List of state leaders in the 18th century

State leaders in the 17th century – State leaders in the 19th century – State leaders by year

This is a list of state leaders in the 18th century (1701–1800) AD, such as the heads of state and heads of government.

These polities are generally sovereign states, but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 18th century. For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.

Africa

Africa: Central

Angola

Kingdom of Kongo (complete list) –

João II of Lemba, Awenekongo, Lemba claimant (1680–1716)
Manuel of Lovata, Awenekongo, Mbamba Lovata claimant (1678–1715)
Pedro IV, Awenekongo, Kibangu claimant (1695–1709), Manikongo (1709–1718)
Manuel II, Manikongo (1718–1743)
Garcia IV, Manikongo (1743–1752)
Manuel II, Manikongo (1752–post-1758)
Nicolau I, Manikongo (mid-18th century)
Afonso IV, Manikongo (mid-18th century)
António II, Manikongo (mid-18th century)
Sebastião I, Manikongo (?–1763)
Pedro V, Manikongo (1763–1764)
Álvaro XI, Manikongo (1764–1778)
José I, Manikongo (1778–1785)
Afonso V, Manikongo (1785–1787)
Álvaro XII, Manikongo (1787–?)
Alexio I, Manikongo (?–1793)
Joaquim I, Manikongo (1793–1794)
Henrique II, Manikongo (1794–1803)

Kingdom of Matamba (complete list) –

Verónica I, Queen (1681–1721)
Afonso I, King (1721–1741)
Ana II, Queen (1741–1756)
Verónica II, Queen (1756–1758)
Ana III, Queen (1758–?)
Francisco II, King (late 18th century)

Portuguese Angola (complete list) –

Colony, 1575–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Cameroon

Kingdom of Bamum (complete list) –

Koutou, Mfon (1672–1757)
Mbouombouo, Mfon (1757–1814)

Central African Republic

Chad

Sultanate of Bagirmi (complete list) –

‘Abdul Qadir I, Mbangi (1680–1707)
Bar, Mbangi (1707–1722)
Wanja, Mbangi (1722–1736)
Burkomanda II Tad Lele, Mbangi (1736–1741)
Loel, Mbangi (1741–1751)
Hajji Mohammed al'Amin, Mbangi (1751–1785)
‘Abd ar-Rahman Gawrang, Mbangi (1785–1806)

Wadai Empire (complete list) –

Muhammad Salih Derret ibn Jawda, Kolak (1795–1803)

Congo: Belgian

Kuba Kingdom (complete list)^[1] –

KotomBoke, Nyim (17th or 18th century)
Golo Shanga, Nyim (18th century)
Misha Mishanga Shanga, Nyim (18th century)
Bokare Che, Nyim (18th century)
Bushabun Che, Nyim (18th century)
Koto Che, Nyim (18th century)
Misha Pelenge Che, Nyim (18th century)
Bope Pelenge, Nyim (18th century)
Kata Mbula, Nyim (1776–1810)

Lunda Empire (complete list) –

Mbala I Yaav, Mwaant Yaav (c.1690–c.1720)
Mukaz Munying Kabalond, Mwaant Yaav (c.1720)
Muteba I Kat Kateng, Mwaant Yaav (c.1720–c.1750)
Mukaz Waranankong, Mwaant Yaav (c.1750–c.1767)
Nawej Mufa Muchimbunj, Mwaant Yaav (c.1767–c.1775)
Cikombe Yaava, Mwaant Yaav (c.1775–c.1800)

Congo: French

Kingdom of Loango (complete list) –

N'Gangue M'voumbe Nombo, King (?–1766)
N'Gangue M'voumbe Makosso, King (1773–1787)

Equatorial Guinea

Spanish Guinea (complete list) –

Colony, 1778–1968

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Gabon

Kingdom of Orungu (complete list) –

Reto Ndongo, Founder (c.1700–?)
Ndébulia Mburu, Agamwinboni (c.1730–?)
Rénjangué Ndongo, Agamwinboni (?–1750)
Rénkondjé, Agamwinboni (c.1750)
Ngwèrangu'Iwono, Agamwinboni (c.1750–1790)
Ndombe, Agamwinboni (1790)
Rénwombi "Mpolo", Agamwinboni (1790–1810)

São Tomé and Príncipe

Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe (complete list) –

Colony, 1470–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Africa: East

Great Lakes area

Burundi

Kingdom of Burundi (complete list) –

Ntare I, King (c.1680–c.1709)
Mwezi III, King (c.1709–c.1739)
Mutaga III, King (c.1739–c.1767)
Mwambutsa I, King (c.1767–c.1796)
Ntare IV, King (c.1796–c.1850)

Kenya

Sultanate of Mombasa (complete list) –

‘Ali ibn Uthman al-Mazru‘i, Sultan (1746–1755)
Masud ibn Naisr al-Mazru‘i, Sultan (1755–1773)
Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Mazru‘i, Sultan (1773–1782)
Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Mazru‘i, Sultan (1782–1811)

Rwanda

Kingdom of Rwanda (complete list) –

Cyilima II Rujugira, King (1675–1708)
Kigeli III Ndabarasa, King (1708–1741)
Mibambwe III Mutabazi II Sentabyo, King (1741–1746)
Yuhi IV Gahindiro, King (1746–1802)

Tanzania

Uganda

Ankole (complete list) –

Macwa, Omugabe (c.1727–c.1755)
Rwabirere, Omugabe (c.1755–1783)
Kahaya I, Omugabe (1783–?)

Buganda (complete list) –

Kayemba, Kabaka (c.1690–c.1704)
Tebandeke, Kabaka (c.1704–c.1724)
Ndawula, Kabaka (c.1724–c.1734)
Kagulu, Kabaka (c.1734–c.1736)
Kikulwe, Kabaka (c.1736–c.1738)
Mawanda. c.1738–c.1740)
Mwanga I, Kabaka (c.1740–c.1741)
Namuggala, Kabaka (c.1741–c.1750)
Kyabaggu, Kabaka (c.1750–c.1780)
Jjunju, Kabaka (c.1780–c.1797)
Semakookiro, Kabaka (c.1797–c.1814)

Bunyoro (complete list) –

Kyebambe II, Omukama
Olimi III, Omukama (c.1710–1731)
Duhaga, Omukama (1731–c.1782)
Olimi IV, Omukama (c.1782–1786)
Nyamutukura Kyebambe III, Omukama (1786–1835)

Horn of Africa area

Djibouti

Eritrea

Ethiopia

Ethiopian Empire (complete list) –

Solomonic dynasty

Iyasu I, Emperor (1682–1706)
Tekle Haymanot I, Emperor (1706–1708)
Tewoflos, Emperor (1708–1711)
Yostos, Emperor (1711–1716)
Dawit III, Emperor (1716–1721)
Bakaffa, Emperor (1721–1730)
Iyasu II, Emperor (1730–1755)
Iyoas I, Emperor (1755–1769)

Zemene Mesafint

Yohannes II, Emperor (1769)
Tekle Haymanot II, Emperor (1769–1770)
Susenyos II, Emperor (1770)
Tekle Haymanot II, Emperor (1770–1777)
Salomon II, Emperor (1777–1779)
Tekle Giyorgis I, Emperor (1779–1784)
Iyasu III, Emperor (1784–1788)
Tekle Giyorgis I, Emperor (1788–1789)
Hezqeyas, Emperor (1789–1794)
Tekle Giyorgis I, Emperor (1794–1795)
Baeda Maryam II, Emperor (1795)
Tekle Giyorgis I, Emperor (1795–1796)
Salomon III, Emperor (1796–1797)
Yonas, Emperor (1797–1798)
Tekle Giyorgis I, Emperor (1798–1799)
Salomon III, Emperor (1799)
Demetros, Emperor (1799–1800)
Tekle Giyorgis I, Emperor (1800)
Demetros, Emperor (1800–1801)

Sultanate of Aussa (complete list) –

Kadhafo, Sultan (1734–1749)
Kadhafo Mahammad ibn Kadhafo, Sultan (1749–1779)
Aydahis ibn Kadhafo Mahammad, Sultan (1779–1801)

Kingdom of Garo (complete list)^[2] –

Leliso, Tato (1690–1720)
Wako, Tato (1720–1740)
Malko, Tato (1740–1760)
Gabito, Tato (1760–1780)
Chaso, usurper Tato, (1780–1790)
Dukamo, Tato (1790–1845)

Kingdom of Gomma (complete list)^[3] –

Mijyu, Moti (?–c.1820)
Abba Manno, Moti (c.1820–c.1840)

Kingdom of Gumma (complete list)^[4] –

Adam, Moti, Founder (late 18th century)
Oncho, Moti (c.1795)

Kingdom of Jimma (complete list) –

Abba Faro, Moti (late 18th century)
Abba Magal, Moti (c.1800)

Kingdom of Kaffa (complete list)^[5] –

Gali Ginocho or Tan Ginok, King (1675–1710)
Gaki Gaocho or Otti Sheroch, King (1710–1742)
Gali Gaocho or Kanechoch, King (1742–1775)
Shagi Sherocho or Gali Keffoch, King (1775–1795)
Beshi Ginocho or Kaye Sheroch, King (1795–1798)
Hoti Gaocho or Beshi Sheroch, King (1798–1821)

Ennarea (complete list)^[6] –

Shisafocho, Hinnare-tato (early 18th century)
Sacho Nechocho, Hinnare-tato (c.1750)
Tekle Sachi, Hinnare-tato (late 18th century)

Welayta (complete list)^[7] –

Kote, Kawa (18th century)
Libana, Kawa (18th century)
Tube, Kawo (?–1761)
Ogatto, Kawo (1761–1800)
Amado, Kawo (1800–1835)

Somalia

Warsangali Sultanate (complete list) –

Garaad Naleye, King (1675–1705)
Garaad Mohamed, King (1705–1750)
Garaad Ali, King (1750–1789)
Garaad Mohamud Ali, King (1789–1830)

Indian Ocean

Comoros

Sultanate of Ndzuwani (complete list) –

Alimah III, Sultan/female ruler (c.1676–c.1711)
Salim of Johanna, Sultan (c.1711–c.1741)
Saidi Ahamd, Sultan (c.1741–c.1782)
Abdallah I (Alimiah), de facto ruler (c.1782–c.1788)
Halimah IV, Sultan (c.1788–c.1792)
Abdallah I (Alimiah), de facto ruler (c.1792–c.1796)
Alawi bin Husain, Sultan (1796–1816)

Madagascar

Merina Kingdom (complete list) –

Andriamasinavalona, King (1675–1710)
Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana Andriandrazaka, King (1710–1730)
Andriambelomasina, King (1730–1770)
Andrianjafynandriamanitra, King (1770–1787)
Andrianampoinimerina, King (1787–1810)

Mauritius

Isle de France (complete list) –

French colony, 1715–1810

For details see France under western Europe

Seychelles

Africa: Northcentral

Libya

Karamanli dynasty of Ottoman Tripolitania (complete list) –

Ahmed I, Pasha (1711–1745)
Mehmed, Pasha (1745–1754)
Ali I, Pasha (1754–1793)
Ali Burghul, Pasha (1793–1795)
Ahmed II, Pasha (1795)
Yusuf Karamanli, Pasha (1795–1832)

Tunisia

Eyalet of Tunis –

Ibrahim Sharif, Bey (1702–1705)

Beylik of Tunis (complete list) –

Al-Husayn I ibn Ali, Bey (1705–1735)
Abu l-Hasan Ali I, Bey (1735–1756)
Muhammad I ar-Rashid, Bey (1756–1759)
Ali II ibn Hussein, Bey (1759–1782)
Hammuda ibn Ali, Bey (1782–1814)

Africa: Northeast

Egypt

Sudan

Sultanate of Darfur (complete list) –

Ahmad Bukr, Sultan (early 18th century–c.1730)
Muhammad Dawra, Sultan (c.1730–?)
Umar Lel, Sultan (?–c.1752/3)
Abu'l Qasim, Sultan (c.1752/3–?)
Muhammad Tayrab, Sultan (?–1785/6)
Abd al-Rahman, Sultan (1785/6–c.1801)

Funj Sultanate of Sennar (complete list) –

Badi III, Sultan (1692–1716)^[8]^[9]
Unsa III, Sultan (1719–1720)
Nul, Sultan (1720–1724)
Badi IV, Sultan (1724–1762)

Hamaj Regency of Sennar

Sultans (complete list) –

Nasir, Sultan (1762–1769)^[8]^[9]
Isma'il, Sultan (1768–1776)
Adlan II, Sultan (1776–1789)
Awkal, Sultan (1787–1788)
Tayyib II, Sultan (1788–1790)
Badi V, Sultan (1790)
Nawwar, Sultan (1790–1791)
Badi VI, Sultan (1791–1798)
Ranfi, Sultan (1798–1804)

