-level domains.
Original top-level domains
Seven generic top-level domains were created early in the development of the Internet, and pre-date the creation of ICANN in 1998.[2]
- Name: DNS name
- Entity: intended use
- Notes: general remarks
- IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
.com | commercial | This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Though originally intended for use by for-profit business entities, for a number of reasons it became the "main" TLD for domain names and is currently used by all types of entities including nonprofits, schools and private individuals. Domain name registrations may be successfully challenged if the holder cannot prove an outside relation justifying reservation of the name, to prevent "squatting". | Yes | Yes |
.org | organization | This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally intended for use by non-profit organizations, and still primarily used by some. | Yes | Yes |
.net | network | This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally intended for use by domains pointing to a distributed network of computers, or "umbrella" sites that act as the portal to a set of smaller websites. | Yes | Yes |
.int | international organizations | The .int TLD is strictly limited to organizations, offices, and programs which are endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations. However, there are a few grandfathered domain names that do not meet these criteria. | No | No |
.edu | educational | The .edu TLD is limited to specific educational institutions such as, but not limited to, primary schools, middle schools, secondary schools, colleges, and universities. In the US, its usability was limited in 2001 to post-secondary institutions accredited by an agency on the list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies maintained by the United States Department of Education. This domain is therefore almost exclusively used by American colleges and universities. Some institutions that do not meet the current registration criteria have grandfathered domain names. | No | Yes |
.gov | governmental | The .gov TLD is limited to governmental entities and agencies in the US. | No | Yes |
.mil | US military | The .mil TLD is limited to use by the United States military. | No | Yes |
Infrastructure top-level domain
Infrastructure | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
.arpa | Address and Routing Parameter Area | Originally assigned to the Advanced Research Projects Agency in the early days on the Internet, .arpa is now exclusively used as an Internet infrastructure TLD. "Address and Routing Parameter Area" is an example of a backronym. | No | Yes |
Country code top-level domains
Note: the country code domain system was created in the early days of the Domain Name System, and pre-dates ICANN.
- name: DNS name of the (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2) two-letter country-code top-level domain
- Entity: country, dependency, or region
- Explanation: explanation of the code when not self-evident from the English name of the country
- Notes: general remarks
- IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
- SLD: allows Second-level domain registration (restrictions may apply)
- IPv6: Registry fully supports IPv6 access
Name | Entity | Explanation | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC | SLD | IPv6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.ac | ![]() |
Commonly used for academic websites, such as universities. However, .ac is not to be confused with the official British academic domain .ac.uk. | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
.ad | ![]() |
Local trademark, trade name or citizenship required [3][4] | No | Yes | |||
.ae | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.af | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.ag | ![]() |
Also unofficially used by German businesses (where AG is an abbreviation of Aktiengesellschaft, a legal entity form similar to a corporation limited by shares) | Yes | Yes | |||
.ai | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.al | ![]() |
Citizenship no longer required | No | No | |||
.am | ![]() |
Also unofficially used by AM Radio Stations or related business | Yes | Yes | |||
.an | ![]() |
Local presence required; Netherlands Antilles were dissolved on October 10, 2010; | No | Yes | |||
.ao | ![]() |
No | |||||
.aq | ![]() |
Antarctique | Defined by the Antarctic Treaty as everything south of latitude 60°S. AQ domain names are available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and to other registrants who have a physical presence in Antarctica. | No | Yes | ||
.ar | ![]() |
Yes[a 1] | No | No | |||
.as | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.at | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.au | ![]() |
Restrictions apply. In general, registrants must be Australian, and most have a minimum 2 year registration period.[5] Includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Coral Sea Islands. | No | No | |||
.aw | ![]() |
Aruba, West Indies | Restricted to registered Aruban companies, organisations and citizens | No | Yes | ||
.ax | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.az | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.ba | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.bb | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.bd | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.be | ![]() |
Also unofficially used in the canton of Berne, Switzerland | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
.bf | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.bg | ![]() |
Yes[a 2] | Yes | Yes | |||
.bh | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.bi | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.bj | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.bm | ![]() |
Local corporate registration required | No | Yes | |||
.bn | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.bo | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.br | ![]() |
Restricted. Registration is done under several categories (i.e.: .edu.br for higher education institutions, .gov.br for government agencies, etc.)[6] | Yes[7] | Yes | No[a 3] | ||
.bs | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.bt | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.bv | ![]() |
Not in use (Norwegian dependency; see .no). | No | No | No | ||
.bw | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.by | ![]() |
Byelorussia | also unofficially used to denote Bayern (Bavaria), Germany | Yes | Yes | ||
.bz | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.ca | ![]() |
Subject to Canadian Presence Requirements. | Yes[a 4] | Yes | Yes | ||
.cc | ![]() |
Australian territory: do not confuse with Cocos islands in Guam. Also used as a free domain service to the public as cc.cc, cu.cc or cz.cc domain. | Yes | Yes | |||
.cd | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.cf | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.cg | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.ch | ![]() |
Confoederatio Helvetica (Latin) | Yes[a 5] | Yes | Yes | ||
.ci | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.ck | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.cl | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
.cm | ![]() |
A local entity/company in Cameroon is required to register a domain name. | No | Yes | |||
