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Air Algérie
IATA ICAO Call sign
AH[1] DAH AIR ALGERIE
Founded15 March 1947 (1947-03-15)
HubsHouari Boumediene Airport
Focus citiesOran Es Sénia Airport
Frequent-flyer programAir Algérie Plus
Subsidiaries
Subsidiaries List
  • Air Algérie Cargo
  • Air Algérie Catering
  • Air Algérie Technics
  • Air Algérie Handling
  • Tour Operator
Fleet size59
Destinations69
Parent companyGovernment of Algeria
HeadquartersAlgiers, Algeria
Key peopleMohamed-Salah Boultif (CEO)
RevenueIncrease €1.73 billion (2011)[2]
Net incomeIncrease €736.2 million (2011)[2]
Employees9,078 (2010)
Websitewww.airalgerie.dz

Air Algérie SpA[4] (Template:Lang-ar, al-Khuṭūṭu l-Jawwiyyatu l-Jazā’iriyyah; Template:Lang-ber) is the national airline of Algeria,[5] with its head office in the Immeuble El-Djazair in Algiers.[6][7] With flights operating from Houari Boumedienne Airport, Air Algérie operates scheduled international services to 39 destinations in 28 countries in Europe, North America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, as well as domestic services to 32 airports. The airline is a member of the International Air Transport Association,[8] the Arab Air Carriers Organization,[9] and of the African Airlines Association (AFRAA) since 1968.[10][nb 1] As of December 2013, Air Algérie was 100% owned by the government of Algeria.

Air Algérie is in the process of aligning its codeshare agreements, frequent flyer programs, and airport lounge agreements with each of the SkyTeam carriers in order to meet SkyTeam's membership application requirements.[12] The company reported that they applied to join Star Alliance or SkyTeam and also began working in partnership with Lufthansa.[13]

History

Formation and early years

In 1946, Compagnie Générale de Transports Aériens (CGTA) was established. It started flights between Algeria and Europe on a charter basis in 1947, but by the end of the decade scheduled flights serving Algiers, Basle, Bône, Geneva, Marseilles, Paris, Philippeville and Toulouse were operated.[14] Three 34-seater Bretagnes joined a fleet of seven DC-3s in 1952.[15] Compagnie Air Transport (CAT), subsidiary of Air France and Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, was formed in the late 1940s to connect Basle, Lyon, Marseilles, Paris and Toulouse with Algiers, Constantine and Oran. Seasonal London–Deauville and –Le Touquet flights were also undertaken. Following the drop in traffic after 1951, a merging partner was under consideration.[16]

A France-registered Lockheed Constellation in Air Algérie markings at Paris Orly Airport in 1957.

CGTA and CAT merged on 23 May 1953 (1953-05-23) to form the Compagnie Générale de Transports Aériens Air Algérie,[16][17] with a combined fleet that included one Breguet 761, six Bretagnes, five DC-3s and three DC-4s.[18] Following merger, Air Algérie commenced seasonal services to Ajaccio, Clermont, Montpellier and Perpignan. Furthermore, Switzerland was added to the regular schedule, a stop at Palma was performed on a weekly basis in partnership with Aviaco, and most of the trans-Mediterranean routes were operated in a pool agreement with Air France, with the French carrier flying 54% of these services and the remainder was left for Air Algérie. Flights to the Cote d'Azur were added in the late 1950s.[16]

Two Noratlas aircraft were acquired in July 1957 (1957-07), with a third entering the fleet in July the following year. The carrier became the first French private one in ordering the Caravelle in early 1958,[19] the first of which was handed over by the manufacturer in January 1960 (1960-01).[20][21] Following delivery, the aircraft was deployed on the Algiers–Paris route.[20][21] The type was also used to fly Paris–Bône and Paris–Oran services in the subsequent months.[22] By April 1960 (1960-04), the aircraft park consisted of three Caravelles, three DC-3s, ten DC-4s, two Lockheed L-749 Constellations, and three Noratlases.[22] The Caravelles were gradually deployed on the routes previously flown with the Constellations and the DC-4s, which were used for cargo services or sold.[16]

Algerian independence

An Air Algérie Boeing 737-200 at London Heathrow Airport in April 1984.