Regents (complete list) –

Muhammad Abu Likayik, Regent (1762/69–1775/6)^[10]
Badi walad Rajab, Regent (1775/6–1780)
Rajab, Regent (1780–1786/7)
Nasir, Regent (1786/7–1798)
Idris wad Abu Likayik, Regent (1798–1804)

Africa: Northwest

Algeria

Regency of Algiers (Sultans / Governors) –

Vassal state, 1671–1830

Hadji Mustapha, Dey (1700–1710)
Deli Ibrahim, Dey (1710)
Ali Chauch, Dey (1710–1718), Pasha, (1718)
Muhammad III ben Hassan, Pasha-Dey (1718–1724)
Abdy Pasha, Pasha-Dey (1724–1732)
Ibrahim ben Ramdan, Pasha-Dey (1732–1745)
Kutchuk Ibrahim, Pasha-Dey (1745–1748)
Muhammed IV, Pasha-Dey (1748–1754)
Baba Ali II, Pasha-Dey (1754–1766)
Muhammad V ben Othman, Pasha-Dey (1766–1791)
Baba Hassan, Pasha-Dey (1791–1799)

Morocco

Morocco: Alaouite dynasty (complete list) –

Ismail Ibn Sharif, Sultan (1672–1727)
Abu'l Abbas Ahmad, Sultan (1727–1728, 1728–1729)
Abdalmalik, Sultan (1728)
Ali, Sultan (1734–1736)
Mohammed II, Sultan (1736–1738)
Zin al-Abidin, Sultan (1741)
Al-Mostadi, Sultan (1738–1740, 1742–1743, 1747–1748)
Abdallah, Sultan (1729–1734, 1736–1736, 1740–1741, 1741–1742, 1743–1747, 1748–1757)
Mohammed III, Sultan (1757–1790)
Yazid, Sultan (1790–1792)
Slimane, Sultan (1792–1822)

Africa: South

Botswana

Lesotho

Malawi

Mozambique

Portuguese Mozambique (complete list) –

Colony, 1498–1972

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Namibia

Gciriku (complete list) –

Shimwemwe, ruler (1785–1805)

South Africa

Zulu Kingdom (complete list) –

(1700s–1897)

Senzangakhona kaJama, King (1781–1816)

Dutch Cape Colony (complete list) –

British occupation, 1795–1803

Cape Colony (complete list) –

British colony, 1795–1910

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Swaziland

Kingdom of Swaziland

Kings (complete list) –

Ngwane III, King (1745–1780)
Ndvungunye, King (1780–1815)

tiNdlovukati (complete list) –

LaYaka Ndwandwe, Ndlovukati (1745–1780), Queen Regent (1780)
Lomvula Mndzebele, Ndlovukati (1780–1815), Queen Regent (1815)

Zambia

Kazembe –

Lukwesa Ilunga, Mwata (1760–1805)

Zimbabwe

Africa: West

Benin

Benin Empire (complete list) –

Ore-Oghene, Oba (1689–1701)^[11]
Ewuakpe, Oba (1701–1712)
Ozuere, Oba (1712–1713)
Akenzua I, Oba (1713–1740)
Eresoyen, Oba (1740–1750)
Akengbuda, Oba (1750–1804)

Ketu (Benin) (complete list) –

Ajibolu, Oba (1795–1816)

Dahomey (complete list) –

Akaba, King (1685–1716)
Hangbe, King (1716–1718)
Agaja, King (1718–1740)

Vassal of the Oyo Empire, 1740–1823

Tegbessou, King (1740–1774)
Kpengla, King (1774–1789)
Agonglo, King (1789–1797)
Adandozan, King (1797–1818)

Burkina Faso

Mossi Kingdom of Gwiriko (complete list) –

Famaghan Wattara, ruler (1714–1729)
Famaghan dan Tyeba, ruler (1729–1742)
Kere Massa Wattara, ruler (1742–1749)
Magan Wule Wattara, ruler (1749–1809)

Mossi Kingdom of Liptako (complete list) –

Brahima bi Saydu, Ja-oro (1758–1810)

Mossi Kingdom of Nungu (complete list) –

Lissoangui, Nunbado (1684–1709)
Yendabri, Nunbado (1709–c.1736)
Yembrima, Nunbado (1736–1791)
Baahamma, Nunbado (1791–1822)

Mossi Kingdom of Wogodogo (complete list) –

Naaba Dulugu, Moogo-naaba (1783–1802)

Mossi Kingdom of Yatenga (complete list) –

Naaba Yadega, Yatenga naaba (c.18th century)
Naaba Yolomfaogoma, Yatenga naaba (c.18th century)
Naaba Kourita, Yatenga naaba (18th century)
Naaba Geda, Yatenga naaba (18th century)
Naaba Wobgho I, Yatenga naaba (18th century)
Naaba Kango, Yatenga naaba (1754–1787)
Rima Naaba Saaga, Yatenga naaba (1787–1803)

Cape Verde

Portuguese Cape Verde (complete list) –

Colony, 1462–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Gambia

Ghana

Kingdom of Ashanti (complete list) –

Osei Kofi Tutu I, Asantehene (c.1675/80–1717)
Amaniampon, Regent (1717–1720)
Opoku Ware I, Asantehene (1720–1750)
Kusi Oboadum, Asantehene (1750–1764)
Safo Kantanka, Regent (1764)
Osei Kwadwo Okoawia, Asantehene (1764–1777)
Atakora Kwame, Regent (1777)
Osei Kwame Panyin, Asantehene (1777–1803)

Guinea

Imamate of Futa Jallon (complete list) –

Karamokho Alfa, Almami (c.1725–1751)
Ibrahim Sori, Almami (1751–1784)
Sa'id, Almami (c.1784–1797/8)

Guinea-Bissau

Portuguese Guinea (complete list) –

Colony, 1474–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Ivory Coast

Gyaaman (complete list) –

Biri Kofi Panyin, Gyaamanhene (?–1720)
Abo Kofi, Gyaamanhene (1720–1746)
Kofi Sono, Gyaamanhene (1746–1760)
Agyeman, Gyaamanhene (1760–1790)
Biri Kofi Kadyo, Gyaamanhene (1790–1810)

Kong Empire –

Seku Wattara, leader (1710–1735)

Liberia

Mali

Bamana Empire –

Bitòn Coulibaly, Faama (1712–1755)
Dinkoro Coulibaly, Faama (1755–1757)
Ali Coulibaly, Faama (1757–c.1759)
Ngolo Diarra, Faama (1766–1795)
Mansong Diarra, Faama (1795–1808)
Da Monzon Diarra, Faama (1808–?)

Mauritania

Niger

Sultanate of Damagaram (complete list) –

Mallam, Sultan (1731–1746)
Baba dan Mallam, Sultan (1746–1757)
Tanimoun Babani, Sultan (1757–1775)
Assafa dan Tanimoun, Sultan (1775–1782)
Abaza dan Tanimoun, Sultan (1782–1787)
Mallam Babou Saba, Sultan (1787–1790)
Daouda dan Tanimoun, Sultan (1790–1799)
Ahmadou dan Tanimoun, Sultan (1799–1812)

Dendi Kingdom (complete list) –

El Hadjj Hanga, Askiya (?–1761)^[12]
Samsou-Béri, Askiya (1761–1779)
Hargani, Askiya (1779–1793)
Samsou Keïna, Askiya (1793–1798)
Fodi Maÿroumfa, Askiya (1798–1805)

Nigeria

Akwa Akpa (Old Calabar)^[13] –

Ekpenyong Offiong Okoho, King (1786–1805)

Bornu Empire (Kanem–Bornu): Sayfawa dynasty^[14]

Dunama VII, Mai (1696–1715)
Hamdan, Mai (1715–1729)
Muhammad VII of Bornu, Mai (1729–1744)
Dunama VIII Gana, Mai (1744–1447)
Ali III, Mai (1747–1792)
Ahmad, Mai (1792–1808)

Oyo Empire (complete list) –

Ayibi, Alaafin (17th century or 18th century)
Osiyago, Alaafin (early 18th century)
Ojigi, Alaafin (c.1728–1730)
Gberu, Alaafin (c.1730–1746)
Amuniwaiye, Alaafin (1746)
Onisile, Alaafin (1746–1754)
Labisi, Alaafin (1754)
Awonbioju, Alaafin (1754)
Agboluaje, Alaafin (1754)
Majeogbe, Alaafin (1754–1770)
Abiodun, Alaafin (c.1770–1789)
Awole Arogangan, Alaafin (1789–1796)
Adebo, Alaafin (1796–1888)

Sultanate of Kano (complete list) –

Dadi, Sultan (1670–1703)
Muhammad Sharif, Sultan (1703–1731)
Kumbari, Sultan (1731–1743)
al-Hajj Kabe, Sultan (1743–1753)
Yaji II, Sultan (1753–1768)
Baba Zaki, Sultan (1768–1776)
Daud Abasama II, Sultan (1776–1781)
Muhammad al-Walid, Sultan (1781–1805)

Kingdom of Nri (complete list) –

Ezimilo, Eze Nri (1701–1723)
Èwenétem, Eze Nri (1724–1794)
Ènweleána I, Eze Nri (1795–1886)

Yauri Emirate –

Muhammadu Dan Ayi dan Ahmadu Jerabana Albishir, Emir (1799–1829)

Senegal

Jolof / Wolof Empire (complete list) –

Bakar Penda, Buur-ba (1670–1711)
Bakan-Tam Gan, Buur-ba (1711–1721)
al-Buri Dyakher, Buur-ba (1721–1740)
Birayamb, Buur-ba (1740–1748)
Birawa Keme, Buur-ba (1748–1750)
Lat-Kodu, Buur-ba (1750–1755)
Bakaa-Tam Buri-Nyabu, Buur-ba (1755–1763)
Mba Kompass, Buur-ba (1763–1800)
Mba Buri-Nyabu, Buur-ba (1800–1818)

Cayor (complete list) –

Lat Sukabe, Damel (1697–1719)
Isa-Tende, Damel (1719–1748)
Isa Bige, Damel (1748–1749)
Ma-Bathio Samb, Damel (1749–1757)
Birima Kodu, Damel (1757–1758)
Isa Bige, Damel (1758–1759)
Birima Yamb, Damel (1759–1760)
Isa Bige Nagone, Damel (1760–1763)
Jor Yasin Isa, Damel (1763–1766)
Kodu Kumba, Damel (1766–1777)
Birima Fatim-Penda, Damel (1777–1790)
Amari Ngone Ndèla Kumba Fal, Damel (1790–1809)

Imamate of Futa Toro (complete list) –

Abdelkedir, Almaami (1776–1804)

Sierra Leone

Kingdom of Koya (complete list) –

Naimbanna I, Bai (1680–1720)
Naimbanna II, Bai (1720–1793)
Farima IV, Bai (1793–1807)

Togo

Americas

Americas: North

United States
Presidents of the Second Continental Congress

John Hancock, President (1775–1777)^[15]
Henry Laurens, President (1777–1778)^[16]
John Jay, President (1778–1779)^[17]
Samuel Huntington, President (1779–1781)^[18]

Presidents under the Articles of Confederation

Samuel Huntington, President (1781)^[18]
Thomas McKean, President (1781)^[19]
John Hanson, President (1781–1782)^[20]
Elias Boudinot, President (1782–1783)^[21]
Thomas Mifflin, President (1783–1784)^[22]
Richard Henry Lee, President (1784–1785)^[23]
John Hancock, President (1785–1786)^[15]
Nathaniel Gorham, President (1786)^[24]
Arthur St. Clair, President (1787)^[25]
Cyrus Griffin, President (1788)^[26]

Presidents under the Constitution (complete list) –

George Washington, President (1789–1797)^[27]
John Adams, President (1797–1801)^[28]

Asia

Asia: Central

Kazakhstan

Dzungar Khanate (complete list) –

Tsewang Arabtan, Khong Tayiji (1694–1727)
Galdan Tseren, Khong Tayiji (1727–1745)
Tsewang Dorji Namjal, Khong Tayiji (1746–1749)
Lama Dorji, Khong Tayiji (1750–1753)
Dawachi, Khong Tayiji (1752–1755)
Amursana, ruler (c.1755–1757)

Kazakh Khanate (complete list) –

Tauke, Khan (1680–1718)

Junior zhuz (complete list) –

Abul Khair, Khan (1718–1748)
Nuraly, Khan (1748–1786)
Eraly, Khan (1791–1794)
Esim, Khan (1795–1797)
Aishuaq, Khan (1797–1805)