.cn | ![]() |
A local company in China is required to register a domain name. Hong Kong and Macau also maintain TLDs. | Yes | Yes | |||
.co | ![]() |
Marketed as a global domain – recognized as a gccTLD by Google. Anyone can register. | Yes | Yes | |||
.cr | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.cs | ![]() |
This ccTLD was deleted around January 1995. The ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code CS was later assigned to Serbia and Montenegro but that country continued to use the ccTLD .yu instead. | No | No | |||
.cu | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.cv | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.cw | ![]() |
Curaçao, West Indies | No | Unknown | |||
.cx | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.cy | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.cz | ![]() |
No[a 6] | Yes | Yes | |||
.dd | ![]() |
Deutsche Demokratische Republik | Was proposed, but never implemented due to German re-unification. | No | No | ||
.de | ![]() |
Deutschland | German postal address for administrative contact (admin-c) required. Proxy registrations are allowed. | Yes[a 7] | Yes | Yes | |
.dj | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.dk | ![]() |
Yes[a 8] | Yes | Yes | |||
.dm | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.do | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.dz | ![]() |
al-Djaza'er | No | Yes | |||
.ec | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.ee | ![]() |
Eesti | Anyone can register but local administrative contact is required. | Yes[a 9] | Yes | Yes | |
.eg | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.eh | ![]() |
.eh is reserved for Western Sahara, but does not exist in the root. | No | ||||
.er | ![]() |
Inactive – The domain registrar Eritrea Telecommunication Services Corporation offers no services to register domains. | No | No | |||
.es | ![]() |
España | No | Yes | |||
.et | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.eu | ![]() |
Restricted to legal and natural persons in European Union member states. Previously unofficially used for sites in the Basque language, but now .eus is in official use. | Yes[a 10] | Yes | Yes | ||
.fi | ![]() |
Restricted to legal and natural persons residing in Finland. | Yes[a 11] | Yes | Yes | ||
.fj | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.fk | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.fm | ![]() |
Also unofficially used by FM Radio Stations or related business | No | Yes | |||
.fo | ![]() |
Føroyar | Yes | Yes | |||
.fr | ![]() |
Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[a 12] | Yes[a 13] | Yes | Yes | ||
.ga | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.gb | ![]() |
Great Britain | Deprecated.[9] The primary ccTLD used for the United Kingdom is .uk. | No | No | ||
.gd | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.ge | ![]() |
Available for registration for residents of Georgia (unlimited) or for foreign companies via representation of any local legal person (one domain name per registrant)[10] | No | No | Yes | ||
.gf | ![]() |
Guyane française | No | ||||
.gg | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.gh | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.gi | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.gl | ![]() |
Previously also unofficially used in Galicia, Spain, but now .gal has been approved for such use, to be implemented in 2014 | Yes | Yes | |||
.gm | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.gn | ![]() |
A local contact is required | Yes | No | |||
.gp | ![]() |
Still used for Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin | No | Yes | |||
.gq | ![]() |
Guinée équatoriale | No | ||||
.gr | ![]() |
Yes[a 14] | Yes | Yes | |||
.gs | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.gt | ![]() |
Yes | No | Yes | |||
.gu | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.gw | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.gy | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.hk | ![]() |
Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China. | Yes | No | Yes | ||
.hm | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.hn | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.hr | ![]() |
Hrvatska | No | Yes | |||
.ht | ![]() |
Yes | No | Yes | |||
.hu | ![]() |
Restricted to Hungarian companies, organisations and citizens | No | Yes | |||
.id | ![]() |
Restricted to Indonesian companies (co.id), organisations (or.id), academic (ac.id & sch.id) and citizens (biz.id, my.id & web.id). Second-level domains are becoming available now and will be open to general registration on August 17, 2014.[11] | Yes | Partial[12] | Yes | ||
.ie | ![]() |
In 2002, registration was expanded to include persons or businesses with a "real and substantive" connection with the island of Ireland (including Northern Ireland).[13][14] | No | No | Yes | ||
.il | ![]() |
Yes | No | No | |||
.im | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.in | ![]() |
Under INRegistry since April 2005 (except: gov.in, nic.in, mil.in, ac.in, edu.in, res.in). | Yes | Yes | |||
.io | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.iq | ![]() |
Partial[12] | Yes | ||||
.ir | ![]() |
Yes | No | Yes | |||
.is | ![]() |
Ísland | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
.it | ![]() |
Restricted to companies and individuals in the European Union. | Yes[a 15] | No | Yes | ||
.je | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.jm | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.jo | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.jp | ![]() |
Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Japan. | Yes | Yes | |||
.ke | ![]() |
Yes | No | ||||
.kg | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.kh | ![]() |
Khmer, former Kâmpŭchea | No | No | |||
.ki | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.km | ![]() |
Komori | No | Yes | |||
.kn | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.kp | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.kr | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
.kw | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.ky | ![]() |
Restricted to qualified Cayman entities[15] | No | Yes | |||
.kz | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.la | ![]() |
Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for Los Angeles[16] | Yes | Yes | |||
.lb | ![]() |
Restricted to registration with a company in Lebanon | Yes | No | |||
.lc | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.li | ![]() |
Also used by Long Island | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
.lk | ![]() |
Lanka | Yes | Yes | |||
.lr | ![]() |
Partial[12] | No | ||||
.ls | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.lt | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
.lu | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
.lv | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
.ly | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.ma | ![]() |
Maroc | Also used as a free domain service to the public as cu.ma | Partial[12] | Yes | ||
.mc | ![]() |
Only for companies with a trademark registered in Monaco | No | Yes | |||
.md | ![]() |
Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Moldova. | No | Yes | |||
.me | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.mg | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.mh | ![]() |
No | |||||
.mk | ![]() |