Two shipping companies, Compagnie Générale Transatlantique and Compagnie de Navigation Mixte, were the owners of a majority stake (98%) in Air Algérie until Algeria gained its independence in 1962.[23][24]: 934  Following independence, the Délégation Générale in Algeria and Air France took over a controlling interest.[24]: 934  The financial structure changed in March 1963 (1963-03), when the shipping companies and Air France ceded a 31% interest,[24]: 934  and the Algerian government took possession of 51% of the company assets, with the airline gaining flag carrier status.[25]: 1514  In April 1964 (1964-04), the government increased the participation in the airline to 57%.[26] That month, a contract was signed for the acquisition of two Ilyushin Il-18s aimed at operating the Algiers–Moscow service.[16][27] Air Algérie took delivery of just one of these aircraft, as the contract was later cancelled. The sole Il-18 in the fleet was used by the government.[16] There were eight DC-4s in the airline's fleet by April 1968 (1968-04).[23] That year, four ex-Lufthansa Convair 440s were bought and converted to the 640 version. These aircraft came to replace the ageing DC-4s. Charter operations made up to 20% of the airline activities.[28]

A Fokker F27 Friendship of Air Algérie at Faro Airport in 1991.

By March 1970 (1970-03), the government was the owner of 83% of the company; at this time, a Boeing 737-200, five Caravelles, four CV-640s, three DC-3s and one DC-4 were part of the fleet.[29] Société de Travail Aérien, a domestic carrier that had been founded in 1968, was taken over by Air Algérie in May 1972 (1972-05).[30][31] In August, three Fokker F27-400s were ordered for £2.5 million.[32] In September, with a second Boeing 737 pending delivery, two more aircraft of the type —one of them a convertible model— were ordered.[33] That year, the government of Algeria boosted its participation in the carrier to 100% when it acquired the remaining 17.74% stake held by Air France.[34] A new route to Karachi was inaugurated in 1975.[35] In November 1979 (1979-11), four Boeing 727s were ordered in a deal worth US$62 million.[36]

By July 1980 (1980-07), Air Algérie had 5,621 employees and a fleet comprising 57 aircraft, including 14 Ag-Cats, six Boeing 727-200s, ten Boeing 737-200s, three Boeing 737-200Cs, one Boeing 747-200C, one Cherokee Six, two Convair CV-640s, one Douglas DC-8-63CF, one Nord 262 and 18 Queen Airs; at this time, the company offered international scheduled services to Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, France, Germany, Italy, Yugoslavia, Libya, Romania, Spain, the United Kingdom, the USSR and Switzerland, among other countries, as well as an extensive domestic network.[37] In January 1981 (1981-01), the carrier ordered three Lockheed L-100-30s;[38][nb 2] by late June the same year, the first of these aircraft was due to be delivered.[40] In November 1981 (1981-11), a Boeing 727-200 and a Boeing 737-200 were acquired.[41] Three Boeing 737-200s were ordered for US$50 million in 1983.[42] Air Algérie became Airbus' 48th customer when it placed an order for two Airbus A310s in 1984.[43] That year, a subsidiary called Inter Air Services (IAS) (Template:Lang-fr), an airline that flew domestic and regional services using Fokker F-27 aircraft, was formed.[35] The IAS network was operated on Air Algéries's behalf, and at March 1985 (1985-03) included Adrar, Algiers, Bechar, Bordj B. Mokhtar, Djanet, El Golea, Ghardaia, Hassi Messaoud, Illizi, In Amenas, In Salah, Oran, Ouargla, Tamanrasset and Timimoun;[44] by this time, Air Algérie had 6,788 employees.[45] In 1989, the carrier ordered three Boeing 767-300s for US$264 million.[46]

An Air Algérie Boeing 767-300 on short final to Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport in 2003. The airline received the first aircraft of the type in 1990.[47]

The first Boeing 767-300 was handed over by the aircraft manufacturer in mid-1990.[47] That year, the carrier entered a process of restructuring that would last until 1995,[48] following years of losses that totalled US$64,000,000 (equivalent to $149,257,259 in 2023) only for 1990, with debts rising to US$402 million after a devaluation of the local currency.[49] Restructuring seemingly bore fruit, as the company made a profit of US$14.5 million in 1992.[48]

Air Algérie and Sonatrach created Tassili Airlines in 1998; Air Algérie's 49% shareholding in this airline was handed over to Sonatrach in 2005.[50][51]

Modernization of the company

Air Algérie became a limited company in 1997. In 2006 its capital amounted to 57 billion dinars (about 560 million euros).

The sales network comprises 150 agencies in Algeria and abroad, linked to the booking system and distributed through GDS to which Air Algérie has subscribed. Air Algérie is a Joint Stock Company (J.S.C) the registered capital of which is 43.000.000.000,00 DA.

In November 2010 (2010-11), Air Algérie announced and investment for €400 million to renew its fleet, to be launched in 2011.[52]

Corporate affairs

Ownership and subsidiaries

Air Algérie headquarters in Algiers
Air Algérie office in Beijing

Air Algérie is a joint stock company, with the shares 100% owned by the Algerian state, as of December 2013.[53] The airline has the following main subsidiaries:

  • Technics Air Algérie
  • Air Algérie Catering, with 2,000 employees, preparing the meals of all Air Algérie's flights departing from Algeria.
  • Air Algérie Cargo

The airline also provides charter services in support of oil exploration and the annual Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca.