Middle zhuz (complete list) –

Sameke, Khan (1719–1734)
Abilmambet, Khan (1734–1771)
Ablai, Khan (1771–1781)
Uali, Khan (1781–1819)

Tajikistan

Yarkent Khanate, Western Moghulistan (complete list) –

Akbash, Khan (1695-1705)

Tibet

Khoshut Khanate of Tibet

Khans (complete list) –

Lha-bzang, Khan (1697–1717)

Dalai Lamas (complete list) –

Tsangyang Gyatso, 6th Dalai Lama (1697–1706)

Tibet under Qing rule (Qing emperors / Dalai Lamas) –

Manchu overlordship, 1720-1912

For details see the Qing dynasty under Eastern Asia

Uzbekistan

Khanate of Bukhara –

Subhan Quli, Khan (1680–1702)^[29]^[30]^[31]
Ubaidullah, Khan (1702–1711)
Abu'l-Faiz, Khan (1711–1747)
Muhammad Abd al-Mumin, Khan (1747-1748)
Muhammad Ubaidullah II, Khan (1748-1753, nominal)
Muhammad Rahim (usurper), atalik (1753-1756), Khan (1756-1758)
Shir Ghazi, Khan (1758-?)
Abu'l Ghazi, Khan (1758–1785)

Emirate of Bukhara –

Shah Murad bin Daniyal Bey, Amir (1785–1800)

Khanate of Kokand –

Shahrukh Bey, Khan (c.1709–1721)
Abdul Rahim Bey, Khan (c.1721–1733)
Abdul Kahrim Bey, Khan (c.1733–1750)
Abdurakhman-Batir, Khan (c.1750)
Irdana, Khan (c.1750–1752)
Bobobek, Khan (c.1752–1753)
Irdana, Khan (c.1753–1764)
Suleiman Bey, Khan (c.1764)
Shahruhk III, Khan (c.1764)
Narbuta Bey, Khan (c.1764–1801)

Khanate of Khiva (complete list) –

Ishaq Agha Shah Niyaz, Khan (1698–1701)
Awrang II, Khan (1701–1702)
rShakhbakht Khan, Khan (1702-03)
Sayyid Ali Khan, Khan (1703)
Musa, Khan (1702–1712)
Yadigar I, Khan (1712–1713)
Awrang III, Khan (c.1713–c.1714)
Haji Muhammad II, Khan (c.1714)
Shir Ghazi, Khan (1714–1727)
Sarigh Ayghir, Khan (1727)
Bahadur, Khan (1727–1728)
Ilbars II, Khan (1728–1740)
Tahir, Khan (1740–1742)
Nurali I, Khan (1742)
Abu Muhammad, Khan (1742)
Abu al-Ghazi II Muhammad, Khan (1742–1747)
Ghaib, Khan (Kaip Khan), Khan (1747–1758)
Abdullah Qara Beg, Khan (1758)
Timur Ghazi, Khan (1758–1764)
Tawke, Khan (1764–1766)
Shah Ghazi, Khan (1766–1768)
Abu al-Ghazi III, Khan (1768–1769)
Nurali II, Khan (1769)
Jahangir, Khan (1769–1770)
Bölekey, Khan (1770)
Aqim, Khan (1770–1771, c.1772–c.1773)
Abd al-Aziz, Khan (c.1771)
Artuq Ghazi, Khan (c.1772)
Abdullah, Khan (c.1772)
Aqim, Khan (1770–1771, c.1772–c.1773)
Yadigar II, Khan (c.1773–1775, 1779–1781, 1783–1790)
Abu'l Fayz, Khan (1775–1779)
Yadigar II, Khan (c.1773–1775, 1779–1781, 1783–1790)
Pulad Ghazi, Khan (1781–1783)
Yadigar II, Khan (c.1773–1775, 1779–1781, 1783–1790)
Abu al-Ghazi IV, Khan (1790–1802)

Kalmyk Khanate (complete list) –

Ayuka, Khan (1672–1723)
Tseren Donduk, Khan (1723–1735)
Donduk Ombo, Khan (1735–1741)
Donduk Dashi, Khan (1741–1761)
Ubashi, Khan (1761–1771)
Dodbi, Khan (1771–1781)
As Saray, Khan (1781)

Asia: East

China: Qing dynasty

Qing dynasty (complete list) –

Kangxi, Emperor (1661–1722)
Yongzheng, Emperor (1722–1735)
Qianlong, Emperor (1735–1796)
Jiaqing, Emperor (1796–1820)

Japan

Tokugawa shogunate of Japan

Emperors (complete list) –

Higashiyama, Emperor (1687–1709)
Nakamikado, Emperor (1709–1735)
Sakuramachi, Emperor (1735–1747)
Momozono, Emperor (1747–1762)
Go-Sakuramachi, Emperor (1762–1771)
Go-Momozono, Emperor (1771–1779)
Kōkaku, Emperor (1780–1817)

Shōguns (complete list) –

Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Shōgun (1680–1709)
Tokugawa Ienobu, Shōgun (1709–1712)
Tokugawa Ietsugu, Shōgun (1713–1716)
Tokugawa Yoshimune, Shōgun (1716–1745)
Tokugawa Ieshige, Shōgun (1745–1760)
Tokugawa Ieharu, Shōgun (1760–1786)
Tokugawa Ienari, Shōgun (1787–1837)

Ryukyu Kingdom: Second Shō Dynasty –

Vassal state of Satsuma Domain, 1609–1872

Shō Tei, King (1669–1709)
Shō Eki, King (1710–1712)
Shō Kei, King (1713–1752)
Shō Boku, King (1752–1794)
Shō On, King (1795–1802)

Korea

Joseon (complete list) –

Sukjong, King (1674–1720)
Gyeongjong, King (1720–1724)
Yeongjo, King (1724–1776)
Jeongjo, King (1776–1800)
Sunjo, King (1800–1834)

Asia: Southeast

Brunei

Bruneian Empire (complete list) –

Nassaruddin, Sultan (1690–1710)
Hussin Kamaluddin, Sultan (1710–1730, 1737–1740)
Muhammad Alauddin, Sultan (1730–1737)
Omar Ali Saifuddin I, Sultan (1740–1778)
Muhammad Tajuddin, Sultan (1778–1804, 1804–1807)

Cambodia

Kingdom of Cambodia: Middle Period (complete list) –

Chey Chettha IV, King (1675–1695, 1696–1699, 1700–1702, 1703–1706)
Thommoreachea III or Sri Dhamaraja III, King (1702–1703, 1706–1709, 1738–1747)
Barom Ramadhipati or Kaev Hua III, King (1699–1700, 1710–1722)
Satha II or Paramaraja X, King (1722–1729, 1729–1736, 1749)
Thommoreachea IV or Sri Dhamaraja IV, King (1747)
Ang Sngoun, King (1749–1755)
Ang Tong, King (1755–1758)
Outey II, King (1758–1775)
Ang Non II, King (1775–1779)
Ang Eng, King (1777–1796)

Indonesia

Indonesia: Java

Blambangan Kingdom (complete list) –

Pangeran Putr, King (1697–1736)
Danuningrat, King (1736–1763)
Pangeran Wilis, King (1767–1768)

Pasuruan –

Surapati, Wiranegara I, Sultan (1686–1706)^[32]
Wiranegara II, Sultan (1706–1707)

Banten Sultanate (complete list) –

Abdul Mahasin Muhammad Zainulabidin, Sultan (1690–1733)^[33]
Abdul Fatah Muhammad Syafei, Sultan (1733–1748)
Ratu Sarifah Fatima, Regent (1748–1750)
Abu’lma’ali Muhammad Wasi al-Halimin, Sultan (1750–1753)
Abu Nazar Muhammad Arif Zainal Asyekin, Sultan (1753–1777)
Abdul Mofakhir Muhammad Aliuddin I, Sultan (1777–1802)

Cirebon, Keraton Kasepuhan (complete list) –

Sepuh II Jamaluddin, Sultan (1697–1723)^[34]
Sepuh III Muhammad Zainuddin, Sultan (1723–1753)
Sepuh IV Muhammad Zainuddin, Sultan (1753–1773)
Sepuh V Sapiuddin, Sultan (1773–1786)
Sepuh VI, Sultan (1786–1791)
Sepuh VII Joharuddin, Sultan (1791–1816)

Cirebon, Kraton Kanoman (complete list) –

Anom I Badruddin, Sultan (1662–1703)^[34]
Anom II, Sultan (1703–1706)
Anom III Muhammad Alimuddin, Sultan (1719–1732)
Anom IV Khairuddin, Sultan (1744–1797)
Anom V Imanuddin, Sultan (1797–1807)

Cirebon, Panembahan line (complete list) –

Panembahan Cirebon I Muhammad Nasruddin, Sultan (1662–1714)^[34]
Panembahan Cirebon II Muhammad Muhyiddin, Sultan (1725–1731)
Panembahan Cirebon III Muhammad Tair Yarini Sabirin, Sultan (1752–1773)

Cirebon, Panembahan line (complete list) –

Pangeran Arya Cirebon, Kamaruddin, Sultan (1697–1723)^[34]
Cirebon I Muhammad Akbaruddin, Sultan (1723–1734)
Cirebon II Muhammad Salihuddin, Sultan (1734–1758)
Cirebon III Muhammad Harruddin, Sultan (1758–1768)

Bangkalan –

Cakraningrat II, Sultan (1648–1707)^[35]
Cakraningrat III, Sultan (1707–1718)
Cakraningrat IV, Sultan (1718–1745)
Cakraningrat V, Sultan (1745–1770)
Cakraningrat VI, Sultan (1770–1780)
Cakraningrat VII, Sultan (1780–1815)

Sumenep –

Pulang Jiwa, Sultan (1684–1702)^[36]
Cakranegara I, Sultan (1702–1705)
Suderma, Sultan (1705–1707)
Cakranegara II, Sultan (1707–1737)
Cakranegara III, Sultan (1737–1750)
Bendara Saud, Sultan (1750–1767)
Tirtanegara, Sultan (1767–1811)

Pamekasan –

Adikara I, Sultan (1685–1708)^[37]
Adikara II, Sultan (1708–1737)
Adikara III, Sultan (1737–1743)
Adikara IV, Sultan (1743–1750)
Adiningrat, Sultan (1750–1752)
Aria Cakraadiningrat I, R. Alsari, Sultan (1752–1800)
Aria Cakraadiningrat II, R. Alsana, Sultan (1800–1804)

Mataram Sultanate (complete list) –

Amangkurat II, Susuhunan (1677–1703)
Amangkurat III, Susuhunan (1703–1704)
Pakubuwono I, Susuhunan (1704–1719)
Amangkurat IV, Susuhunan (1719–1726)
Pakubuwono II, Susuhunan (1726–1749)
Pakubuwono III, Susuhunan of Mataram (1749–1755); Susuhunan of Surakarta (1755–1788)

Split into Surakarta and Yogyakarta

Surakarta Sunanate (complete list) –

Pakubuwono III, Susuhunan of Mataram (1749–1755); Susuhunan of Surakarta (1755–1788)^[38]
Pakubuwono IV, Sultan (1788–1820)

Yogyakarta Sultanate (complete list) –

Hamengkubuwono I, Sultan (1755–1792)^[39]
Hamengkubuwono II, Sultan (1792–1810, 1811–1812, 1826–1828)

Mangkunegaran (complete list) –

Mangkunegara I, Sultan (1757–1795)^[40]
Mangkunegara II, Sultan (1795–1835)

Indonesia: Sumatra

Aceh Sultanate (complete list) –

Badr ul-Alam Syarif Hasyim Jamaluddin, Sultan (1699–1702)
Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui, Sultan (1702–1703)
Jamal ul-Alam Badr ul-Munir, Sultan (1703–1726)
Jauhar ul-Alam, Sultan (1726)
Syamsul Alam, Sultan (1726–1727)
Alauddin Ahmad Syah, Sultan (1727–1735)
Alauddin Johan Syah, Sultan (1735–1760)
Alauddin Mahmud Syah I, Sultan (1760–1781)
Badr ul-Alam Syah, Sultan (1764–1765)
Sulaiman Syah, Sultan (1773)
Alauddin Muhammad Syah, Sultan (1781–1795)
Alauddin Jauhar ul-Alam Syah, Sultan (1795–1815, 1819–1823)

Johor Sultanate (complete list) –

Abdul Jalil Shah IV (Bendahara Abdul Jalil), Sultan (1699–1720)
Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah I, Sultan (1718–1722)
Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah, Sultan (1722–1760)
Abdul Jalil Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1760–1761)
Ahmad Riayat Shah, Sultan (1761–1761)
Mahmud Shah III, Sultan (1761–1812)