Makedonija | Restricted to registration with a company in Macedonia | No | Yes | ||
.ml | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.mm | ![]() |
Yes | No | ||||
.mn | ![]() |
The second-level domains '.gov.mn', '.org.mn', and '.edu.mn' are reserved for special use. See .mn for more information. | Yes | Yes | |||
.mo | ![]() |
Macao | Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China. Registrants must have a registered business in Macau, with the same name as the domain they wish to register.[17] | No | Yes | ||
.mp | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.mq | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.mr | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.ms | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.mt | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.mu | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.mv | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.mw | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.mx | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.my | ![]() |
Restricted to registration by an individual or company in Malaysia | Yes[a 16] | Yes | Yes | ||
.mz | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.na | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.nc | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.ne | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.nf | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.ng | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.ni | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.nl | ![]() |
Nederland | First official country code TLD.[18] | No | Yes | Yes | |
.no | ![]() |
Businesses and professionals must be registered as an approved type of organization in the Brønnøysund Register Centre. Individual applicants must be of age (18 years) and be registered in the Folkeregisteret. All applicants must have a Norwegian postal address. | Yes | No | Yes | ||
.np | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.nr | ![]() |
Also used as a free domain service to the public as co.nr. | No | Yes | |||
.nu | ![]() |
Commonly used by Danish, Dutch and Swedish websites, because in those languages "nu" means "now". | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
.nz | ![]() |
Yes[a 17] | Yes | No | |||
.om | ![]() |
Registrant must have company or trademark registered in Oman as well as a local administrative contact. | No | No | |||
.pa | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.pe | ![]() |
Yes[a 18] | Yes | Yes | |||
.pf | ![]() |
Polynésie française | With Clipperton Island | No | Yes | ||
.pg | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.ph | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.pk | ![]() |
Operated by PKNIC since 1992 | No | Yes | |||
.pl | ![]() |
Yes[a 19] | Yes | Yes | |||
.pm | ![]() |
Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[a 12] | Yes | Yes | |||
.pn | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.pr | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.ps | ![]() |
West Bank and Gaza Strip. | No | Yes | |||
.pt | ![]() |
Yes[a 20] | Yes | Yes | Yes[20] | ||
.pw | ![]() |
Pelew | Yes | Yes | |||
.py | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.qa | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.re | ![]() |
Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[a 12] | Yes[a 13] | Yes | Yes | ||
.ro | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.rs | ![]() |
Republika Srbija | No | Yes | |||
.ru | ![]() |
See also .su, still in use, and .рф. | Yes | Yes | |||
.rw | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.sa | ![]() |
Registrant must have a registered trademark in Saudi Arabia matching the domain name to register or provide company incorporation documents of a company in Saudi Arabia or for personal registrations a copy of valid ID. A letter on the official letterhead of your organization addressed to SaudiNIC requesting the domain name registration is also required. Local administrative contact required. 2LD registrations rolled out in 2011.[21] | No | Yes | |||
.sb | ![]() |
British Solomon Islands | Yes | No | |||
.sc | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.sd | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.se | ![]() |
Yes[a 21] | Yes | Yes | |||
.sg | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.sh | ![]() |
Yes[a 22] | Yes | Yes | |||
.si | ![]() |
Yes[a 23] | Yes | Yes | |||
.sj | ![]() ![]() |
Not in use (Norwegian dependencies; see .no). | No | No | No | ||
.sk | ![]() |
Restricted to Slovak companies, organisations and citizens | No | Yes | |||
.sl | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.sm | ![]() |
Domain name must be same as company name or trademark | No | Yes | |||
.sn | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.so | ![]() |
Relaunched on November 1, 2010 | No | No | Yes | ||
.sr | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.ss | ![]() |
Removed from the root DNS zone in April 2013 | No | ||||
.st | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.su | ![]() |
Still in use. | Yes[a 24] | Yes | Yes | ||
.sv | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.sx | ![]() |
Yes | No | ||||
.sy | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.sz | ![]() |
Registration is restricted to Swaziland organizations with Swaziland Trading Licenses. | No | No | |||
.tc | ![]() |
.TC domains are also marketed in Turkey. The official abbreviation of 'Türkiye Cumhuriyeti' is TC. | No | Yes | |||
.td | ![]() |
Tchad | Chadian (.td) domains are available for registration to entities connected with Chad only. | No | Yes | ||
.tf | ![]() |
Terres australes et antarctiques françaises | Seldom used. Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[a 12] | Yes[a 13] | Yes | Yes | |
.tg | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.th | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | No | |||
.tj | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.tk | ![]() |
Also used as a free domain service to the public. Used in the Netherlands because tk ('te koop') means 'for sale' in Dutch. | No | Yes | |||
.tl | ![]() |
Timor-Leste | Old code .tp is still in use. | No | Yes | ||
.tm | ![]() |
Yes[a 25] | Yes | Yes | |||
.tn | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.to | ![]() |
Often used unofficially for Torrent, Turin, Toronto, Tokyo, or Tocantins | Yes | No | Yes | ||
.tp | ![]() |
Timor Português | ISO code has changed to TL; .tl is now assigned but .tp is still in use. | No | Yes | ||
.tr | ![]() |
.nc.tr used by Northern Cyprus | Yes[a 26] | No | Yes | ||
.tt | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.tv | ![]() |
Used as an abbreviation of television, the domain is currently operated by dotTV, a VeriSign company; the Tuvalu government owns twenty percent of the company. | Yes | Yes | |||
.tw | ![]() |
Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. In line with ISO 3166-1, IANA's official position is that “TW” is "designated for use to represent "Taiwan, Province of China."[22] | Yes[a 27] | Yes | Yes | ||
.tz | ![]() |
Must have a presence in Tanzania | Yes | No | |||
.ua | ![]() |
Україна/Ukraina | Ukrainian trademark required | Yes | Yes | ||
.ug | ![]() |
Yes | Yes | ||||
.uk | ![]() |
The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB. UK is a specially reserved ISO 3166-1 code for the UK. However, the creation of the .uk TLD predates the ISO 3166-1 list of ccTLD and is the primary TLD for the United Kingdom.[9] | Yes | No | |||