Key people

As of April 2015, Mohamed Salah Boultif is the chief executive officer of the company.[54]

The airline's formal accounts do not seem to be published regularly; figures disclosed for Air Algérie for recent years are shown below (for years ending 31 December):

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Turnover (DA b) 49.4 54.3 58.1
Net Profits after tax (DA b) 4.0
Number of employees 9,078 9,469
Number of passengers (scheduled) (m) 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.6 4.1 4.7
Passenger load factor (%)
Cargo carried (tonnes 000s) 13,484 13,405
Number of aircraft (at year end) 40 43
Notes/sources [55][56] [55][56] [55] [55] [57] [57] [58]

Branding

The Air Algérie logo was created in 1966 in Algiers, and has never been changed or modified since then. On 21 June 2011, the company officially announced that the logo is a swallow. This bird is a national Algerian symbol.

Destinations

Main article: Air Algérie destinations

In June 2007 (2007-06), Air Algérie inaugurated the Algiers–Montreal route.[59][60] Flights to Beijing were launched in February 2009 (2009-02).[61] As of September 2012, Air Algérie has a 46% market share on international routes; the airline was the leading operator for flights between Algeria and Spain, and six of ten of its international routes with highest seat availability served France.[62]

As of October 2015, the carrier serves a domestic network that comprises 31 destinations within Algeria, including its hub at Houari Boumediene Airport, plus an international network that serve 38 more cities.[63]

Codeshare agreements

Air Algerie has codeshare agreement with the following airlines:

Fleet

Recent developments and future plans

An Air Algérie Boeing 737-600 on short final to Frankfurt Airport in 2013. The airline received the first aircraft of the type in 2002.[64]

Ten Next Generation 737s —seven -800s and three -600s— were ordered in 1998 to replace the ageing Boeing 727-200s and Boeing 737-200s;[65][66][67] the 737-600 commitment was later increased to include two more aircraft.[68] The first Boeing 737-800 included in this order was handed over by the airframer in August 2000 (2000-08).[69][70][71] When the first Boeing 737-600 was delivered to the company in May 2002 (2002-05), Air Algérie became the fifth airline worldwide in operating the type.[72]

Five Airbus A330-200s were ordered in late 2003, along with nine ATR72-500s—six of them taken over from and order previously placed by Khalifa Airways. The former type would act as a replacement for the two Airbus A310s, a Boeing 747-200 and three Boeing 767-300s, while the latter would replace the seven-strong Fokker F27 fleet.[73][74] Four more ATR72-500s were ordered in 2009 at a cost of approximately US$82 million,[75][76] with the first of these 66-seater four turboprop machines being phased-in in February 2010 (2010-02).[77] Also in 2009, during the Dubai Airshow, Air Algérie announced the purchase of seven additional Boeing 737-800s.[78][79] In April 2011 (2011-04), the fourth aircraft from this order became the 50th Boeing jetliner delivered to the company.[80]

In November 2012 (2012-11), the airline announced an investment worth €600 million for the incorporation of eight aircraft, two of them freighters, between 2012 and 2016.[81] Air Algérie had its IOSA certification renewed in December 2012 (2012-12), for a period of two years.[82][83] In February 2013 (2013-02), unofficial announcements disclosed the airline has ordered three additional Airbus A330-200s, five additional Boeing 737-800s, and eight Boeing 787-8s; it was also reported the carrier's intention of deploying the new A330s on new routes to Johannesburg, New York, Shanghai and São Paulo.[84]

The airline launched in April 2013 (2013-04) a tender for the acquisition of 14 passenger and two cargo aircraft.[85] Plans for the purchase of new equipment worth US$762 million (€556 million), including three 250-seater airframes to replace the ageing Boeing 767s, were disclosed again in December 2013 (2013-12);[53] already in November, Air Algérie signed a letter of intent with Airbus for three Airbus A330-200s at the 2013 Dubair Air Show.[86][87][88] In January 2014 (2014-01), three 68-seater ATR 72-600s were ordered,[89] and a commitment for eight Boeing 737-800s, valued at US$724 million at list prices, was signed with Boeing.[90][91] The ATR order will make Air Algérie the largest operator of the type within Africa.[92] In May the same year, two Boeing 737-700Cs were ordered for US$152 million.[93] Air Algérie's first ATR 72-600 was handed over to the company in December 2014 (2014-12).[94]

Current fleet

An Air Algérie Boeing 737-800 that wears the airline's latest livery on short final to Paris Orly Airport in 2015.
An Air Algérie Airbus A330-200 on short final to London Heathrow Airport in 2014.