Sultanate of Deli (complete list) –

Tuanku Panglima Paderap, Sultan (1698–1728)
Tuanku Panglima Pasutan, Sultan (1728–1761)
Tuanku Panglima Gandar Wahid, Sultan (1761–1805)

Sultanate of Langkat –

Bendahara Raja Badiuzzaman, Raja (1673–1750)
Kejuruan Hitam (Tuah Hitam), Raja (1750–1818)

Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura (complete list) –

Abdul Jalil Rahmad Shah I, Sultan (1725–1746)
Abdul Jalil Rahmad Shah II, Sultan (1746–1765)
Abdul Jalil Jalaluddin Shah, Sultan (1765–1766)
Abdul Jalil Alamuddin Shah, Sultan (1766–1780)
Muhammad Ali Abdul Jalil Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1780–1782)
Yahya Abdul Jalil Muzaffar Shah, Sultan (1782–1784)
Al-Sayyid al-Sharif Ali Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin Ba'alawi, Sultan (1784–1810)

Sultanate of Serdang (complete list) –

Kejeruan Junjungan, Raja (1728–1782)
Al-Marhum Kacapuri, Raja (1782–1822)

Riau-Lingga Sultanate

Sultans –

Abdul Jalil Shah IV, Sultan (1699–1720)
Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah, Sultan (1718–1722)
Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah, Sultan (1722–1760)
Abdul Jalil Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1760–1761)
Ahmad Riayat Shah, Sultan (1761–1761)
Mahmud Shah III, Sultan (1761–1812)

Yang di-Pertuan Muda –

Daeng Marewah, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1722–1728)
Daeng Chelak, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1728–1745)
Daeng Kemboja, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1745–1777)
Haji, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1777–1784)
Ali, Yang di-Pertuan Muda (1784–1805)

Jambi Sultanate –
Sultan Sri Maharaja Batu, Sultan (1690–1721)

Ahmad Zainuddin/ Anom Sri Ingalaga, Sultan (1770–1790)

Ratu Seri Ingalaga, Sultan (1790–1812)

Indonesia: Kalimantan (Borneo)

Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate –

Aji Muhammad Idris, Sultan (c.1732–1739)
Aji Muhammad Muslihuddin, Sultan (1780s)

Sultanate of Banjar (complete list) –

Tahmidullah I, Sultan (1700–1717)
Panembahan Kasuma Dilaga, Sultan (1717–1730)
Hamidullah, Sultan (1730–1734)
Tamjidullah I, Sultan (1734–1759)
Muhammadillah/Muhammad Aliuddin Aminullah, Sultan (1759–1761)
Tahmidullah II/Sultan Nata, Sultan (1761–1801)

Sultanate of Sambas (complete list) –

Muhammad Taj ud-din I, Sultan (1685–1708)
Umar Aqam ud-din I, Sultan (1708–1732)
Abu Bakar Kamal ud-din I, Sultan (1732–1764)
Umar Akam ud-din II, Sultan (1764–1786)
Achmad Taj ud-din II, Sultan (1786–1793)
Abu Bakar Taj ud-din I, Sultan (1793–1815)

Lanfang Republic –

Luo Fangbo, President (1777–1795)
Jiang Wubo, President (1795–1799)
Yan Sibo, President (1799–1804)

Bulungan –

Digendung, putra Wira Keranda, Wira (1695–1731)
Amir, Putera Wira Digendung Gelar Sultan Amiril Mukminin, Wira (1731–1777)
Aji Muhammad, Sultan (1777–1817)

Pontianak Sultanate (complete list) –

Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie, Sultan (1771–1808)

Indonesia: Sulawesi

Sultanate of Gowa –

Abdul Jalil, Sultan (1677–1709)
Ismail, Sultan (1709–1711)
Sirajuddin, Sultan (1711–?)
Najamuddin, Sultan (18th century)
Sirajuddin, Sultan (1735–1735)
Abdul Khair, Sultan (1735–1742)
Abdul Kudus, Sultan (1742–1753)
Amas Madina Batara Gowa, Sultan (1753–1767)
I Mallisujawa Daeng Riboko Arungmampu, Sultan (1767–1769)
Zainuddin, Sultan (1770–1778)
I Manawari Karaeng Bontolangkasa, Sultan (1778–1810)

Luwu –

Settiaraja, Datu (1663–1704)
La Onro Topalaguna, Datu (1704–1715)
Batari Tungke, Datu (1706–1715)
Batari Tojang, Datu (1715–1748)
We Tenri Leleang, Datu (1748–1778)
Tosibengngareng, Datu (1760–1765)
La Tenri Peppang, Datu (1778–1810)

Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands

Kingdom of Larantuka –

Domingos Viera, Raja (c.1702)

Bima Sultanate (complete list) –

Hasanuddin Muhammad Ali Syah, Sultan (1697–1731)
Alauddin Muhammad Syah, Sultan (1731–1748)
Kamalat Syah, Sultan (1748–1751)
Abdul Kadim Muhammad Syah, Sultan (1751–1773)
Abdul Hamid Muhammad Syah, Sultan (1773–1817)

Indonesia: West Timor

Wehali –

Jacinto Correia, Liurai (c.1756)

Amanatun (complete list) –

Don Louis Nai Konof, Raja (pre-1751–1766)
Don Joan Benao, Raja (1766–?)

Amarasi (complete list) –

Dom Affonco, Raja (c.1703)^[41]
Dom Augusto Fernandes, Raja (c.1703)
Nai Soti, Raja (c.1714)
Dom Luís Hornay, Raja (pre-1749–1752)
Dom Affonco Hornay, Raja (1752–1774)
Don Rote Ruatefu, Raja (1774–1802)

Amabi (complete list) –

Ama Kefi Meu, Raja (1666–1704)
Ama Kefi, Raja (1704–1725)
Loti, Raja (1725–1732)
Nai Balas, Raja (1732–1755)
Balthazar Loti, Raja (1755–1790)
Osu I, Raja (1791–1795)
Slolo, Raja (1795–c.1797)
Afu Balthazar, Raja (c.1797–pre-1824)

Sonbai Besar (complete list) –

Dom Pedro Sonbai/ Tomenu, Emperor (c.1704–1726)^[42]
Dom Alfonso Salema/ Nai Bau Sonbai, Emperor (pre-1748–1752)
Don Bernardo/ Nai Sobe Sonbai I, Emperor (1752–1760)
Albertus Johannes Taffy/ Nai Tafin Sonbai, Emperor (1760–1768)
Alphonsus Adrianus/ Nai Kau Sonbai, Emperor (1768–1802)

Sonbai Kecil (complete list) –

Bi Sonbai/ Usi Tetu Utang, Queen (1672–1717)^[42]
Bernardus Leu, Raja (1717–1726)
Corneo Leu, Raja (1728–1748)
Daniel Taffy Leu, Raja (1748–1760)
Jacobus Albertus Taffy, Raja (1760–1776)
Nai Kau Sonbai, Raja (1776–1783)
Baki Bena/ Bernardus Nisnoni, Raja (1783–1795)
Dirk Hendrik Aulasi, Raja (1795–1798)
Nube Bena/ Pieter Nisnoni I, Raja (1798–1820)

Amanuban (complete list) –

Don Michel, Raja (pre-1749–1751)
Don Louis, Raja (1751–1770)
Don Jacobus Albertus, Raja (1770–1786)
Tobani, Raja (1786–c.1807)

Indonesia: Maluku Islands

Sultanate of Bacan (complete list) –

Dutch protectorate 1667–1942

Alauddin II, Sultan (1660–1706)^[43]
Musa Malikuddin, Sultan (1706–1715)
Kie Nasiruddin, Sultan (1715–1732)
Hamza Tarafan Nur, Sultan (1732–1741)
Muhammad Sahaddin, Sultan (1741–1780)
Skandar Alam, Sultan (1780–1788)
Muhammad Badaruddin, Sultan (1788–1797)
Kamarullah, Sultan (1797–1826)

Sultanate of Jailolo –

British occupation 1799–1802

Muhammad Arif Bila, Sultan (1797–1806)^[44]

Sultanate of Tidore (complete list) –

Dutch protectorate 1657–1905

Hamza Faharuddin, Sultan (1689–1705)^[45]
Abdul Falali Mansur, Sultan (1705–1708)
Hasanuddin, Sultan (1708–1728)
Amir Muiduddin Malikulmanan, Sultan (1728–1757)
Amir Muhammad Masud Jamaluddin, Sultan (1757–1779)
Gayjira, Sultan (regent 1779–1780)
Patra Alam, Sultan (1780–1783)
Hairul Alam Kamaluddin, Sultan (1784–1797)
Nuku, Muhammad al-Mabus Amiruddin Syah, Sultan (1797–1805)

Sultanate of Ternate (complete list) –

Dutch protectorate 1683–1915

Said Fathullah, Sultan (1689–1714)
Amir Iskandar Zulkarnain Saifuddin, Sultan (1714–1751)
Ayan Shah, Sultan (1751–1754)
Syah Mardan, Sultan (1755–1763)
Jalaluddin, Sultan (1763–1774)
Harun Shah, Sultan (1774–1781)
Achral, Sultan (1781–1796)
Muhammad Yasin, Sultan (1796–1801)

Laos

Lan Xang (complete list) –

Setthathirath II, King (1700–1707)

Kingdom of Vientiane (complete list) –

Setthathirath II, King (1707–1735)
Ong Long, King (1735–1767)

Vassal to Burma (1765–1768)

Ong Boun, King (1767–1778, 1780–1781)

Vassal to Siam (1778–1826)

Phraya Supho, Siamese Governor (1778–1780)
Ong Boun, King (1767–1778, 1780–1781)
Nanthasen, King (1781–1794)
Intharavong, King (1795–1805)

Muang Phuan (complete list) –

Kham Sattha, King (1723–1751)
Ong Lo, King (1751–1779)
Somphou, King (1779–1803)

Kingdom of Champasak (complete list) –

Nokasad, King (1713–1737)
Sayakumane, King (1737–1791)
Fay Na, King (1791–1811)

Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (complete list) –

Kingkitsarat, King (1707–1713)
Ong Kham, King (1713–1723)
Inthasom, King (1723–1749)
Inthaphom, King (1749)
Sotika Koumane, King (1749–1771)

Vassal to Burma (1765–1779)

Suriyawong, King (1771–1779)
Anourouth, King (1791–1817)

Malaysia: Peninsular

Kedah Sultanate (complete list) –

Abdullah Mu'adzam Shah, Sultan, (1698–1706)
Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah I, Sultan, (1706–1710)
Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah II, Sultan, (1710–1778)
Abdullah Mukarram Shah, Sultan, (1778–1797)
Dziaddin Mukarram Shah II, Sultan, (1797–1803)

Kelantan Sultanate (complete list) –

Champa dynasty

Omar Ibni Al-Marhum Raja Sakti I, Sultan (1675–1721)

Patani dynasty

Long Bahar, Raja (1721–1734)
Long Sulaiman, Raja (1734–1739, 1746–1756)
Raja Long Pandak|Long Pandak, Sultan (1756–1758)
Raja Long Muhammad|Long Muhammad, Sultan (1758–1763)
Raja Long Yunus|Long Yunus, Sultan (1765–1795)
Tengku Muhammad, Sultan (1795–1800)
Muhammad I, Sultan (1800–1835)

Johor Sultanate (complete list) –

Abdul Jalil Shah IV, Sultan (1699–1720)

Perak Sultanate: Siak dynasty (complete list) –

Mahmud Iskandar Shah, Sultan (1653–1720)
Alauddin Mughayat Shah, Sultan (1720–1728)
Muzaffar Riayat Shah III, Sultan of Upper Perak (1728–1752)
Muhammad Mughayat Shah, Sultan of Lower Perak (1744–1750)
Iskandar Zulkarnain, Sultan (1752–1765)
Mahmud Shah II, Sultan (1765–1773)
Alauddin Mansur Shah Iskandar Muda, Sultan (1773–1786)
Ahmaddin Shah, Sultan (1786–1806)

Terengganu Sultanate (complete list) –

Zainal Abidin I, Sultan (1725–1733)
Mansur Shah I, Sultan (1733–1793)
Zainal Abidin II, Sultan (1793–1808)

Selangor Sultanate (complete list) –

Raja Lumu, Sultan (1745–1778)
Ibrahim Shah, Sultan (1778–1826)

Negeri Sembilan (complete list) –

Melewar, Yamtuan (1773–1795)
Hitam, Yamtuan (1795–1808)

Perlis (complete list) –

Syed Abu Bakar Harun Jamalullail, Penghulu (1797–1825)^[46]

