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Open back unrounded vowel

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Open back unrounded vowel
ɑ
IPA Number305
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɑ
Unicode (hex)U+0251
X-SAMPAA
Braille⠡ (braille pattern dots-16)

The open back unrounded vowel, or low back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɑ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is A. The letter ⟨ɑ⟩ is called script a because it lacks the extra hook on top of a printed letter a, which corresponds to a different vowel, the open front unrounded vowel. Script a, which has its linear stroke on the bottom right, should not be confused with turned script a, ɒ, which has its linear stroke on the top left and corresponds to a rounded version of this vowel, the open back rounded vowel.

The Hamont dialect of Limburgish has been reported to contrast long open front, central and back unrounded vowels,[1] which is extremely unusual.

The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists,[who?] perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".

Features

  • Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[2][3] [daar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [dɑːr] 'there' See Afrikaans phonology
Angor [ape] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɑpe] 'father'
Arabic Standard[4] طويل [tˤɑˈwiːl] 'tall' Allophone of long and short /a/ near emphatic consonants, depending on the speaker's accent. See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[4] [[[Armenian alphabet|հաց]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: arm (help) [hɑt͡sʰ] 'bread'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Tyari dialects [baba] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bɑːba] 'father' Corresponds to [a ~ ä] in other varieties.
Catalan Many dialects[5] [pal] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈpɑɫ] 'stick' Allophone of /a/ in contact with velar consonants.[5] See Catalan phonology
Some dialects[6][7] [mà] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈmɑ] 'hand' More central ([ɑ̟], [ä]) in other dialects; fully front [a] in Majorcan Catalan.[7]
Some Valencian and Majorcan speakers[5] [lloc] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈl̠ʲɑk] 'place' Unrounded allophone of /ɔ/ in some accents.[5] Can be centralized.
Some southern Valencian speakers[8] [bou] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈbɑw] 'bull' Pronunciation of the vowel /ɔ/ before [w].[8] Can be centralized.
Chinese Mandarin [[[Chinese characters|棒]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-cmn-Hani (help)/[[[Hanyu Pinyin|bàng]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [pɑŋ˥˩]ⓘ 'stick' Allophone of /a/ before /u, ŋ/. See Standard Chinese phonology
Danish Conservative[9] [[[Danish alphabet|barn]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈb̥ɑːˀn] 'child' Near-open;[9] realized as open central [äː] in contemporary Standard Danish.[10][11] See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard[12][13] [bad] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bɑt] 'bath' Backness varies among dialects; in the Standard Netherlandic accent it is fully back.[14][12] In the Standard Belgian accent it is raised and fronted to [ɑ̝̈].[13] See Dutch phonology
Leiden[14] [bɑ̝t] Near-open fully back; can be rounded [ɒ̝] instead.[14] See Dutch phonology
Rotterdam[14]
Amsterdam[15] [aap] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɑːp] 'monkey' Corresponds to [aː ~ äː] in standard Dutch.
Antwerp[16]
Utrecht[16]
The Hague[17] [[[Dutch orthography|nauw]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [nɑː] 'narrow' Corresponds to [ʌu] in standard Dutch.
English Cardiff[18] [hot] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [hɑ̝̈t] 'hot' Somewhat raised and fronted.[18][19]
Norfolk[19]
General American[20] [hɑt] May be more front [ɑ̟ ~ ä], especially in accents without the cot-caught merger. See English phonology
Cockney[21] [bath] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bɑːθ] 'bath' Fully back. It can be more front [ɑ̟ː] instead.
General
South African[22]		 Fully back. Broad varieties usually produce a rounded vowel [ɒː ~ ɔː] instead, while Cultivated SAE prefers a more front vowel [ɑ̟ː ~ äː].
Cultivated
South African[23]		 [bɑ̟ːθ] Typically more front than cardinal [ɑ]. It may be as front as [äː] in some Cultivated South African and southern English speakers. See English phonology
Received Pronunciation[24]
Non-local Dublin[25] back [bɑq] 'back' Allophone of /æ/ before velars for some speakers.[25]
Estonian[26] [[[Estonian orthography|vale]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈvɑ̝lɛˑ] 'wrong' Near-open.[26] See Estonian phonology
Faroese Some dialects[27] [[[Faroese orthography|vátur]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈvɑːtʊɹ] 'water' Corresponds to /ɔɑ/ in standard language.[27] See Faroese phonology
Finnish[28] [[[Finnish alphabet|kana]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈkɑ̝nɑ̝] 'hen' Near-open,[28] also described as open central [ä].[29] See Finnish phonology
French Conservative Parisian[30] [pas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [pɑ] 'not' Contrasts with [a], but many speakers have only one open vowel [ä]. See French phonology
Quebec [pâte] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [pɑːt] 'paste' See Quebec French phonology
Galician[31][32] [irmán] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [iɾˈmɑŋ] 'brother' Allophone of /a/ in contact with velar consonants.[31][32] See Galician phonology
Georgian[33] გუდა [ɡudɑ] 'leather bag'
German Standard Austrian[34] [Tag] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [tʰɑːɡ̊] 'day' For other speakers it is more front. See Standard German phonology.
Some Swiss speakers
Some Northern German speakers [tʰɑːx]
Zurich dialect[35] [mane] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈmɑːnə] 'remind' Allophone of /ɒ/, in free variation with [ɒ].[35]
Hungarian Some dialects[36] [magyar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈmɑɟɑr] 'Hungarian' Weakly rounded [ɒ] in standard Hungarian.[37] See Hungarian phonology
Inuit West Greenlandic[38] [example needed] Allophone of /a/ before and especially between uvulars.[38] See Inuit phonology
Kaingang[39] [ˈᵑɡɑ] 'terra' Varies between back [ɑ] and central [ɐ].[40]
Limburgish[1][41][42][43] [bats] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bɑts] 'buttock' Backness varies from fully back [ɑ] to almost central [ɑ̟], depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.[43]
Luxembourgish[44][45] [Kapp] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [kʰɑp] 'head' Described variously as open near-back[44] and near-open back.[45] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay Kedah dialect[46] mata [matɑ] 'eye' See Malay phonology
Navajo [ashkii] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɑʃkɪː] 'boy' See Navajo phonology
Norwegian Standard Eastern[47][48][49] [hat] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [hɑːt̻] 'hate' See Norwegian phonology
Fredrikstad[50]
Stavangersk[51]
Trondheimsk[50]
Plautdietsch [Gott] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɡɑ̽t] 'God'
Russian[52] палка [ˈpɑɫkə] 'stick' Occurs only before the hard /l/, but not when a palatalized consonant precedes. See Russian phonology
Sema[53] [amqa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [à̠mqɑ̀] 'lower back' Possible realization of /a/ after uvular stops.[53]
Slovak[54][55] [a] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɑ̟] 'and' Near-back; possible realization of /a/.[54][56] See Slovak phonology
Swedish Some dialects [jаg] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [jɑːɡ] 'I' Weakly rounded [ɒ̜ː] in Central Standard Swedish.[57] See Swedish phonology
Turkish[58] [[[Turkish alphabet|at]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɑt̪] 'horse' Also described as central [ä].[59] See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[60] мати [ˈmɑtɪ] 'mother' See Ukrainian phonology
West Frisian [lang] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɫɑŋ] 'long'