The Air Algérie fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of August 2016):[95]

Air Algérie fleet
Aircraft In Fleet Orders Passengers Notes
F C Y Total
Airbus A330-200 8 — 14 22 196 232
18 14 219 251[96]
ATR 72-500 12 — — — 66 66
— — 70 70
ATR 72-600 3 — — — 68 68[89]
Boeing 737-600 5 — — 16 85 101
Boeing 737-700C 2[97] — — 8 104 112
Boeing 737-800 25[98] 2 — 48 114 162
Boeing 767-300 3 — 10 16 187 213
Boeing 787-8 — 8[84] TBA
Cargo
Lockheed L-100-30T 1[99] — Cargo
Total 59 10

Fleet development

An Air Algérie Sud Aviation Caravelle at Paris Orly Airport in 1971. Air Algérie became the first private French airline in ordering the type in 1958,[19] and received the first of them in early 1960.[20] Caravelles were operated until the mid-1970s.[100]
An Air Algérie Boeing 747-100 in 1972.
An Air Algérie Boeing 707 at Orly Airport in 1979.
An Air Algérie Boeing 727-200 approaches Heathrow in 1994.

So far, Air Algérie has operated the following aircraft types on its passenger flights:

Aircraft Introduced Retired Notes
Aérospatiale N 262[37] Un­known Un­known
Airbus A320-200 Un­known Un­known Leased from Avion Express[101]
Airbus A300-B2/-600[102]
1981
1985
Leased from Lufthansa
Airbus A310-200[102]
1984
Un­known
Airbus A330-200[102]
2005
—
Airbus A330-300 Un­known Un­known Leased from AirAsia X[101]
Airbus A340-300 Un­known Un­known Leased from Hi Fly[101]
ATR 72[102]
2003
—
Boeing 707[99]
1971[103]
Un­known
Boeing 727–100/-200[37] Un­known Un­known
Boeing 737-200[102]
1969
2006
Boeing 737-400[102] 1999 2002 Leased from Pegasus Airlines
2004 2005 Leased from MNG Airlines
2007 2009 Leased from Sky Airlines and Saga Airlines
Boeing 737-600
2002[72]
—
Boeing 737-800[102]
1999
—
Boeing 767-300
1990[47]
—
Convair CV-640[37] Un­known Un­known
Douglas C-47 Skytrain[99] Un­known Un­known
Douglas C-54 Skymaster[99] Un­known Un­known
Douglas DC-4[18] Un­known Un­known
Douglas DC-6[99] Un­known Un­known
Fokker F27 Friendship[99] Un­known Un­known
Handley Page Dart Herald[99] Un­known Un­known
Lockheed Constellation[99] Un­known Un­known
McDonnell Douglas MD-83[104] Un­known Un­known Leased from Swiftair[nb 3]
Sud Aviation Caravelle
1960[20][21]
Un­known
Sud-Ouest Bretagne[18] Un­known Un­known
Vickers Viscount[99] Un­known Un­known

To cope with the increased passenger volume during the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages, Air Algérie has repeatedly leased Boeing 747 jumbo jets:[105] from Aer Lingus (1979, 1980), Middle East Airlines (1981), SAS (1982, 1983), Air France (1982, 1985, 1986) and Air Atlanta Icelandic (2000-2005).[102]

Other aircraft types that were operated on short-term leases during the Hajj season included[102] the Airbus A310-300 (2005–07, leased from Saga Airlines and Air Atlanta Icelandic), the Airbus A320-200 (2005, operated by Eagle Aviation France), the larger Airbus A330-300 (2004/05, leased from AWAS), Airbus A340-300 (2012, from AirAsia X), Boeing 757-200 (2004/05), Boeing 767-200 (2001/02 and 2004/05, leased from Air Atlanta Icelandic) and Boeing 777-200 (2003, operated by Khalifa Airways), as well as the Douglas DC-8 (from the mid-1970s throughout the 1980s, leased from Eagle Air, Icelandair, National Airlines, Trans International Airlines and World Airways), the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar[106] (1989/90, leased from American Trans Air, Caledonian Airways and Eastern Airlines), and the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 (1977, from Laker Airways).

Over the years, the following cargo and utility aircraft were operated:

Aircraft Introduced Retired Notes
Beechcraft Queen Air[37] Un­known Un­known light aircraft
Boeing 747-200[102]
1975
1981
leased from World Airways
Breguet Deux-Ponts[18][107]
1952
1953
launch customer
Grumman Ag Cat[37] Un­known Un­known agricultural aircraft
Lockheed L-100 Hercules[99] Un­known
—
military cargo aircraft
Piper PA-32[37] Un­known Un­known light aircraft

Cabins

Air Algérie offers two types of cabins. The Airbus A330-200 is not equipped with the AVOD entertainment system, but cabin refurbishment is being considered. The Boeing 767–300 and Boeing 737–800 are equipped with audio systems.