Myanmar / Burma

Kingdom of Mrauk U (complete list) –

Sanda Wimala I, King (1700–1707)
Sanda Thuriya II, King (1707–1710)
Sanda Wizaya, King (1710–1731)
Sanda Thuriya III, King (1731–1734)
Naradipati II, King (1734–1735)
Narapawara, King (1735–1737)
Sanda Wizala, King (1737–1738)
Madarit, King (1738–1743)
Nara Apaya, King (1743–1761)
Thirithu, King (1761–1762)
Sanda Parama, King (1762–1764)
Apaya, King (1764–1774)
Sanda Thumana, King (1774–1777)
Sanda Wimala II, King (1777)
Sanda Thaditha, King (1777–1782)
Maha Thammada, King (1782–1785)

Toungoo dynasty (complete list) –

Sanay Min, King (1698–1714)
Taninganway Min, King (1714–1733)
Mahadhammaraza Dipadi, King (1733–1752)

Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom (complete list) –

Smim Htaw Buddhaketi, King (1740–1747)
Binnya Dala, King (1747–1757)

Konbaung dynasty (complete list) –

Alaungpaya, King (1752–1760)
Naungdawgyi, King (1760–1763)
Hsinbyushin, King (1763–1776)
Singu, King (1776–1782)
Phaungka, King (1782)
Bodawpaya, King (1782–1819)

Philippines

Sultanate of Sulu (complete list) –

Shahab ud-Din, Sultan (1685–1710)
Mustafa Shafi ud-Din, Sultan (1710–1718)
Badar ud-Din I, Sultan (1718–1732)
Nasar ud-Din, Sultan (1732–1735)
Azim ud-Din I, Sultan (1735–1748, 1764–1773)
Bantilan Muizzud-Din, Sultan (1748–1763)
Mohammad Israel, Sultan (1773–1778)
Azim ud-Din II, Sultan (1763–1764, 1778–1791)
Sharap ud-Din, Sultan (1789–1808)

Sultanate of Maguindanao (complete list) –

Kahar Ud-din Kuda, Sultan (?–1702)
Bayan Ul-Anwar, Sultan (1702–1736)
Muhammad Tahir Ud-din, Sultan (1736–?)
Pakir Maulana Kamsa, Sultan (1734–1755)
Pahar Ud-din, Sultan (1755–?)
Kibad Sahriyal, Sultan (c.1780–c.1805)

Spanish East Indies, part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines (complete list) –

Colony, 1565–1901

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Thailand

Lan Na: Burmese rule (complete list) –

Che Putarai, King (1675–1707)
Mang Raenra, King (1707–1727)
Thepsing, King (1727)
Ong Kham, King (1727–1759)
Ong Chan, King (1759–1761)
Khihut, King (1761–1763)
Po Aphaikhamini, King (1763–1768)
Po Mayu-nguan, King (1768–1775)

Ayutthaya Kingdom: Ban Phlu Luang dynasty (complete list) –

Phetracha, King (1688–1703)
Suriyenthrathibodi, King (1703–1709)
Thai Sa, King (1709–1733)
Borommakot, King (1733–1758)
Uthumphon, King (1758)
Ekkathat, King (1758–1767)

Thonburi Kingdom (complete list) –

Taksin, King (1767–1782)

Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam (complete list) –

Rama I, King (1782–1809)

Lampang –

Thipchang, King (1732–1759)
Chaikaeo, Prince (1759–1774)
Kawila, Prince of Lampang (1774–1782), King of Chiang Mai (1802–1813)

Timor

Portuguese Timor (complete list) –

Colony, 1702–1975

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Vietnam

Champa (complete list) –

Po Saktirai da putih, King (1695–1728)
Po Ganvuh da putih, King (1728–1730)
Po Thuttirai, King (1731–1732)
Po Rattirai, King (1735–1763)
Po Tathun da moh-rai, King (1763–1765)
Po Tithuntirai da paguh, King (1765–1780)
Po Tithuntirai da parang, King (1780–1781)
Chei Krei Brei, King (1783–1786)
Po Tithun da parang, King (1786–1793)
Po Lathun da paguh, King (1793–1799)
Po Chong Chan, King (1799–1822)

Revival Lê dynasty (complete list) –

Lê Hi Tông, Emperor (1676–1704)
Lê Dụ Tông, Emperor (1705–1728)
Lê Duy Phường, Emperor (1729–1732)
Lê Thuần Tông, Emperor (1732–1735)
Lê Ý Tông, Emperor (1735–1740)
Lê Hiển Tông, Emperor (1740–1786)
Lê Mẫn Đế, Emperor (1787–1789)

Nguyễn lords (complete list) –

Nguyễn Phúc Chu, Lord (1691–1725)
Nguyễn Phúc Chú, Lord (1725–1738)
Nguyễn Phúc Khoát, Lord (1738–1765)
Nguyễn Phúc Thuần, Lord (1765–1777)
Nguyễn Phúc Dương, Lord (1776–1777)

Trịnh lords (complete list) –

Trịnh Căn, Lord (1682–1709)
Trịnh Cương, Lord (1709–1729)
Trịnh Giang, Lord (1729–1740)
Trịnh Doanh, Lord (1740–1767)
Trịnh Sâm, Lord (1767–1782)
Trịnh Cán, Lord (1782)
Trịnh Khải, Lord (1782–1786)
Trịnh Bồng, Lord (1786–1787)

Tây Sơn dynasty (complete list) –

Nguyễn Nhạc, Emperor (1778–1788)
Nguyễn Huệ, Emperor (1788–1792)
Nguyễn Quang Toản, Emperor (1792–1802)

Asia: South

Afghanistan

Hotak dynasty (complete list) –

Mirwais Hotak, Emir (1709–1715)
Abdul Aziz Hotak, Emir (1715–1717)
Mahmud Hotaki, Emir (1717–1725)
Ashraf Hotaki, Emir (1725–1729)
Hussain Hotaki, Emir (1729–1738)

Durrani Empire (complete list) –

Ahmad Shah Durrani, Emir (1738–1772)
Timur Shah Durrani, Emir (1772–1793)
Zaman Shah Durrani, Emir (1793–1801)

Bengal

Nawabs of Bengal (complete list) –

Murshid Quli Khan, Nawab (1717–1727)
Sarfaraz Khan, Nawab (1727–1727)
Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan, Nawab (1727–1739)
Sarfaraz Khan, Nawab (1739–1740)
Alivardi Khan, Nawab (1740–1756)
Siraj ud-Daulah, Nawab (1756–1757)
Mir Jafar Ali Khan, Nawab (1757–1760)
Mir Qasim, Nawab (1760–1763)
Mir Jafar Ali Khan, Nawab (1763–1765)
Najmuddin Ali Khan, Nawab (1765–1766)
Najabat Ali Khan, Nawab (1766–1770)
Ashraf Ali Khan, Nawab (1770)
Mubarak Ali Khan, Nawab (1770–1793)
Baber Ali Khan, Nawab (1793–1810)

Mallabhum (complete list) –

Durjan Singha Dev, King (1682–1702)
Raghunath Singha Dev II, King (1702–1712)
Gopal Singha Dev, King (1712–1748)
Chaitanya Singha Dev, King (1748–1801)

Bhurshut (complete list) –

Lakshminarayan, Maharaja (c.1695–1712)

Jaintia Kingdom

Ram Singh I, King (1694–1708)
Jay Narayan, King (1708–1731)
Bar Gosain, King (1731–1770)
Chattra Singh, King (1770–1780)
Bijay Narayan, King (1780–1790)
Ram Singh II, King (1790–1832)

Twipra Kingdom

Dharma Manikya II, King (1714-1733)
Vijay Manikya III, King (1743-1760)
Krishna Manikya, King (1760-1761)
Rajdhar Manikya, King (1783-1804)

Bhutan

Bhutan (complete list) –

Gedun Chomphel, Druk Desis (1695–1701)
Ngawang Tshering, Druk Desis (1701–1704)
Umze Peljor, Druk Desis (1704–1707)
Druk Rabgye, Druk Desis (1707–1719)
Ngawang Gyamtsho, Druk Desis (1719–1729)
Mipham Wangpo, Druk Desis (1729–1736)
Khuwo Peljor, Druk Desis (1736–1739)
Ngawang Gyaltshen, Druk Desis (1739–1744)
Sherab Wangchuck, Druk Desis (1744–1763)
Druk Phuntsho, Druk Desis (1763–1765)
Wangzob Druk Tenzin I, Druk Desis (1765–1768)
Sonam Lhundub, Druk Desis (1768–1773)
Kunga Rinchen, Druk Desis (1773–1776)
Jigme Singye, Druk Desis (1776–1788)
Druk Tenzin, Druk Desis (1788–1792)
Umzey Chapchhab, Druk Desis (1792–1792)
Sonam Gyaltshen (Tashi Namgyel), Druk Desis (1792–1799)
Druk Namgyel, Druk Desis (1799–1803)

India

British East India Company rule in India

Joint-stock colony, 1757–1858

For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

See also the list of princely states of British India (alphabetical) for all princely states

Maldives

Sultanate of the Maldives (complete list) –

Isdhoo Dynasty

Ali V, Sultan (1701)
Hasan X, Sultan (1701)
Ibrahim Mudzhiruddine, Sultan (1701–1704)

Dhiyamigili dynasty

Muhammad Imaduddin II, Sultan (1704–1720)
Ibrahim Iskandar II, Sultan (1720–1750)
Muhammad Imaduddin III, Sultan (1750–1757)
Amina I, Sultana (1753–1754)
Amina II, Sultana (1757–1759)

Huraa Dynasty

Hasan 'Izz ud-din, Sultan (1759–1766)

Dhiyamigili dynasty

Muhammed Ghiya'as ud-din, Sultan (1766–1774)

Huraa Dynasty

Muhammad Shamsuddeen II, Sultan (1774)
Muhammad Mu'iz ud-din, Sultan (1774–1779)
Hassan Nooraddeen I, Sultan (1779–1799)
Muhammad Mueenuddeen I, Sultan (1799–1835)

Nepal

Gorkha Kingdom –

Prithvipati Shah, King (1673–1716)
Nara Bhupal Shah, King (1716–1743)
Prithvi Narayan Shah, King of Gorkha (1743–1768), King of Nepal (1768–1775)

Kingdom of Nepal

Kings (complete list) –

Prithvi Narayan Shah, King of Gorkha (1743–1768), King of Nepal (1768–1775)
Pratap Singh Shah, King (1775–1777)
Rana Bahadur Shah, King (1777–1799)
Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah, King (1799–1816)

Mulkajis –

Abhiman Singh Basnet, Mulkaji (1785–1794)
Kirtiman Singh Basnyat, Mulkaji (1794–1801)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Damodar Pande, Prime minister (1799–1804)

Pakistan

Sikh Empire –
Jamadar Khushal Singh, Wazir (1799–1818)^[47]

Sri Lanka

Dutch Ceylon (complete list) –

Colony, 1656–1796

For details see the Dutch Republic under Western Europe

Kingdom of Kandy (complete list) –

Vimaladharmasurya II, King (1687–1707)
Vira Narendra Sinha, King (1707–1739)
Sri Vijaya Rajasinha, King (1739–1747)
Kirti Sri Rajasinha, King (1747–1782)
Rajadhi Rajasinha, King (1782–1798)
Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, King (1798–1815)

Asia: West

Bahrain

Bahrain (complete list) –

Ahmed ibn Muhammad ibn Khalifa, Hakim (1783–1796)
Abdullah ibn Ahmad Al Khalifa, Hakim (1796–1843)
Sulman ibn Ahmad Al Khalifa, Hakim (1796–1825)

Cyprus

Iran

Persia (Qajar dynasty) –

Agha Mohammad Khan, Shah (1789–1797)
Fath-Ali, Shah (1797–1834)

Iraq

Israel

Jordan

Kuwait

Sheikhdom of Kuwait (complete list) –

Sabah I, Sheikh (1752–1762)
Abdullah I, Sheikh (1762–1814)

Lebanon

Oman

Oman (complete list) –

Ahmad bin Said, Sultan (1749–1783)
Said bin Ahmad, Sultan (1783–1784)
Hamad bin Said, Sultan (1784–1792)
Sultan bin Ahmad, Sultan (1792–1804)

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

Emirate of Diriyah (complete list) –

Muhammad bin Saud, Imam (1744–1765)
Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad, Imam (1765–1803)

Syria

Turkey

Ottoman Empire

Sultans –

Mustafa II, Sultan (1695–1703)
Ahmed III, Sultan (1703–1730)
Mahmud I, Sultan (1730–1754)
Osman III, Sultan (1754–1757)
Mustafa III, Sultan (1757–1774)
Abdul Hamid I, Sultan (1774–1789)
Selim III, Sultan (1789–1807)