.us | ![]() |
Formerly commonly used by US State and local governments, see also .gov TLD | Yes | Yes | |||
.uy | ![]() |
2LD rollout began on 10 July 2012.[23] | No | Yes | |||
.uz | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.va | ![]() |
Vaticano | Limited to the official sites of the Holy See (including those of the Vatican City State) | No | No | ||
.vc | ![]() |
Partial[12] | Yes | ||||
.ve | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.vg | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.vi | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.vn | ![]() |
Yes[a 28] | No | Yes | |||
.vu | ![]() |
No | Yes | ||||
.wf | ![]() |
Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[a 12] | Yes[a 13] | Yes | Yes | ||
.ws | ![]() |
Formerly Western Samoa | Marketed to be used in general WebSites | Yes | No | Yes | |
.ye | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.yt | ![]() |
Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.[a 12] | Yes[a 13] | Yes | Yes | ||
.yu | ![]() ![]() |
After dissolution of Yugoslavia used for Serbia and Montenegro. Not used after 2010. | No | No | |||
.za | ![]() |
Zuid-Afrika | No | No | |||
.zm | ![]() |
No | No | ||||
.zw | ![]() |
No | No |
ICANN-era generic top-level domains
- Name: DNS name
- Entity: intended use
- Notes: general remarks
- IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
.academy | private academic institutes | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.aero | air-transport industry | Must verify eligibility for registration; only those in various categories of air-travel-related entities may register. | No | No |
.agency | businesses | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.bargains | coupons and online sellers | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.bid | online auctions | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.bike | bicycles | Open TLD | French, Spanish[24] | Yes |
.biz | business | This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not held by commercial entities in accordance with the domain's charter. This TLD was created to provide relief for the .com TLD, where many names have already been taken. | No | Yes |
.blackfriday | retailers | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.blue | those who like blue[citation needed] | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.boutique | beauty-care businesses | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.build | construction industry | Open only to businesses within the construction industry[25] | Unknown | Yes |
.builders | construction workers | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.buzz | marketing and social networking | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.cab | cabs and taxi companies | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.camera | camera-related businesses | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.camp | camps and camping | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.cards | general | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.catering | catering businesses | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.careers | Job boards | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.center | general | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.ceo | CEOs | Chief Executive only[26] | Unknown | Yes |
.cheap | resellers | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.christmas | Christmas | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.cleaning | cleaning services | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.clothing | clothing | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.club | clubs, organizations, assemblies | Open TLD[27] | No | Yes |
.codes | computer and/or encryption code enthusiasts | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.coffee | cafés and coffee aficionados | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.community | social groups, neighborhoods | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.company | companies | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.computer | technology | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.condos | real estate | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.construction | construction industry | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.contractors | contractors | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.cool | General interests | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.coop | cooperatives | The .coop TLD is limited to cooperatives as defined by the Rochdale Principles. | No | No |
.cruises | cruise businesses and travel | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.dating | online dating | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.democrat | Democractic Party politics | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.diamonds | diamond and jewelry industry | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.directory | general directory | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.domains | domain registries | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.education | educational institutes | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
Open TLD | Unknown | Yes | ||
.enterprises | businesses | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.equipment | equipment-related businesses | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.estate | real estate businesses | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.eus | Basque language | This is a TLD for Web sites in the Basque language. | Unknown | No |
.events | events | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.expert | generic | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.farm | farms and agriculture | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.fish | fishing businesses, sports, and interests | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.flights | airline businesses and travel | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.florist | florists | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.futbol | soccer | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.gallery | photo and art galleries | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.gift | gift-giving | Open TLD | Yes[28] | Yes |
.glass | window-related businesses | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.graphics | graphics | Open TLD | Yes[29] | Yes |
.guitars | guitars | Open TLD | Yes[28] | Yes |
.guru | generic | Open TLD | French, Spanish[30] | Yes |
.holdings | real estate or financial business | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.holiday | holiday gift industry | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.house | real estate and construction businesses | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.immobilien | German for "real estate" | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.industries | industrial businesses | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.info | information | This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. | Yes | Yes |