Classe Affaires

The Business Class is offered on the Airbus A330-200, Boeing 767–300, Boeing 737–800 and Boeing 737–600. In the Airbus A330-200, reclining seats up to 118°. An express drink is served shortly after takeoff. In the Boeing 767–300, Boeing 737–800 and Boeing 737–600, there are reclining seats up to 118°, with an audio system.

Classe Économique

The Classe Économique aircraft is at Airbus A330-200, Boeing 767–300, Boeing 737–800, Boeing 737–600 and ATR 72-500. In the Airbus A330-200, reclining Seats 118°. Each seat includes an audio system. In the Boeing 767–300, reclining seats 118°, with an audio system. In the Boeing 737–800 and Boeing 737–600, reclining seats 118°, with an audio system. In the ATR 72-500, reclining seats 118°.

Accidents and incidents

Fatal

Non-fatal

  • On 8 June 1949, the right main landing gear of an Air Algérie Douglas C-47 Skytrain (registered F-BCYO) collapsed upon landing at Lyon-Bron Airport, following a cargo flight from Algiers. During the crash landing, the aircraft was destroyed, but the three crew members survived.[118]
  • On 30 October 1951, an Air Algérie Sud-Ouest Bretagne (registered F-OAIY) caught fire and was subsequently destroyed at Paris-Orly Airport, following the sudden collapse of the right main landing gear during take-off run. All 30 passengers and 4 crew members on board could be saved.[119]
  • On 26 April 1962, shortly after the end of the Algerian War, a parked Air Algérie Lockheed Constellation (registered F-BAZE) was blown up at Maison Blanche Airport by OAS terrorists, a militant French far-right nationalist group strongly opposed to the independence of Algeria.[120]
  • On 23 September 1973, an Air Algérie Sud Aviation Caravelle (registered 7T-VAI) was damaged beyond repair in a landing accident at Algiers-Dar el Beida Airport.[121]
  • On 1 August 1989, an Air Algérie Lockheed L-100 Hercules cargo aircraft suffered a ground loop upon landing at Tamanrasset Airport following a flight from Algiers, resulting in the aircraft being damaged beyond repair.[122]
  • On 25 July 1991, the nosegear of an Air Algérie Fokker F27 Friendship (registered 7T-VRM) collapsed during a hard landing at In Guezzam Airport, damaging the aircraft beyond repair.[123]
  • On 2 August 1996, an Air Algérie Boeing 737-200 (registered 7T-VED) overran the runway at Tlemcen Airport in an attempt to abort the take-off for a scheduled flight to Algiers. There were no fatalities among the 100 passengers and 6 crew members on board, even though the aircraft was substantially damaged.[124]
  • Another runway overshot involving an Air Algérie Boeing 737–200 (this time 7T-VEH) occurred on 31 January 1999. Upon landing at Constantine Airfield in unusual snowy conditions following a flight from Paris, the aircraft was severely damaged when it overshot the runway and struck a heap of snow. There were no casualties among the 92 passengers and 7 crew members.[125]
  • On 18 March 2006 at 10:30 local time, the right main landing gear of an Air Algérie Boeing 737–600 (registered 7T-VJQ) collapsed upon landing in poor weather conditions at Seville Airport following a flight from Oran. Approximately 45 out of the 101 passengers and 6 crew members on board were injured.[126]
  • On 14 March 2008, an Air Algérie Boeing 737-800 (registered 7T-VKA) that was operating Flight 1143 from Paris to Sétif with 120 people on board suffered extensive damage during a hard landing at Ain Arnat Airport.[127]