Grand Viziers –

Amcazade Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1697–1702)
Daltaban Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier (1702–1703)
Rami Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1703)
Sührablı Kavanoz Nişancı Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1703)
Damat Hasan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1703–1704)
Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1704)
Baltaji Mehmet Pasha, Grand Vizier (1704–1706)
Çorlulu Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1706–1710)
Köprülü Numan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1710)
Baltaji Mehmet Pasha, Grand Vizier (1710–1711)
Ağa Yusuf Pasha, Grand Vizier (1711–1712)
Nişancı Süleyman Pasha, Grand Vizier (1712–1713)
Kel Hoca Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1713)
Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1713–1716)
Hacı Halil Pasha, Grand Vizier (1716–1717)
Tevkii Nişancı Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1717–1718)
Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1718–1730)
Silahdar Damat Mehmet Pasha, Grand Vizier (1730–1731)
Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1731)
Topal Osman Pasha, Grand Vizier (1731–1732)
Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1732–1735)
Gürcü Ismail Pasha, Grand Vizier (1735–1736)
Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1736–1737)
Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha, Grand Vizier (1737)
Yeğen Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1737–1739)
Ivaz Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1739–1740)
Nişancı Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1740–1742)
Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1742–1743)
Seyyid Hasan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1743–1746)
Tiryaki Hacı Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1746–1747)
Seyyid Abdullah Pasha, Grand Vizier (1747–1750)
Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1750–1752)
Çorlulu Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier (1752–1755)
Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1755)
Naili Abdullah Pasha, Grand Vizier (1755)
Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1755)
Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1755–1756)
Çorlulu Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier (1756–1757)
Koca Ragıp Pasha, Grand Vizier (1757–1763)
Tevkii Hamza Hamid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1763)
Çorlulu Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier (1763–1765)
Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1765–1768)
Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha, Grand Vizier (1768)
Yağlıkçızade Nişancı Hacı Mehmed Emin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1768–1769)
Moldovancı Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1769)
Ivazzade Halil Pasha, Grand Vizier (1769–1770)
Silahdar Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1770–1771)
Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1771–1774)
Izzet Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1774–1775)
Moralı Derviş Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1775–1777)
Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1777–1778)
Kalafat Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1778–1779)
Silahdar Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1779–1781)
Izzet Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1781–1782)
Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1782)
Halil Hamid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1782–1785)
Hazinedar Şahin Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1785–1786)
Koca Yusuf Pasha, Grand Vizier (1786–1789)
Kethüda Meyyit Hasan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1789)
Hassan Pasha of Algiers, Grand Vizier (1789–1790)
Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1790–1791)
Koca Yusuf Pasha, Grand Vizier (1791–1792)
Melek Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1792–1794)
Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha, Grand Vizier (1794–1798)
Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha, Grand Vizier (1798–1805)

United Arab Emirates

Emirate of Abu Dhabi –

Dhiyab bin Isa Al Nahyan, ruler (1761–1793)
Shakhbut bin Dhiyab Al Nahyan, ruler (1793–1816)

Emirate of Sharjah –

Rashid bin Matar Al Qasimi, ruler (1747–1777)
Saqr bin Rashid Al Qasimi, ruler (1777–1803)

Umm Al Quwain –

Rashid bin Majid Al Mualla, ruler (1768–1820)

Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah –

Rahma Al Qasimi, ruler (1708–1731)
Matar bin Butti Al Qasimi, ruler (1731–1747)
Rashid bin Matar Al Qasimi, ruler (1747–1777)
Saqr bin Rashid Al Qasimi, ruler (1777–1803)

Yemen

Kathiri State of Seiyun –

Badr ibn Dscha'far al-Kathir, Sultan (1690–1707)
'Abdllah ibn Badr al-Kathir, Sultan (1707–1725)
'Amr ibn Badr al-Kathir, Sultan (1725–1760)
Ahmad ibn 'Amr al-Kathir, Sultan (1760–1800)
Muhsin ibn Ahmad al-Kathir, Sultan (1800–1830)

Yemeni Zaidi State –

al-Mahdi Muhammad, Imam (1689-1718)
al-Mutawakkil al-Qasim, Imam (1716-1727)
al-Mansur al-Husayn II, Imam (1727-1748)
al-Mahdi Abbas, Imam (1748-1775)
al-Mansur Ali I, Imam (1775-1809)

Lower Yafa –

Qahtan ibn Afif, ruler (1700–1720)
Sayf ibn Qahtan al-Afifi, ruler (1720–1740)
Ma`awda ibn Sayf al-Afifi, ruler (1740–1760)
Ghalib ibn Ma`awda al-Afifi, ruler (1760–1780)
Abd al-Karim ibn Ghalib al-Afifi, ruler (1780–1800)
Ali I ibn Ghalib al-Afifi, ruler (1800–1841)

Upper Yafa –

`Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Harhara, Sheikh (c.1730–1735)
Ahmad ibn `Ali Al Harhara, Sheikh (c.1735–1750)
Salih ibn Ahmad Al Harhara, Sheikh (c.1750–1780)
`Umar ibn Salih Al Harhara, Sheikh (c.1780–1800)

Sultanate of Lahej –

al-Fadl I ibn 'Ali al-Sallami al-'Abdali, Sultan (1728–1742)
'Abd al-Karim I ibn al-Fadl al-'Abdali, Sultan (1742–1753)
'Abd al-Hadi ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-'Abdali, Sultan (1753–1775)
al-Fadl II ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-'Abdali, Sultan (1775–1791)
Ahmad I ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-'Abdali, Sultan (1791–1827)

Mahra Sultanate –

`Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (c.1750–1780)
Taw`ari ibn `Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (c.1780–1800)

Europe

Europe: Balkans

Montenegro

Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro (complete list) –

Danilo I, Prince-Bishop (1696–1735)
Sava II, Prince-Bishop (1735–1782)
Vasilije III, Co-Prince-Bishop (1750–1766)
Petar I, Prince-Bishop (1782–1830)

Europe: British Isles

Great Britain

Kingdom of England (complete list) –

William II, King (1689–1702)
Anne, Queen (1702–1707)

Kingdom of Scotland (complete list) –

William II, King (1689–1702)
Anne, Queen (1702–1707)

Kingdom of Great Britain

Monarchs (complete list) –

Anne, Queen (1707–1714)
George I, King (1714–1727)
George II, King (1727–1760)
George III, King (1760–1820)

Prime ministers (complete list) –

Walpole, Prime minister (1721–1742)
Wilmington, Prime minister (1742–1743)
Pelham, Prime minister (1743–1754)
Newcastle, Prime minister (1754–1756)
Devonshire, Prime minister (1756–1757)
Newcastle, Prime minister (1757–1762)
Bute, Prime minister (1762–1763)
G. Grenville, Prime minister (1763–1765)
Rockingham, Prime minister (1765–1766)
Chatham (Pitt the Elder), Prime minister (1766–1768)
Grafton, Prime minister (1768–1770)
North, Prime minister (1770–1782)
Rockingham, Prime minister (1782)
Shelburne, Prime minister (1782–1783)
Portland, Prime minister (1783)
Pitt the Younger, Prime minister (1783–1801)

Ireland

Kingdom of Ireland (complete list) –

William II, King (1689–1702)
Anne, Queen (1702–1707)
George I, King (1714–1727)
George II, King (1727–1760)
George III, King (1760–1820)

Europe: Central

Holy Roman Empire in Germany

Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany

Emperors Elect, Kings –

Leopold I, Emperor Elect, King (1658–1705)
Joseph I, Emperor Elect (1705–1711), King (1690–1711)
Charles VI, Emperor Elect, King (1711–1740)
Charles VII, Emperor Elect, King (1742–1745)
Francis I, Emperor Elect (1745–1765), King (1745–1764)
Joseph II, Emperor Elect (1765–1790), King (1764–1790)
Leopold II, Emperor Elect, King (1790–1792)
Francis II, Emperor Elect, King (1792–1806)

Reichsvizekanzler: Vice Chancellor –

Dominik Andreas I. von Kaunitz, Vice Chancellor (1698–1705)
Friedrich Karl von Schönborn-Buchheim, Vice Chancellor (1705–1734)
Johann Adolf Graf von Metsch, Vice Chancellor (1734–1740)
Johann Georg Graf von Königsfeld, Vice Chancellor (1742–1745)
Rudolph Joseph von Colloredo, Vice Chancellor (1745–1788)
Franz de Paula Gundaker von Colloredo, Vice Chancellor (1789–1806)

Bohemia, Hungary

Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of Hungary (complete list, complete list) –

Leopold I, King of Bohemia (1656–1705), of Hungary (1657–1705)
Joseph I, King (1705–1711)
Charles II, King (1711–1740)
Maria Theresa, Queen of Bohemia (1740–1741, 1743–1780), of Hungary (1740–1780)
Charles Albert, disputed King (1741–1743)
Joseph II, King (1780–1790)
Leopold II, King (1790–1792)
Francis II, King (1792–1835)

Poland

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth: Kingdom of Poland (complete list) –

Augustus II the Strong, King and Grand Duke (1697–1706, 1709–1733)
Stanisław I, King and Grand Duke (1704–1709, 1733–1736)
August III the Saxon, King and Grand Duke (1733–1763)
Stanisław II August, King and Grand Duke (1764–1795)

Small central states

Austrian

Archduchy of Austria (complete list) –

Leopold VI, Archduke (1657, 1665–1705)
Joseph I, Archduke (1705–1711)
Charles III, Archduke (1711–1740)
Maria Theresa, Archduchess (1740–1780)
Francis I Stephen, Archduke (1740–1765)
Joseph II, Archduke (1765–1790)
Leopold VII, Archduke (1790–1792)
Francis II, Archduke (1792–1804), Emperor (1804–1835)

Prince-Bishopric of Brixen (complete list) –

Johann Franz Graf Khuen of Belasi, Prince-bishop (1685–1702)
Kaspar Ignaz of Künigl, Prince-bishop (1702–1747)
Leopold of Spaur, Prince-bishop (1747–1778)
Ignaz of Spaur, Prince-bishop (1779–1779)
Joseph of Spaur, Prince-bishop (1779–1791)
Karl Franz Lodron, Prince-bishop (1791–1803)

Principality of Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg (complete list) –

Joseph Wilhelm Ernst (1716–1762, Count 1704–1716)

Principality of Liechtenstein (complete list) –

Hans-Adam I, Prince (1684–1712)
Josef Wenzel I, Prince (1712–1718)
Anton Florian, Prince (1718–1721)
Josef Johann Adam, Prince (1721–1732)
Johann Nepomuk Karl, Prince (1732–1748)
Josef Wenzel I, Prince (1748–1772)
Franz Josef I, Prince (1772–1781)
Aloys I, Prince (1781–1805)

Principality of Orange-Nassau (complete list) –

Wilhelm IV (1711–1751)

Prince-Bishopric of Trent (complete list) –

Johann Michael Graf von Spaur, Prince-bishop (1696–1725)
Giovanni Benedetto Gentilotti, Prince-bishop (1725–1725)
Anton Dominik Graf von Wolkenstein, Prince-bishop (1725–1730)
Dominik Anton Graf von Thun, Prince-bishop (1730–1758)
Leopold Ernst von Firmian, Administrator (1748–1758)
Francesco Felice Alberti di Enno, Prince-bishop (1758–1762)
Cristoforo Francesco Sizzo de Norris, Prince-bishop (1763–1776)
Peter Michael Vigil Graf von Thun und Hohenstein, Prince-bishop (1776–1800)
Emmanuel Maria Graf von Thun und Hohenstein, Prince-bishop (1800–1802), Prince (1802–1803)

Bavarian

Electorate of Bavaria (complete list) –

Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector (1679–1726)
Charles Albert, Elector (1726–1745)
Maximilian III Joseph, Elector (1745–1777)
Charles Theodore, Elector (1777–1799)
Maximillian IV, Elector (1799–1805), King (1805–1825)

Pappenheim (complete list) –

Christian Ernest, co-Count (1697–1721)
John Frederick, co-Count (1697–1731)
Frederick Ernest, co-Count (1721–1725)
Albert Louis Frederick, co-Count (1725–1733)
Frederick Ferdinand, Count (1733–1773)
John Frederick Ferdinand, Count (1773–1792)
Frederick William, Regent (1792–1797)
Charles Theodore Frederick Eugene Francis, Count (1792–1806)

Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Zweibrücken (complete list) –

Christian IV, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1735–1775)

Burgundian

Duchy of Brabant (complete list) –

Philip VI, Duke (1700–1706)
Charles IV, Duke (1706–1740)
Maria Theresa, Duchess (1740–1780)
Joseph, Duke (1780–1789)
Leopold, Duke (1790–1792)
Francis I, Duke (1792–1794)

Duchy of Luxemburg (complete list) –

Philip V, Duke (1700–1712)
Maximilian II, Duke (1712–1713)
Charles V, Duke (1713–1740)
Mary II, Duchess (1740–1780)
Joseph, Duke (1780–1790)
Leopold, Duke (1790–1792)
Francis, Duke (1792–1794)

