Near-open front unrounded vowel
It has been suggested that this article be merged with Open front rounded vowel and Open front unrounded vowel to Open front vowel. (Discuss) Proposed since August 2019. |
Near-open front unrounded vowel | |
---|---|
æ | |
a̝ | |
IPA Number | 325 |
Audio sample | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | æ |
Unicode (hex) | U+00E6 |
X-SAMPA | { |
Braille |
IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
The near-open front unrounded vowel, or near-low front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨æ⟩, a lowercase of the ⟨Æ⟩ ligature. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "ash".
The rounded counterpart of [æ], the near-open front rounded vowel (for which the IPA provides no separate symbol) has been reported to occur allophonically in Danish;[2][3] see open front rounded vowel for more information.
In practice, ⟨æ⟩ is sometimes used to represent the open front unrounded vowel; see the introduction to that page for more information.
In IPA transcriptions of Hungarian and Valencian, this vowel is typically written with ⟨ɛ⟩.
Features
- Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afrikaans | Standard[4] | perd | [pæːrt] | 'horse' | Allophone of /ɛ/, in some dialects, before /k χ l r/. See Afrikaans phonology |
Arabic | Standard[5] | كتاب | [kiˈtæːb] | 'book' | Allophone of /a/ in the environment of plain labial and coronal consonants as well as /j/ (depending on the speaker's accent). See Arabic phonology |
Bashkir[6] | йәй / yäy | ⓘ | 'summer' | ||
Catalan | Majorcan[7] | tesi | [ˈt̪æzi] | 'thesis' | Main realization of /ɛ/. See Catalan phonology |
Valencian[7] | |||||
Danish | Standard[2][8] | dansk | [ˈtænsk] | 'Danish' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩ – the way it is realized by certain older or upper-class speakers.[9] See Danish phonology |
Dutch[10] | pen | [pæn] | 'pen' | Allophone of /ɛ/ before /n/ and the velarized or pharyngealized allophone of /l/. In non-standard accents this allophone is generalized to other positions, where [ɛ] is used in Standard Dutch.[11] See Dutch phonology | |
English | Cultivated New Zealand[12] | cat | ⓘ | 'cat' | Higher in other New Zealand varieties. See New Zealand English phonology |
General American[13] | See English phonology | ||||
Conservative Received Pronunciation[14] | Fully open [a] in contemporary RP.[14] See English phonology | ||||
Estonian[15] | väle | [ˈvæ̠le̞ˑ] | 'agile' | Near-front.[15] See Estonian phonology | |
Finnish[16] | mäki | [ˈmæki] | 'hill' | See Finnish phonology | |
French | Parisian[17] | bain | [bæ̃] | 'bath' | Nasalized; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ̃⟩. See French phonology |
Quebec[18] | ver | [væːʁ] | 'worm' | Allophone of /ɛ/ before /ʁ/ or in open syllables, and of /a/ in closed syllables.[18] See Quebec French phonology | |
German | Standard Austrian[19] | oder | [ˈoːdæ] | 'or' | Used by some speakers instead of [ɐ].[19] See Standard German phonology |
West Central German accents[20] | Used instead of [ɐ].[20] See Standard German phonology | ||||
Northern accents[21] | alles | [ˈa̝ləs] | 'everything' | Lower and often also more back in other accents.[21] See Standard German phonology | |
Western Swiss accents[22] | spät | [ʃpæːt] | 'late' | Open-mid [ɛː] or close-mid [eː] in other accents; contrasts with the open-mid /ɛː/.[23] See Standard German phonology | |
Greek | Macedonia[24] | γάτα/gáta | [ˈɣætæ] | 'cat' | See Modern Greek phonology |
Thessaly[24] | |||||
Thrace[24] | |||||
Pontic[25] | καλάθια/kaláthia | [kaˈlaθæ] | 'baskets' | ||
Hungarian[26] | nem | [næm] | 'no' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. See Hungarian phonology | |
Kurdish | Sorani (Central) | گاڵته | [gäːɫtʲæ] | 'joke' | Equal to Palewani (Southern) front [a]. See Kurdish phonology |
Lakon[27] | rävräv | [ræβræβ] | 'evening' | ||
Limburgish[28][29][30] | twelf | [ˈtβ̞æ̠ləf] | 'twelve' | Front[29][30] or near-front,[28] depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect, in which the vowel is near-front. | |
Luxembourgish[31] | Käpp | [kʰæpʰ] | 'heads' | See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Norwegian | Urban East[32][33] | lær | [læːɾ] | 'leather' | See Norwegian phonology |
Persian[34][35] | هشت | [hæʃt] | 'eight' | ||
Portuguese | Some dialects[36] | pedra | [ˈpædɾɐ] | 'stone' | Stressed vowel. In other dialects closer /ɛ/. See Portuguese phonology |
Some European speakers[37] | também | [tɐˈmæ̃] | 'also' | Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /ẽ̞/. | |
Romanian | Bukovinian dialect[38] | piele | [ˈpæle] | 'skin' | Corresponds to [je] in standard Romanian. Also identified in some Central Transylvanian sub-dialects.[38] See Romanian phonology |