Hijackings

  • On 31 August 1970, three passengers armed with pistols and molotov cocktails hijacked an Air Algérie Convair CV-640 on a scheduled domestic flight from Annaba to Algiers and demanded the pilots to head to Albania instead. During a fuel stop in Brindisi, eleven passengers were allowed to leave the aircraft. As the aircraft was denied landing permission by the Albanian authorities, it diverted to Dubrovnik in then Yugoslavia instead, where the perpetrators could be arrested.[128]
  • When an Air Algérie Boeing 737-200 landed at Houari Boumedienne Airport on 31 March 1991 (during the Algerian Civil War) following a scheduled passenger flight from Béchar, a passenger threatened to detonate a hand grenade and insisted on being allowed to have a political statement on live national television, concerning the planned national election. The demand was rejected, and the hijacker was persuaded to give up and set free the 53 other persons on board.[129]
  • A similar hijacking occurred on 13 November 1994 on board an Air Algérie Fokker F27 Friendship (registered 7T-VRK) during a flight from Algiers to Ouargla. The aircraft with 42 occupants was forced to divert to Palma de Mallorca Airport, where the three perpetrators surrendered.[130]
  • On 25 July 1996 at around 9:00 local time, an Air Algérie Boeing 767-300 with 232 persons on board was hijacked at Oran Es Sénia Airport by a man who demanded to be flown to the United States, rather than to Algiers where the aircraft had been scheduled to leave for. After more than four hours of negotiation he surrendered to the local authorities.[131]
  • On 19 January 2003, Air Algérie Flight 6025 from Constantine to Algiers was hijacked shortly after take-off by a man who demanded the pilots to fly the Boeing 737-800 to North Korea. The flight continued to Algiers, though, where the perpetrator could be restrained by police forces storming the aircraft. None of the 24 other passengers and 6 crew members were injured.[132]
  • On 19 August 2003, an Air Algérie Boeing 737-800 was hijacked by a mentally-ill passenger right after take-off from Houari Boumedienne Airport, who threatened to blow up the aircraft when the crew would not divert to Geneva (rather than to Lille as the flight was scheduled to). The crew carried out an allegedly necessary fuel stop at Oran Es Sénia Airport, where the man could be arrested.[133]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Air Algérie formed AFRAA along with Air Afrique, Air Congo, Air Mali, East African Airways, Ethiopian Airlines, Ghana Airways, Nigeria Airways, Sudan Airways, Tunis Air and United Arab Airlines.[11]
  2. ^ The carrier had previously operated the type, on lease from Southern Air Transport.[39]
  3. ^ One aircraft destroyed in a crash on 24 July 2014.[104]