Franconian

Hohenlohe-Öhringen (complete list) –

Johann Friedrich II (1702–1764, Prince 1764–1765)

Electoral Rhenish

Elector-Bishopric of Mainz (complete list) –

Lothar Franz von Schönborn, Archbishop-elector (1695–1729)
Francis Louis of Palatinate-Neuburg, Archbishop-elector (1729–1732)
Philipp Karl von Eltz-Kempenich, Archbishop-elector (1732–1743)
Johann Friedrich Karl von Ostein, Archbishop-elector (1743–1763)
Emmerich Joseph von Breidbach zu Bürresheim, Archbishop-elector (1763–1774)
Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal, Archbishop-elector (1774–1802)

Electoral Palatinate (complete list) –

Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen

Palatinate-Kleeburg

Palatinate-Sulzbach

Palatinate-Zweibrücken

Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld

John Charles, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen (1654–1704)
Christian II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (1671–1717)
Adolph John II, Count Palatine of Kleeburg (1689–1701)
John William, Elector (1690–1716)
Charles IV, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1697–1718)
Gustavus, Count Palatine of Kleeburg (1701–1718)
Gustavus, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1718–1731)
Frederick Bernard, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen (1704–1739)
Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1708–1732)
Charles Philip, Elector (1716–1742)
Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (1717–1731)
Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1731–1735)
John Christian, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1732–1733)
Christian IV, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1735–1775)
John VI, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen (1739–1780)
Charles Theodore, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1733–1742)
Charles Theodore, Elector of Palatinate (1742–1777)
Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria (1777–1799)
Charles August, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1775–1795)
Charles John, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen (1780–1789)
William, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen (1789–1799)
Maximilian I Joseph, Count of Palatine Zweibrücken (1795–1799), Elector of Palatinate and of Bavaria (1799–1803)

Elector-Bishopric of Trier (complete list) –

Johann Hugo von Orsbeck, Archbishop-elector (1676–1711)
Charles Joseph of Lorraine, Archbishop-elector (1711–1715)
Franz Ludwig of Palatinate-Neuburg, Archbishop-elector (1716–1729)
Franz Georg von Schönborn-Buchheim, Archbishop-elector (1729–1756)
Johann Philipp von Walderdorf, Archbishop-elector (1756–1768)
Prince Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony, Archbishop-elector (1768–1801)^[48]

Lower Rhenish–Westphalian

Bentheim-Steinfurt (complete list) –

(1803–1806)

Essen Abbey (complete list) –

Bernhardine Sophia of East Frisia and Rietberg, Princess-Abbess (1691–1726)
Francisca Christina, Princess-Abbess (1726–1776)
Maria Kunigunde of Saxony, Princess-Abbess (1776–1802)

Lippe-Weissenfeld (complete list) –

Ferdinand Johann (1736–1781)

Princely Abbey of Corvey (complete list) –

Kaspar II von Böselager-Hohneburg, Prince-Abbot of Corvey (1737–1758)

Duchy of Oldenburg (complete list) –

Friedrich III, Count of Oldenburg (1746–1766)

Upper Rhenish

Prince-Bishopric of Basel (complete list) –

Wilhelm Jakob Rink von Baldenstein, Prince-bishop (1693–1705)
Johann Konrad von Reinach-Hirtzbach, Prince-bishop (1705–1737)
Jakob Sigismund von Reinach-Steinbrunn, Prince-bishop (1737–1743)
Josef Wilhelm Rinck von Baldenstein, Prince-bishop (1744–1762)
Simon Nikolaus Euseb von Montjoye-Hirsingen, Prince-bishop (1762–1775)
Friedrich Ludwig Franz von Wangen zu Geroldseck, Prince-bishop (1775–1782)
Franz Joseph Sigismund von Roggenbach, Prince-bishop (1782–1794)
Franz Xaver von Neveu, Prince-bishop (1794–1828)

Duchy of Lorraine (complete list) –

Leopold, Duke (1690–1729)
Francis III, Duke (1729–1737)
Stanisław I, Duke (1737–1766)

Prince-Bishopric of Speyer (complete list) –

Johann Hugo von Orsbeck, Prince-bishop (1675–1711)
Heinrich Hartard of Rollingen, Prince-bishop (1711–1719)
Hugo Damian of Schönborn^[49], Prince-bishop (1719–1743)
Franz Christoph of Hutten zu Stolzenberg, Prince-bishop (1743–1770)
Damian August Philipp Karl, Count of Limburg-Stirum-Vehlen, Prince-bishop (1770–1797)

Prince-Bishopric of Worms (complete list) –

Count Palatine Francis Louis of Neuburg, Prince-bishop (1694–1732)
Franz Georg von Schönborn, Prince-bishop (1732–1756)
Johann Friedrich Karl von Ostein, Prince-bishop (1756–1763)
Johann Philipp II von Walderdorf, Prince-bishop (1763–1768)
Emmerich Joseph von Breidbach zu Bürresheim, Prince-bishop (1768–1774)
Friedrich Karl Josef von Erthal, Prince-bishop (1774–1802)

Lower Saxon

Duchy of Oldenburg (complete list) –

Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (complete list) –

Adolf Friedrich III (1708–1752)

Upper Saxon

Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (complete list) –

Viktor I (1727–1772)

Kingdom of Prussia (complete list) –

Principality of Reuss-Greiz (complete list) –

Heinrich XI (1723–1768)

Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg (complete list) –

George William, Duke (1689–1705)
George I Louis, Duke (1705–1727)
George II Augustus, Duke (1727–1760)
George III, Duke (1760–1814; de facto dispossessed 1803–1805, 1805–1814)

Stolberg-Rossla (complete list) –

Friedrich Botho (1739–1768)

Swabian

Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg (complete list) –

Alexander Sigismund von der Pfalz-Neuburg, Prince-bishop (1690–1737)
Johann Franz Schenk von Stauffenberg, Prince-bishop (1737–1740)
Joseph Ignaz Philipp von Hessen-Darmstadt, Prince-bishop (1740–1768)
Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony, Prince-bishop (1768–1803)

Prince-Provostry of Ellwangen (complete list) –

Francis Louis, Prince-provost (1694–1732)
Franz Georg von Schönborn, Prince-provost (1732–1756)
Anton Ignaz of Fugger-Glött, Prince-provost (1756–1787)
Clemens Wenceslaus, Prince-provost (1787–1803)

Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen (complete list) –

Philipp Heinrich (1743–1764, prince 1764–1781)

Princely Abbey of Kempten (complete list) –

de:Rupert von Bodman, Prince-abbot (1678–1728)
de:Anselm Reichlin von Meldegg, Prince-abbot (1728–1747)
de:Engelbert von Syrgenstein, Prince-abbot (1747–1760)
de:Honorius Roth von Schreckenstein, Prince-abbot (1760–1785)
de:Rupert II von Neuenstein, Prince-abbot (1785–1793)
de:Castolus Reichlin von Meldegg, Prince-abbot (1793–1803)

Principality of Leiningen (complete list) –

Duchy of Württemberg (complete list) –

Eberhard Louis, Duke of Württemberg, Duke (1677–1733)
Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg, Duke (1733–1737)
Frederick Achilles, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt, Duke (1617–1631)
Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt, Duke (1649–1682)
Frederick Charles, Duke of Württemberg-Winnental, Duke (1677–1698)
Frederick Augustus, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt, Duke (1682–1716)
Carl Rudolf, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt, Duke (1716–1742)
Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg, Duke (1737–1793)
Louis Eugene, Duke of Württemberg, Duke (1793–1795 )
Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg, Duke (1795–1797)
Frederick I, Duke (1797–1803), Elector (1803–1805), King (1805–1816)

Europe: East

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth: Grand Duchy of Lithuania (complete list) –

Augustus II the Strong, King and Grand Duke (1697–1706, 1709–1733)
Stanisław I, King and Grand Duke (1704–1709, 1733–1736)
August III the Saxon, King and Grand Duke (1733–1763)
Stanisław II August, King and Grand Duke (1764–1795)

Tsardom of Russia (complete list) –

Peter I, Tsar (1682–1721), Emperor (1721–1725)

Russian Empire (complete list) –

Peter I, Tsar (1682–1721), Emperor (1721–1725)
Catherine I, Empress (1725–1727)
Peter II, Emperor (1727–1730)
Anna, Empress (1730–1740)
Ivan VI, Emperor (1740–1741)
Elizabeth, Empress (1741–1762)
Peter III, Emperor (1762)
Catherine II, Empress (1762–1796)
Paul, Emperor (1796–1801)

Europe: Nordic

Denmark–Norway (complete list / complete list) –

Frederick IV, King (1699–1730)
Christian VI, King (1730–1746)
Frederick V, King (1746–1766)
Christian VII, King (1766–1808)

Europe: Southcentral

Holy Roman Empire in Italy

Papal States (complete list) –

Innocent XII, Pope (1691–1700)
Clement XI, Pope (1700–1721)
Innocent XIII, Pope (1721–1724)
Benedict XIII, Pope (1724–1730)
Clement XII, Pope (1730–1740)
Benedict XIV, Pope (1740–1758)
Clement XIII, Pope (1758–1769)
Clement XIV, Pope (1769–1774)
Pius VI, Pope (1775–1799)
Pius VII, Pope (1800–1823)

San Marino (1700–1900) –

Duchy of Savoy (complete list) –

Victor Amadeus II, Duke (1675–1730)
Charles Emmanuel III, Duke (1730–1773)
Victor Amadeus III, Duke (1773–1792)

Kingdom of Sardinia (complete list) –

Victor Amadeus II, King (1720–1730)
Charles Emmanuel III, King (1730–1773)
Victor Amadeus III, King (1773–1796)
Charles Emmanuel IV, King (1796–1802)

Southern Italy

Europe: Southwest

Andorra

Andorra

Episcopal Co-Princes (complete list) –

Julià Cano Thebar, Episcopal Co-Prince (1695–1714)
Simeó de Guinda i Apeztegui, Episcopal Co-Prince (1714–1737)
Jordi Curado i Torreblanca, Episcopal Co-Prince (1738–1747)
Sebastià de Victoria Emparán y Loyola, Episcopal Co-Prince (1747–1756)
Francesc Josep Catalán de Ocón, Episcopal Co-Prince (1757–1762)
Francesc Fernández de Xátiva y Contreras, Episcopal Co-Prince (1763–1771)
Joaquín de Santiyán y Valdivielso, Episcopal Co-Prince (1771–1779)
Juan de García y Montenegro, Episcopal Co-Prince (1780–1783)
Josep de Boltas, Episcopal Co-Prince (1785–1795)
Francesc Antoni de la Dueña y Cisneros, Episcopal Co-Prince (1797–1816)

French Co-Princes (complete list) –

various French Co-Princes (up to 1792)

Portugal

Kingdom of Portugal (complete list) –

Peter II, King (1683–1706)
John V, King (1706–1750)
Joseph I, King (1750–1777)
Maria I, Queen (1777–1816)

Spain

Bourbon Spain

Monarchs (complete list) –

Charles of Austria, as Charles III, disputed King (1703–1715)
Philip V, King (1700–1724)
Louis I, King (1724)
Philip V, King (1724–1746)
Ferdinand VI, King (1746–1759)
Charles III, King (1759–1788)
Charles IV, King (1788–1808)

Europe: West

Anjou (complete list) –

Louis the Beloved, Duke (1710–1715)
Philip, Duke (1730–1733)
Louis the Desired, Duke (1755–1795)

County of Flanders (complete list) –

Philip VII, Count (1700–1706)
Charles V, Count (1714–1740)
Maria Theresa, Countess (1740–1780)
Francis I, Count (1740–1765)
Joseph I, Count (1780–1790)
Leopold, Count (1790–1792)
Francis II, Count (1792–1835)

Monaco (complete list) –

Louis I, Prince (1662–1701)
Antonio I, Prince (1701–1731)
Louise Hippolyte, Princess (1731)
Jacques I, Prince (1731–1733)
Honoré III, Prince (1733–1793)

Eurasia: Caucasus

Principality of Abkhazia (complete list) –

Rostom, Prince (c.1700–1730)
Manuchar, Prince (c.1730–1750)
Zurab, Prince (c.1750–1780)
Keilash Ahmed–Bey, Prince (c.1780–1808)

Kingdom of Kartli (complete list) –

David II, King (1703–1722)
Constantine II, vassal King under the Ottomans (1722–1732)
Teimuraz II, vassal King under the Ottomans/Persians (1732–1744)
Erekle II, King (1744–1762)

Oceania

Pitcairn

Pitcairn Island (complete list) –

Fletcher Christian, Leader (1790–1793)
Ned Young, Leader (1793–1800)
John Adams, Leader (1800–1829)