.ink | creative persons[31] | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.institute | institutes | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.international | international entities | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.jetzt | German for "now" | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.jobs | companies | The .jobs TLD is designed to be added after the names of established companies with jobs to advertise. At this time, owners of a "company.jobs" domain are not permitted to post jobs of third party employers. | No | No |
.kitchen | food industry | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.kim | people named Kim | Open TLD Kim is a common first name in the US and is also the most common Korean surname. |
Unknown | Yes |
.land | real estate | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.lighting | lighting | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.limo | limousine businesses | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.link | connecting to information[32] | Open TLD | Yes[28] | Yes |
.maison | French for "house" | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.management | business management | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.marketing | marketing services | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.menu | restaurants | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.mobi | mobile devices | Must be used for mobile-compatible sites in accordance with standards. | No | No |
.museum | museums | Must be verified as a legitimate museum. | Yes | Yes |
.name | individuals, by name | This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register; however, registrations may be challenged later if they are not by individuals (or the owners of fictional characters) in accordance with the domain's charter. | Yes | Yes |
.ninja | general | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.onl | online | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.partners | businesses | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.parts | manufacturing industries | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.photo | photography and photo-sharing | Open TLD | Yes[28] | Yes |
.photography | photography | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.photos | photography and photo-sharing | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.pics | photography and photo-sharing | Open TLD | Yes[28] | Yes |
.pink | those who like pink | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.plumbing | plumbing businesses | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.post | postal services | The .post TLD is restricted to Postal Administrations as defined in the Universal Postal Union constitution, and their large customers who wish to provide "Trusted Postal Services".[33] | No[34] | Yes |
.pro | professions | Currently, .pro is reserved for licensed or certified professionals worldwide. A professional seeking to register a .pro domain must provide their registrar with the appropriate credentials. | No | No |
.productions | studio/art businesses | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.products | retail or whole-sale businesses | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.properties | real estate | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.pub | bars | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.recipes | recipes and cooking | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.red | intended for those who like the color red | Open TLD Also likely to be attractive for domain hacks for words that end with '-red'. Spanish varient of .net |
Unknown | Yes |
.rentals | rental properties | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.repair | general repair/maintenance businesses | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.report | business services | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.reviews | Public reviews | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.rich | businesses catering to the wealthy | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.services | business services | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.sexy | adult entertainment | Open TLD | Yes[28] | Yes |
.shiksha | education entities in India | "Shiksha" is Hindi for "education". | Unknown | Yes |
.shoes | shoes | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.singles | online dating | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.social | general interest | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.solar | solar-power | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.solutions | Business services | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.space | space | Open TLD | Unknown | Unknown |
.supplies | manufacturing industries | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.supply | manufacturing industries | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.support | help pages | Open TLD | French, Spanish[35] | Yes |
.systems | technology | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.tattoo | tattoo aficionados | Open TLD | Yes[28] | Yes |
.technology | technology | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.tel | Internet communication services | A contact directory housing all types of contact information directly in the Domain Name System. | Yes[36] | No |
.tienda | Spanish for "shop", "store" | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.tips | general help topics | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.today | general | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.tools | manufacturing industries | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.trade | businesses | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.training | training and how-tos | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.travel | travel and tourism industry related sites | Must be verified as a legitimate travel-related entity. | No | No |
.uno | Spanish websites | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.vacations | travel | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.ventures | funding for start-ups | Open TLD | No | Yes |
.viajes | Spanish for "travel" | Open TLD | Spanish | Yes |
.villas | real estate and/or travel businesses | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.vision | eye-care businesses | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.voyage | travel | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.watch | Watches | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.webcam | Web cam shows and video sharing | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.wed | engaged couples and wedding-oriented businesses | This TLD is intended primarily for engaged couples on a short-term basis (two years with prohibitive third-year renewal fees for second-level domains).[37] And although the registry is advertising for multiple world languages, all domains appear to need to be in Latin script.[38] |
No | Yes |
.wiki | wikis | "An open TLD for anyone interested in community resource creation" | Unknown | Yes |
.works | General interests | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.xxx | adult entertainment (pornography) | For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography. | No | No |
.xyz | general interest | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
.zone | general | Open TLD | Unknown | Yes |
Internationalized generic top-level domains
All of these TLDs are internationalized domain names (IDN) and will allow second-level IDNs.