References

  1. ^ "IATA - Airline and Airport Code Search". iata.org. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  2. ^ a b "Our Company". Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Air Algérie Official website
  4. ^ "Company Overview of Air Algerie SpA." Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved on 13 October 2012.
  5. ^ Ahmed, Hamid Ould (6 January 2014). "UPDATE 2-Air Algerie signs deals to buy Airbus, Boeing jets". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014.
  6. ^ "Our Branches." Air Algérie. Retrieved on 10 February 2011. English: "HeadQuarters Address AIR ALGÉRIE 1, PLACE MAURICE AUDIN ALGER- ALGÉRIE" French: "Direction Générale SIÉGE social AIR ALGÉRIE 1, PLACE MAURICE AUDIN ALGER- ALGÉRIE"
  7. ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 30 March 1985. 33." Retrieved on 17 June 2009. "Head Office: 1 Place Maurice Audin, Immeuble El-Djazair, Algiers, Algeria."
  8. ^ "Current Airline Members". International Air Transport Association. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  9. ^ Moores, Victoria (26 November 2010). "EgyptAir chief to push AFRAA-AACO co-operation". Addis Ababa: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "AFRAA Current Members". African Airlines Association. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  11. ^ "African Association". Flight International: 43. 11 July 1968. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Le Figaro– Air Algerie to join SkyTeam[dead link‍]
  13. ^ Saidoun, Nabila (1 July 2012). "Le PD-G Mohamed-Salah boultif vise le leadership du marché international". Liberte-algerie.com. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014.
  14. ^ Guttery (1998), p. 12.
  15. ^ Guttery (1998), p. 12–13.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Guttery (1998), p. 13.
  17. ^ "World airline directory – Compagnie Générale de Transports Aériens Air Algérie". Flight: 541. 17 April 1959. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ a b c d "French independents merge". Flight: 468. 10 April 1953. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ a b "Brevities". Flight: 365. 21 March 1958. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ a b c d "Air commerce". Flight. 5 February 1960. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013. Pictured outside the Sud factory and control tower at Toulouse is the first Carayelle for Air Algerie, delivery of which was accepted early last month. It has been in service for nearly five weeks. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ a b c "Brevities". Flight. 77 (2655): 163. 29 January 1960. Archived from the original on 25 August 2013. The first Caravelle for Air Algerie was accepted by the president and general manager of the airline, M Jean Richard-Deshais, at Toulouse on January 6. The aircraft entered service on the route between Algiers and Paris on January 12. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ a b "Airlines of the world – Compagnie Générale de Transports Aériens Air Algérie". Flight. 77 (2665): 496. 8 April 1960. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ a b "World airline survey – Air Algerie (Compagnie Generale de Transport Aériens)". Flight International: 515. 11 April 1968. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ a b c
  25. ^
  26. ^ "World airline survey – Air Algérie". Flight International. 85 (2873): 465. 2 April 1964. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "Air commerce – Il-18s for Air Algerie?". Flight International. 85 (2878): 747. 7 May 1964. Archived from the original on 15 August 2013. It is reported that Air Algerie has acquired two Il-18s for its Algiers-Moscow service. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ Guttery (1998), p. 13,15.
  29. ^ "World airlines 1970 – Air Algérie (Compagnie Générale de Transports Aériens)". Flight International. 97 (3185): 467. 26 March 1970. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "Third-level airlines – Société de Travail Aérien (STA)". Flight International: 267. 13 February 1975. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Third-level airlines – Société de Travail Aérien (STA)". Flight International: 213. 14 February 1974. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "Air transport". Flight International. 102 (3311): 267. 24 August 1972. Archived from the original on 25 August 2013. Air Algerie has ordered three F.27-400 freighters for Hfl 21 million (£2.5 million). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ "World news – Two Algerian 737s". Flight International. 102 (3315): 383. 21 September 1972. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Air Algerie has ordered two more Advanced Boeing 737s —its third and fourth— for delivery in May and November next year. The first of these will be a -200C convertible model; the other, a passenger model. Air Algerie will take delivery of its second 737 next month. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ "World airline survey – Air Algerie (Compagnie Nationale de Transport Aerien)". Flight International: 433. 22 March 1973. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ a b Guttery (1998), p. 15.
  36. ^ "Airliner market". Flight International. 116 (3686): 1551. 10 November 1979. Archived from the original on 31 August 2013. Air Algerie has ordered four Boeing 727s for delivery in March 1980 and March 1981, at a total cost of $62 million. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ a b c d e f g "World airline directory – Air Algérie (Société Nationale de Transport et de Travail Aérien)". Flight International. 118 (3716): 271. 26 July 1980. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ "Airliner market". Flight International: 211. 24 January 1981. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ "World airline directory". Flight International. 119 (3758): 1393. 16 May 1981. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. June 1980 saw the delivery of this Southern Air Transport L-100 on lease to Air Algerie {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ "World news". Flight International. 119 (3764): 1992. 27 June 1981. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. This first (of three) Air Algerie Lockheed L-100-30s is due to be delivered this month. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ "Airliner market". Flight International: 1541. 21 November 1981. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ "Marketplace". Flight International: 982. 15 October 1983. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ "Air Algerie chooses A310". Flight International: 1532. 16 June 1984. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ "World airline directory – Inter Air Services". Flight International. 127 (3953): 86. 30 March 1985. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ "World airline directory – Air Algérie (Société Nationale de Transport et de Travail Aérien)". Flight International. 127 (3953): 33. 30 March 1985. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  46. ^ "Orderbook – Algerian Boeings". Flight International. 135 (4164). 13 May 1989. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Air Algerie has ordered three Boeing 767-300s for delivery in 1990, in a deal worth around $264 million. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  47. ^ a b c "Operations: Air Transport – Air Algerie joins 767 club". Flight International. 138 (4227): 9. 1–7 August 1990. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) 
  48. ^ a b "Business—News in brief – Air Algerie". Flight International. 144 (4378): 20. 14–20 July 1993. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) 
  49. ^ George, Alan (13–19 November 1991). "Air Transport – Air Algerie losses force restructure". Flight International. 140 (4293): 11. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) 
  50. ^ Echikr, Amine (5 June 2005). "Algérie: Air Algérie se restructure" (in French). AllAfrica.com. La Tribune. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ "SONATRACH rachète les parts de AIR ALGERIE dans la compagnie aérienne TASSILI". Europétrole. 2 May 2005. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ "Air Algérie : 400 millions d'euros pour renouveler sa flotte en 2011" (in French). El-annabi.com. 14 November 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  53. ^ a b "Air Algerie to spend $762 million upgrading its fleet". Middle East Online. 14 December 2013. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014.