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  2. ^ Lass (1984), pp. 76, 93–94 and 105.
  3. ^ Donaldson (1993), p. 7.
  4. ^ a b Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990), p. 39.
  5. ^ a b c d Saborit (2009), p. 10.
  6. ^ Rafel (1999), p. 14.
  7. ^ a b Recasens (1996), pp. 90–92.
  8. ^ a b Recasens (1996), pp. 131–132.
  9. ^ a b Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
  10. ^ Grønnum (1998:100)
  11. ^ Basbøll (2005:46)
  12. ^ a b Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  13. ^ a b Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  14. ^ a b c d Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131.
  15. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 78, 104, 133.
  16. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 104, 133.
  17. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
  18. ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
  19. ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 168.
  20. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  21. ^ Wells (1982), p. 305.
  22. ^ Lass (2002), p. 117.
  23. ^ Lass (2002), p. 116-117.
  24. ^ Roach (2004), p. 242.
  25. ^ a b "Glossary". Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  26. ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009:368)
  27. ^ a b Árnason (2011:69, 79)
  28. ^ a b Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
  29. ^ Maddieson (1984), cited in Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
  30. ^ Ashby (2011), p. 100.
  31. ^ a b Regueira (1996), p. 122.
  32. ^ a b Freixeiro Mato (2006), pp. 72–73.
  33. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
  34. ^ Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015), pp. 342–344.
  35. ^ a b Fleischer & Schmid (2006), p. 248.
  36. ^ Vago (1980:1)
  37. ^ Szende (1994:92)
  38. ^ a b Fortescue (1990), p. 317.
  39. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677 and 682.
  40. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676 and 682.
  41. ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
  42. ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 110.
  43. ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  44. ^ a b Trouvain & Gilles (2009), p. 75.
  45. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  46. ^ Zaharani Ahmad (1991).
  47. ^ Berulfsen (1969), p. 10.
  48. ^ Skaug (2003), pp. 15–19.
  49. ^ Popperwell (2010), pp. 16, 23–24.
  50. ^ a b Vanvik (1979), p. 16.
  51. ^ Vanvik (1979), p. 17.
  52. ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 50.
  53. ^ a b Teo (2014:28)
  54. ^ a b Kráľ (1988:54)
  55. ^ Pavlík (2004:95)
  56. ^ Pavlík (2004:94–95)
  57. ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
  58. ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  59. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  60. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.

Bibliography

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