- Notes: general remarks and intended use
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
DNS Name | IDN | Language | Transliteration | English Translation | Notes | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
xn--q9jyb4c[39] | .みんな | Japanese | minna | "everyone" | Open TLD [40] | Yes |
xn--3ds443g[39] | .在线 | Chinese | zàixiàn | "online" | Open TLD. The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 IDN for localities.[41] |
Yes |
xn--fiq228c5hs[39] | .中文网 | Chinese | Zhōngwén wǎng | "Chinese (language) network" | Open TLD. The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 IDN for localities.[41] |
Yes |
xn--6frz82g[39] | .移动 | Chinese | yídòng | "mobile" | Open TLD | Yes |
Geographic top-level domains
- Name: DNS name
- Entity: Target geographic area
- Notes: general remarks
- IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
.asia | Asia-Pacific region | This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Asia, Australia, and the Pacific. | Yes | Yes |
.berlin | Berlin, Germany | [42] | Unknown | Yes |
.cat | Catalunya, Spain | This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.[43] | Unknown | Unknown |
.gal | Galicia, Spain | [44] | Unknown | Yes |
.kiwi | New Zealanders (aka kiwis) | [45] | Unknown | Yes |
.london | London, United Kingdom | [46] | Unknown | Yes |
.nagoya | Nagoya, Japan | [47] | Unknown | Yes |
.nyc | New York City, United States | [48] | Unknown | Yes |
.paris | Paris, France | [49] | Unknown | Yes |
Brand top-level domains
- Name: DNS name
- Entity: intended use
- Notes: general remarks
- IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
Name | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
.citic | CITIC Group | [50] | Unknown | Yes |
.neustar | Neustar | [51] | No | Yes |
.monash | Monash University | [52] [53] | No | Yes |
.中信 (xn--fiq64b) |
CITIC Group | [54] | Yes | Yes |
Notes
- ^ (November 17, 2009) Spanish-Portuguese specific characters (á, â, ã, à, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ñ, ç) allowed, as approved by law
- ^ in addition to ASCII, only Cyrillic letters from the Bulgarian language are accepted
- ^ Currently not allowed, but some higher-learning institutions were grandfathered in.
- ^ French specific characters (â, à, æ, ç, é, ë, ê, è, î, ï, ô, œ, ù, û, ü, ÿ) allowed
- ^ Since March 2004, see details
- ^ IDN not adopted due to lack of public and corporate interest[8]
- ^ 93 non-ASCII characters, see details
- ^ (January 1, 2004), (æ, ø, å, ö, ä, ü, & é): see details
- ^ Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN) Starting from June 13, 2011 [1]
- ^ Supported characters (latin, greek, cyrillic): see details
- ^ (September 2005) Supported characters (latin): see details
- ^ a b c d e f (6 December 2011) "Opening to Europe of the .fr, .wf, .re, .yt, .pm, and .tf TLDs"..
Before restricted to residents of the corresponding French territory. - ^ a b c d e Availability of IDN on the .fr, .yt, .pm, .wf, .tf, and .re TLDs
- ^ Support for Greek characters since July 2005, see details
- ^ [2], [3]
- ^ .my Domain Registry
- ^ (July 26, 2010) for Māori macrons ā, ē, ī, ō and ū. See details
- ^ (8 December 2007): see details
- ^ (11 September 2003): see details
- ^ (1 July 2005) for Portuguese characters
- ^ (October 2003), for Swedish characters, summer 2007 also for Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Sami, and Yiddish: see details
- ^ IDN Code Points Policy for the .SH Top Level Domain
- ^ Since October 2010, see details
- ^ (28 April 2008[update]) see details
- ^ IDN Code Points Policy for the .TM Top Level Domain
- ^ (14 November 2006): see details
- ^ Traditional Chinese characters: see details
- ^ TRUNG TÂM INTERNET VIÊT NAM – Tên mien tieng viet
Internationalized country code top-level domains
DNS name | IDN ccTLD | Country | Transliteration | Script | Comments | Other ccTLD | DNSSEC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
xn--lgbbat1ad8j | الجزائر. | ![]() |
al Jaza'ir | Arabic | .dz | No | |
xn--54b7fta0cc | .বাংলা | ![]() |
Bangla | Bengali | Not delegated | .bd | No |
xn--fiqs8s | .中国 | ![]() |
Zhōngguó | Simplified Chinese | .cn | Yes | |
xn--fiqz9s | .中國 | ![]() |
Zhōngguó | Traditional Chinese | .cn | Yes | |
xn--wgbh1c | مصر. | ![]() |
Masr [55] | Arabic | .eg | No | |
xn--node | .გე | ![]() |
GE | Georgian | Not delegated | .ge | No |
xn--j6w193g | .香港 | ![]() |
Hoeng1 gong2/Xiānggǎng | Both Traditional and Simplified Chinese | .hk | No | |