  54. ^ "Air Algérie réceptionne un Airbus gros porteur" (in French). Algérie Press Service. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  55. ^ a b c d "About Us". Air Algérie. Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  56. ^ a b "Air Algerie: 10 percent increase of turnover in 2008". The Free Library. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
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  58. ^ "Annual Report 2014". African Airlines Association. 2014.
  59. ^ "Algérie/Canada: inauguration de la ligne aérienne Alger-Montréal" (in French). Xinhua. 16 June 2007. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  60. ^ Yacobu, Hasna (11 August 2007). "Algérie: Le P-DG d'Air Algérie s'est éteint jeudi dernier à Paris" (in French). AllAfrica.com. La Tribune. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  61. ^ "Algeria opens Algiers-Beijing direct flight". Xinhua. 23 February 2009. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  62. ^ "Europe's LCCs are making a first entry in Algeria". Centre for Aviation. 6 September 2012. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  63. ^ "Timetable (Effective 25 October 2015 (2015-10-25) – 26 March 2016 (2016-03-26))" (PDF) (in French). Air Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 January 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) 
  64. ^ "Air Algerie Receives New Boeing 737-600" (Press release). Boeing. 30 April 2002. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  65. ^ "Aircraft News". Flightglobal. Airline Business. 1 September 1998. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  66. ^ "Air Algerie starts fleet modernisation". Flightglobal. Flight International. 22 July 1998. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  67. ^ "Air Algerie Orders 10 Boeing Next-Generation 737s" (Press release). Boeing. 16 July 1998. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  68. ^ "Air Algérie awaits delivery of twelve Boeing Next Generation 737s". Flightglobal. Flight International. 15 August 2000. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  69. ^ Birns, Hilka (5 December 2000). "Ambitions in Africa". Cape Town: Flightglobal. Flight International. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  70. ^ Birns, Hilka (5 December 2000). "Better times". Cape Town: Flightglobal. Flight International. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  71. ^ "Air Algerie Welcomes Its First Boeing Next-Generation 737 Jetliner" (Press release). Boeing. 2 August 2000. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  72. ^ a b "Air Algerie gets 737-600". Flightglobal. Flight International. 7 May 2002. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) 
  73. ^ "A330s, ATRs for Air Algérie, 737s to follow". Flightglobal. Flight International. 25 November 2003. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  74. ^ "ATR to fill Algerian short-haul need". Flightglobal. 7 December 2003. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  75. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David (18 February 2010). "Air Algerie secures quick delivery of new ATR 72s". London: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  77. ^ "Other News - 02/12/2010". Air Transport World. 15 February 2010. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  78. ^ "Dubai Airshow News". Air Transport World. 18 November 2009. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  79. ^ "Boeing, Air Algerie, Announce Order for Seven Boeing 737-800s at Dubair Airshow 2009" (Press release). Boeing. 17 November 2009. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  80. ^ "Boeing Delivers 50th Airplane to Air Algerie" (Press release). Boeing. 6 April 2011. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014.
  81. ^ "Air Algérie prévoit des bénéfices pour 2012" (in French). Air Journal. 6 November 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  82. ^ "Air Algérie reçoit de nouveau sa certification IOSA" (in French). Air Journal. 15 December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  83. ^ "Sécurité aerienne : L'IATA renouvelle à Air Algérie l'octroi du label IOSA" (in French). El Moudjahid. 13 December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
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  94. ^ "Aircraft News-Dec. 22, 2014". Air Transport World. 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. ATR delivered its 200th ATR-600 to Air Algerie. The first of three ATR 72-600s ordered earlier this year will join Air Algerie's existing fleet of 12 ATR 72-500s. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) 
  95. ^ "Global Airline Guide 2016 (Part One)". Airliner World (October 2016): 4. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
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  97. ^ https://airalgerie.dz/experience-voyage/notre-flotte/
  98. ^ https://airalgerie.dz/experience-voyage/notre-flotte/
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  103. ^ "PICTURES: Algerian airlines Tassili and Air Algerie take new Boeings". Flightglobal. 6 April 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  105. ^ El Moudjahid: Air Algerie charters extra flights for Haj and Umra. Published on 12 July 2012.
  106. ^ Air Algérie fleet list at airfleets.net
  107. ^ Hirst, Mike (2009). "Double-Decker Déja-vu". Aeroplane (December 2009): 72–76.
  108. ^ 1960 Air Algérie mid-air collision at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  109. ^ Accident description for 7T-VAU at the Aviation Safety Network
  110. ^ Air Algérie 1969 crash at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  111. ^ Air Algérie 1979 crash at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  112. ^ Flight 702P at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  113. ^ Flight 6289 at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  114. ^ Flight 2208 at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  115. ^ "Algerian flight AH5017 crashes in Mali". Indiasnaps.com. 24 July 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  116. ^ "rance says Air Algerie pilots had asked to turn back before fatal crash". Herald Globe. Retrieved 28 July 2014. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  117. ^ Caulderwood, Kathleen (24 July 2014). "Air Algérie Flight 5017 On Lease From Spanish Carrier Swiftair". International Business Times.
  118. ^ 1949 Air Algérie 1949 crash landing at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  119. ^ Air Algérie 1951 accident at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (30 October 1951). Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  120. ^ 1962 Air Algérie bombing at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (26 April 1962). Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  121. ^ 1973 Air Algérie landing incident at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  122. ^ Air Algérie 1989 landing incident at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  123. ^ 1991 Air Algérie landing incident at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net (25 July 1991). Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  124. ^ Air Algérie 1996 runway overshot at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  125. ^ Air Algérie 1999 runway overshot at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  126. ^ Air Algérie 2006 landing gear collapse at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  127. ^ Air Algérie 2008 landing incident at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  128. ^ Air Algérie 1970 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  129. ^ Air Algérie 1991 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  130. ^ Air Algérie 1994 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  131. ^ Air Algérie 1996 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  132. ^ Air Algérie 2003 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.
  133. ^ Air Algérie 2003 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network. Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 15 June 2011.

Bibliography

  • Guttery, Ben R. (1998). Encyclopedia of African Airlines. Jefferson, North Carolina 28640: Mc Farland & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0495-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
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