Russian[39][40] | пять | ⓘ | 'five' | Allophone of /a/ between palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian | Zeta-Raška dialect[41] | [[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|дан]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: hbs (help)/[[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|dan]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: hbs (help) | [d̪æn̪] | 'day' | Regional reflex of Proto-Slavic *ь and *ъ. Sometimes nasalised.[41] |
Sinhala[42] | ඇය | [æjə] | 'she' | ||
Slovak | Some speakers[43] | väzy | [ˈʋæzi̞] | 'ligaments' | Many speakers pronounce it the same as [ɛ̝]. See Slovak phonology |
Swedish | Central Standard[44][45][46] | ära | ⓘ | 'hono(u)r' | Allophone of /ɛː, ɛ/ before /r/. See Swedish phonology |
Stockholm[46] | läsa | [²læːsä] | 'to read' | Realization of /ɛː, ɛ/ for younger speakers. Higher [ɛː, ɛ̝ ~ ɛ] for other speakers | |
Turkish[47] | sen | [s̪æn̪] | 'you' | Allophone of /e/ before syllable-final /m, n, l, r/. In a limited number of words (but not before /r/), it is in free variation with [e̞].[47] See Turkish phonology |
See also
Notes
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ a b Grønnum (1998:100)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:46)
- ^ Donaldson (1993:3)
- ^ Holes (2004:60)
- ^ Berta (1998:183)
- ^ a b Rafel (1999:14)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:45)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:32)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:92, 129)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:92, 128–129, 131)
- ^ Gordon & Maclagan (2004:609)
- ^ Wells (1982:486)
- ^ a b Gimson (2014:119–120)
- ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009:368)
- ^ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013:226)
- ^ a b Walker (1984:75)
- ^ a b Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015:342)
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:40)
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:64)
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:65)
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:34, 64–65)
- ^ a b c Newton (1972:11)
- ^ Revithiadou & Spyropoulos (2009:41)
- ^ Szende (1994:92)
- ^ François (2005:466)
- ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ^ a b Peters (2006:119)
- ^ a b Verhoeven (2007:221)
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ Vanvik (1979:13)
- ^ Popperwell (2010:16, 21–22)
- ^ Majidi & Ternes (1991)
- ^ Campbell (1995)
- ^ Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction – by Milton M. Azevedo Page 186.
- ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
- ^ a b Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:50)
- ^ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224–225)
- ^ a b Okuka 2008, p. 171.
- ^ Perera & Jones (1919:5)
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ^ Eliasson (1986:273)
- ^ Thorén & Petterson (1992:15)
- ^ a b Riad (2014:38)
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
References
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- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 978-0-203-97876-4
- Berta, Árpád (1998), "Tatar and Bashkir", in Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.), The Turkic languages, Routledge, pp. 283–300
- Campbell, George L. (1995), "Persian", Concise compendium of the world's languages (1st publ. ed.), London: Routledge, p. 385, ISBN 0415160499
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-28, retrieved 2018-08-03
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
- Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–35, ISBN 9783110134261
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
- Eliasson, Stig (1986), "Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian", in Anderson, Henning (ed.), Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe, Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 271–300
- François, Alexandre (2005), "Unraveling the history of vowels in seventeen north Vanuatu languages" (PDF), Oceanic Linguistics, 44 (2): 443–504, doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0034
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan (ed.), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014
- Gordon, Elizabeth; Maclagan, Margaret (2004), "Regional and social differences in New Zealand: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 603–613, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2): 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Holes, Clive (2004), Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties, Georgetown University Press, ISBN 978-1-58901-022-2
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