xn--h2brj9c | .भारत | ![]() |
Bhārat | Devanagari | Not in use | .in | Yes |
xn--mgbbh1a71e | بھارت. | ![]() |
Bhārat | Urdu | Not in use | .in | No |
xn--fpcrj9c3d | .భారత్ | ![]() |
Bhārat | Telugu | Not in use | .in | No |
xn--gecrj9c | .ભારત | ![]() |
Bhārat | Gujarati | Not in use | .in | No |
xn--s9brj9c | .ਭਾਰਤ | ![]() |
Bhārat | Gurmukhi | Not in use | .in | No |
xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h | .இந்தியா | ![]() |
Inthiyaa | Tamil | Not in use | .in | No |
xn--45brj9c | .ভারত | ![]() |
Bhārat | Bengali | Not in use | .in | No |
xn--mgba3a4f16a | ایران. | ![]() |
Īrān | Persian | .ir | No | |
xn--mgbayh7gpa | الاردن. | ![]() |
al 'Urdun | Arabic | .jo | No | |
xn--80ao21a | .қаз | ![]() |
qaz | Cyrillic | .kz | No | |
xn--d1alf | .мкд | ![]() |
mkd | Cyrillic | Not delegated | .mk | |
xn--mgbx4cd0ab | مليسيا. | ![]() |
Malaysia | Arabic | Not in use | .my | Yes |
xn--l1acc | .мон | ![]() |
mon | Mongolian Cyrillic | Not in use | .mn | Yes |
xn--mgbc0a9azcg | المغرب. | ![]() |
al Maghrib | Arabic | .ma | No | |
xn--mgb9awbf | عمان. | ![]() |
Oman | Arabic | Not in use | .om | No |
xn--mgbai9azgqp6j | پاکستان. | ![]() |
Pakistan | Urdu | Not delegated | .pk | No |
xn--ygbi2ammx | فلسطين. | ![]() |
Filastīn | Arabic | .ps | No | |
xn--wgbl6a | قطر. | ![]() |
Qatar | Arabic | .qa | No | |
xn--p1ai | .рф | ![]() |
rf | Cyrillic | .ru | Yes | |
xn--mgberp4a5d4ar | السعودية. | ![]() |
as-Sa'ūdiyyah | Arabic | .sa | No | |
xn--90a3ac | .срб | ![]() |
srb | Cyrillic | .rs | No | |
xn--yfro4i67o | .新加坡 | ![]() |
Xīnjiāpō | Both Traditional and Simplified Chinese | .sg | No | |
xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd | .சிங்கப்பூர் | ![]() |
Cinkappūr | Tamil | .sg | No | |
xn--3e0b707e | .한국 | ![]() |
Han-guk | Hangul | .kr | Yes | |
xn--fzc2c9e2c | .ලංකා | ![]() |
Lanka | Sinhalese | .lk | Partial[12] | |
xn--xkc2al3hye2a | .இலங்கை | ![]() |
Ilangai | Tamil | .lk | Partial[12] | |
xn--mgbpl2fh | سودان. | ![]() |
Sudan | Arabic | Not delegated | .sd | No |
xn--mgbtf8fl | سوريا. | ![]() |
Sūryā | Arabic | .sy | No | |
xn--kprw13d | .台湾 | ![]() |
Táiwān | Simplified Chinese | .tw | Yes | |
xn--kpry57d | .台灣 | ![]() |
Táiwān | Traditional Chinese | .tw | Yes | |
xn--o3cw4h | .ไทย | ![]() |
Thai | Thai script | .th | Yes | |
xn--pgbs0dh | تونس. | ![]() |
Tūnis | Arabic | .tn | No | |
xn--j1amh | .укр | ![]() |
ukr | Cyrillic | .ua | No | |
xn--mgbaam7a8h | امارات. | ![]() |
Imārāt | Arabic | .ae | No | |
xn--mgb2ddes | اليمن. | ![]() |
al Yemen | Arabic | Not delegated | .ye | No |
Source:[56]
Proposed internationalized ccTLDs
Test TLDs
ICANN created a set of top-level Internationalized domain names in October 2007 for the purpose of testing the use of IDNA in the root zone and within those domains. These testing domains were abolished on 31 October 2013.[57] Each of these TLDs encoded a word meaning "test" in the respective language.[58][59]
Each of these domains contained only one site with the word "example" encoded in the respective script and language. These example.test sites were test wikis used by ICANN.
TLD | Transliteration | Language | Script | Link to test site | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DNS name | Script version | ||||
xn--kgbechtv | إختبار | ik͡htibār | Arabic | Arabic | http://مثال.إختبار |
xn--hgbk6aj7f53bba | آزمایشی | ậzmạy̰sẖy | Persian | Perso-Arabic | http://مثال.آزمایشی |
xn--0zwm56d | 测试 | cèshì | Chinese | Simplified Chinese | http://例子.测试 |
xn--g6w251d | 測試 | cèshì | Chinese | Traditional Chinese | http://例子.測試 |
xn--80akhbyknj4f | испытание | ispytánije | Russian | Cyrillic | http://пример.испытание |
xn--11b5bs3a9aj6g | परीक्षा | parīkṣā | Hindi | Devanagari | http://उदाहरण.परीक्षा |
xn--jxalpdlp | δοκιμή | dokimé | Greek | Greek | http://παράδειγμα.δοκιμή |
xn--9t4b11yi5a | 테스트 | teseuteu | Korean | Hangul | http://실례.테스트 |
xn--deba0ad | טעסט | test | Yiddish | Hebrew | http://בײַשפּיל.טעסט |
xn--zckzah | テスト | tesuto | Japanese | Katakana[60] | http://例え.テスト |
xn--hlcj6aya9esc7a | பரிட்சை | pariṭcai | Tamil | Tamil | http://உதாரணம்.பரிட்சை |
See also
- Generic top-level domain
- Country code top-level domain
- Proposed top-level domain
- ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, the standard for two-letter country codes which most ccTLDs are based on
References
- ^ IANA maintained list of top-level domains
- ^ Jon Postel (March 1994). "RFC 1591: Domain Name System Structure and Delegation". IETF.