Wallis and Futuna

Uvea (complete list) –

Manuka, King (1767–1810)

Alo (complete list) –

Mala'evaoa, King
Nimo o le Tano'a, King
Veliteki, King (1748–1756)
unspecified, King (1756–1784)
Fonati, King (1784–c.1839)

Sigave (complete list) –

Tuikamea, King (1784–?)
Inosiopogoi, King (late 18th century)
Latuka, King (?–1800)
Vanae, King (1800–1839)

References

^ Joyce (M.A.) & Torday (E.), Notes ethnographiques sur les peuples communément appelés Bakuba, ainsi que sur les peuplades apparentées, les Bushongo. Bruxelles 1910 ;page 17–19
^ Werner J. Lange, History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia) (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1982), p. 64.
^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lxxxix
^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lxxxvif
^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lvi. Amnon Orent, "Refocusing on the History of Kafa prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes" in African Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2. (1970), p. 268.
^ Information about pre-Oromo kings from Werner J. Lange, History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia), (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1982), pp. 28–30.
^ C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), pp. lxv – lxvii.
^ ^a ^b MacMichael, H. A. (1922). "Appendix I: The Chronology of the Fung Kings". A History of the Arabs in the Sudan and Some Account of the People Who Preceded Them and of the Tribes Inhabiting Dárfūr. Vol. Volume II. Cambridge University Press. p. 431. OCLC 264942362. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
^ ^a ^b Holt, Peter Malcolm (1999). "Genealogical Tables and King-Lists". The Sudan of the Three Niles: The Funj Chronicle 910–1288 / 1504–1871. Islamic History and Civilization, 26. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 182–186. ISBN 978-90-04-11256-8.
^ Hamaj Regents of the Funj Sultanate of Sinnar, accessed 2/1/2017
^ Ben-Amos (1995). The Art of Benin Revised Edition. p. 32.
^ Tilho, J. (1911), Documents Scientifiques de la Mission Tilho (1906-1909) (in French), vol. 2, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, pp. 505–510
^ "Nigeria: Traditional polities". Rulers.Org. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
^ Dates calculated on the basis of Lange, Diwan, 80-94.
^ ^a ^b "John Hancock". History.com. Aug 21, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ "Henry Laurens". Charles Pickney National Historic Site. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ "John Jay". History.com. Aug 21, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Samuel Huntington Governor of Connecticut, 1786–1796". Museum of Connecticut History. 2015-08-14. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ Bomboy, Scott (March 19, 2019). "Thomas McKean: A Founding Father with a double life". National Constitution Center.org. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ Longley, Robert (Feb 28, 2019). "Was John Hanson the Real First President of the United States?". ThoughtCo. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ Stanley, Bill. "Elias Boudinot". Bill Stanley and the Forgotten Fathers. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ "Governor Thomas Mifflin". Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. August 25, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ "Richard Henry Lee Biography". Biography.com. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ "Nathaniel Gorham, Massachusetts". Constitutin Day.com. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ "President Arthur St. Clair". Arthur St. Clair.com. October 26, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ Stanley, Bill. "Cyrus Griffin". Bill Stanley and the Forgotten Fathers. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ "George Washington". The White House.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ "John Adams". The White House.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
^ László Karoly (14 November 2014). A Turkic Medical Treatise from Islamic Central Asia: A Critical Edition of a Seventeenth-Century Chagatay Work by Subḥān Qulï Khan. BRILL. pp. 5–. ISBN 978-90-04-28498-2.
^ Orvostörténeti Közlemények: Communicationes de historia artis medicinae. Könyvtár. 2006. p. 52.
^ Nil Sarı; International Society of the History of Medicine (2005). Otuz Sekizinci Uluslararası Tıp Tarihi Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 1-6 Eylül 2002. Türk Tarih Kurumu. p. 845.
^ De Graaf & Pigeaud (1974), p. 179–84.
^ Hall (1981), p. 972; Stokvis, Sultan (1888); Truhart (2003), p. 1228–9..
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Stokvis (1888); Sulendraningrat (1985); Sunardjo (1996), p. 81.
^ Sutherland (1973–1974).
^ Nagtegaal (1995); Werdisastra (1996).
^ Nagtegaal (1996); Sutherland (1973–1974).
^ De Graaf (1949), p. 483; Truhart (2003), p. 1232
^ De Graaf (1949), p. 483; Truhart (2003), p. 1233
^ De Graaf (1949), p. 483; Truhart (2003), p. 1233–4.
^ ; L.J. van Dijk, 'De zelfbesturende landschappen in de Residentie Timor en Onderhoorigheden', Indische Gids 47 1925 & 56 1934.
^ ^a ^b "Facts about Sonbai Kecil and Sonbai Besar by Hans Hagerdal". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
^ Coolhaas, W.Ph. (1923) "Kronijk van het rijk Batjan", Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 63.
^ The pedigree and chronology of the sultans is only partly known; see Schurhammer, F. (1973–1982) Francis Xavier; His Life, His Times, Vol. I–IV. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute; Jacobs, Hubert (1974–1984) Documenta Malucensia, Vol. I–III. Rome: Jesuit Historical Society; Fraassen, c.van (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Leiden University (PhD Thesis).
^ Katoppo, Elvianus (1957) Nuku, Sulthan Sadul Djehad Muhammad el Mabus Amirudin Sjah, Kaitjili Paparangan, Sulthan Tidore. Kilatmadju Bina Budhaja; Widjojo, Muridan (2009) The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c.1780–1810. Leiden: Brill. The exact genealogy of the rulers before the mid-17th century is not known by the local historical tradition; for the known details, see Clercq, F.S.A. de (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate. Leiden: Brill.
^ "Dato' Yazid Mat, Page 4 and 5".
^ Grewal, J.S. (1990). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN 0-521-63764-3. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
^ From 1794, after the French conquest, Archbishop-elector (of the Imperial territories on the left-bank of the Rhine, Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony, Archbishop-elector (was Archbishop with effect on the right bank only.
^ Hugo Damian of Schönborn moved the seat of the bishopric to Bruchsal.

[1] Joyce (M.A.) & Torday (E.), Notes ethnographiques sur les peuples communément appelés Bakuba, ainsi que sur les peuplades apparentées, les Bushongo. Bruxelles 1910 ;page 17–19

[2] Werner J. Lange, History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia) (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1982), p. 64.

[3] C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lxxxix

[4] C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lxxxvif

[5] C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lvi. Amnon Orent, "Refocusing on the History of Kafa prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes" in African Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2. (1970), p. 268.

[6] Information about pre-Oromo kings from Werner J. Lange, History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia), (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1982), pp. 28–30.

[7] C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), pp. lxv – lxvii.

[MachMichael-8] MacMichael, H. A. (1922). "Appendix I: The Chronology of the Fung Kings". A History of the Arabs in the Sudan and Some Account of the People Who Preceded Them and of the Tribes Inhabiting Dárfūr. Vol. Volume II. Cambridge University Press. p. 431. OCLC 264942362. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)

[auto-9] Holt, Peter Malcolm (1999). "Genealogical Tables and King-Lists". The Sudan of the Three Niles: The Funj Chronicle 910–1288 / 1504–1871. Islamic History and Civilization, 26. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 182–186. ISBN 978-90-04-11256-8.

[10] Hamaj Regents of the Funj Sultanate of Sinnar, accessed 2/1/2017

[Ben-Amos32-11] Ben-Amos (1995). The Art of Benin Revised Edition. p. 32.

[12] Tilho, J. (1911), Documents Scientifiques de la Mission Tilho (1906-1909) (in French), vol. 2, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, pp. 505–510

[13] "Nigeria: Traditional polities". Rulers.Org. Retrieved 2010-09-02.

[14] Dates calculated on the basis of Lange, Diwan, 80-94.

[hancock-15] "John Hancock". History.com. Aug 21, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2019.

[16] "Henry Laurens". Charles Pickney National Historic Site. Retrieved June 4, 2019.

[17] "John Jay". History.com. Aug 21, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2019.

[huntington-18] "Samuel Huntington Governor of Connecticut, 1786–1796". Museum of Connecticut History. 2015-08-14. Retrieved June 4, 2019.

[19] Bomboy, Scott (March 19, 2019). "Thomas McKean: A Founding Father with a double life". National Constitution Center.org. Retrieved June 4, 2019.

[20] Longley, Robert (Feb 28, 2019). "Was John Hanson the Real First President of the United States?". ThoughtCo. Retrieved June 4, 2019.

[21] Stanley, Bill. "Elias Boudinot". Bill Stanley and the Forgotten Fathers. Retrieved June 4, 2019.

[22] "Governor Thomas Mifflin". Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. August 25, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2019.

[23] "Richard Henry Lee Biography". Biography.com. Retrieved June 4, 2019.

[24] "Nathaniel Gorham, Massachusetts". Constitutin Day.com. Retrieved June 4, 2019.

[25] "President Arthur St. Clair". Arthur St. Clair.com. October 26, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2019.

[26] Stanley, Bill. "Cyrus Griffin". Bill Stanley and the Forgotten Fathers. Retrieved June 4, 2019.

[27] "George Washington". The White House.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2019.

[28] "John Adams". The White House.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2019.

[Karoly2014-29] László Karoly (14 November 2014). A Turkic Medical Treatise from Islamic Central Asia: A Critical Edition of a Seventeenth-Century Chagatay Work by Subḥān Qulï Khan. BRILL. pp. 5–. ISBN 978-90-04-28498-2.

[30] Orvostörténeti Közlemények: Communicationes de historia artis medicinae. Könyvtár. 2006. p. 52.

[SarıMedicine2005-31] Nil Sarı; International Society of the History of Medicine (2005). Otuz Sekizinci Uluslararası Tıp Tarihi Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 1-6 Eylül 2002. Türk Tarih Kurumu. p. 845.

[32] De Graaf & Pigeaud (1974), p. 179–84.

[33] Hall (1981), p. 972; Stokvis, Sultan (1888); Truhart (2003), p. 1228–9..

[auto1-34] Stokvis (1888); Sulendraningrat (1985); Sunardjo (1996), p. 81.

[35] Sutherland (1973–1974).

[36] Nagtegaal (1995); Werdisastra (1996).

[37] Nagtegaal (1996); Sutherland (1973–1974).

[38] De Graaf (1949), p. 483; Truhart (2003), p. 1232

[39] De Graaf (1949), p. 483; Truhart (2003), p. 1233

[40] De Graaf (1949), p. 483; Truhart (2003), p. 1233–4.

[41] ; L.J. van Dijk, 'De zelfbesturende landschappen in de Residentie Timor en Onderhoorigheden', Indische Gids 47 1925 & 56 1934.

[royaltimor1-42] "Facts about Sonbai Kecil and Sonbai Besar by Hans Hagerdal". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2008-12-30.

[43] Coolhaas, W.Ph. (1923) "Kronijk van het rijk Batjan", Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 63.

[44] The pedigree and chronology of the sultans is only partly known; see Schurhammer, F. (1973–1982) Francis Xavier; His Life, His Times, Vol. I–IV. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute; Jacobs, Hubert (1974–1984) Documenta Malucensia, Vol. I–III. Rome: Jesuit Historical Society; Fraassen, c.van (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Leiden University (PhD Thesis).

[45] Katoppo, Elvianus (1957) Nuku, Sulthan Sadul Djehad Muhammad el Mabus Amirudin Sjah, Kaitjili Paparangan, Sulthan Tidore. Kilatmadju Bina Budhaja; Widjojo, Muridan (2009) The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c.1780–1810. Leiden: Brill. The exact genealogy of the rulers before the mid-17th century is not known by the local historical tradition; for the known details, see Clercq, F.S.A. de (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate. Leiden: Brill.

[46] "Dato' Yazid Mat, Page 4 and 5".

[47] Grewal, J.S. (1990). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN 0-521-63764-3. Retrieved 15 April 2014.

[48] From 1794, after the French conquest, Archbishop-elector (of the Imperial territories on the left-bank of the Rhine, Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony, Archbishop-elector (was Archbishop with effect on the right bank only.

[49] Hugo Damian of Schönborn moved the seat of the bishopric to Bruchsal.

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v t e Lists of state leaders by century
4th–3rd mill. BC	4th–3rd millennia BC
2nd millennium BC	20th century 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th BC
1st millennium BC	10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st BC
1st millennium	1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th HRE
2nd millennium	11th HRE 12th HRE 13th HRE 14th HRE 15th HRE SA 16th HRE SA 17th HRE SA 18th HRE SA 19th 1801–1850 1851–1900 HRE SA 20th 1901–1950 1951–2000 SA
3rd millennium	21st Current