- ^ "Andorra Telecom trademark domain registration policy".
- ^ "Andorra Telecom trade name registration policy".
- ^ "Rules for .au Domains".
- ^ Domínios .br Registro.br
- ^ (May 9, 2005) for Portuguese (Brazilian) names: see Anúncio 04/05/2005
- ^ IDN – Internationalized Domain Names at nic.cz
- ^ a b Milton Mueller (2002), Ruling the Root: Internet Governance and the Taming of Cyberspace, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 79, ISBN 9780262632980
- ^ Article 1.9 of Rules and Conditions for GE Domain Names Registration (Recent Georgian version has some updates not causing this article)
- ^ Shorter .id domain will be available in Indonesia next year. Techinasia.com (2013-12-19). Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ a b c d e f g Delegation Signer (DS) record in a root zone is not yet published.
- ^ "Domain chaos spikes e-business ambitions". Silicon Republic. 17 December 2002. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- ^ Information Technology Law: Professional Practice Guide, Dublin: Law Society of Ireland, 2004, p. 23
- ^ ICTA: ky Domain Policies
- ^ The Official .LA Registry
- ^ How can I get a .mo domain if I'm not in Macau?. Quora. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ Template:Nl SIDN registreert 3.000.000ste .nl-domeinnaam (SIDN registers 3 millionth .nl domain name), Official website of SIDN
- ^ Delegation Record for .PS
- ^ Notícias. dns.pt (2013-02-21). Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ "Beginning of the Landrush phase of second level domain under (.sa)".
- ^ IANA Report – Delegation of the .台灣 and .台湾 (“Taiwan”) domains representing Taiwan, Province of China in Chinese to Taiwan Network Information Center).
- ^ "New rules for the registration of domain names under UY" (PDF).
- ^ http://www.gtld.com/UserFiles/bike-external.pdf
- ^ Build. Dotbuild.co. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ YourName.CEO. Nic.ceo. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ DotClub FAQ - DotClub. Nic.club. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ a b c d e f g Uniregistry. Uniregistry.link. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ IANA — Repository of IDN Practices. Iana.org. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ http://www.gtld.com/UserFiles/guru-external.pdf
- ^ http://nic.ink/the-tld/
- ^ link Official - Uniregistry. Nic.link. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ UPU. "Description of TLD Policies: Criteria for Registration". E17. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
- ^ UPU. "Description of TLD Policies:TLD String". E2. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
Only ASCII characters will be used
- ^ http://www.gtld.com/UserFiles/support-external.pdf
- ^ Telnic. "IDN.tel". Retrieved 2010-09-02.
- ^ Weirdest new gTLD launch yet? .wed launches with a single registrar | DomainIncite - Domain Name News & Opinion. DomainIncite. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ WED Third Level Extensions - Atgron, Inc Introduces .WED. A New Top Level Domain for Your Wedding. Atgron.wed. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ a b c d Delegated Strings | ICANN New gTLDs. Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ Google Registry – Google. Google.com. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ a b Chinese government buys 20,000 new IDN domain names | Domain Name Wire | Domain Name News & Views. Domain Name Wire. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ Template:De icon berlin Top-Level-Domain. Nic.berlin. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ Template:Ca icon Fundació punt CAT | A Internet, el català és .cat. Registra ara un domini i identifica’t amb el teu .cat. Fundacio.cat. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ Dominio .gal. Dominio .gal. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ About – Dot Kiwi (.kiwi). Hello.kiwi. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
- ^ http://nic.london
- ^ http://hello.nagoya/
- ^ http://www.nic.nyc
- ^ http://www.mondomaine.paris
- ^ http://www.nic.citic/
- ^ http://www.nic.neustar/
- ^ http://nic.monash/
- ^ http://newgtlds.icann.org/sites/default/files/ier/hu62oef5uc0u8riu78usp26r/ie-1-1153-75618-en.pdf
- ^ http://www.nic.中信
- ^ دوت مصر ::: الصفحة الرئيسية
- ^ IDN ccTLD Fast Track String Evaluation Completion, ICANN
- ^ ICANN announcement
- ^ IDNwiki, IDN TLD evaluation gateway
- ^ My Name, My Language, My Internet: IDN Test Goes Live, 15 October 2007
- ^ http://例え.テスト, the domain of test page, contains also Kanji (Chinese character in Japanese (例) and Hiragana (え). See also Japanese writing system.