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Voiced palatal nasal

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Palatal nasal
ɲ
IPA Number118
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɲ
Unicode (hex)U+0272
X-SAMPAJ
Braille⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456)
Alveolo-palatal nasal
n̠ʲ
ɲ̟
ȵ

The palatal nasal is a type of consonant, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɲ⟩,[1] a lowercase letter n with a leftward-pointing tail protruding from the bottom of the left stem of the letter. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J. The IPA symbol ⟨ɲ⟩ is similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ŋ⟩, the symbol for the velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem.

Palatal nasals are more common than the palatal stops [c, ɟ].[2] In Spanish and languages whose writing systems are influenced by Spanish orthography, this sound is represented with the letter eñe (ñ); the same is true for Occitan, the source of the Portuguese digraph ene-agá (nh), used by languages whose writing systems are influenced by Portuguese orthography, such as Vietnamese; in Catalan, Hungarian and many African languages, as Swahili or Dinka, the digraph ny is used.

The alveolo-palatal nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some oral languages. There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound. If more precision is desired, it may be transcribed ⟨n̠ʲ⟩ or ⟨ɲ̟⟩; these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is a non-IPA letter ⟨ȵ⟩ ("n", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩), used especially in Sinological circles.

The alveolo-palatal nasal is commonly described as palatal; it is often unclear whether a language has a true palatal or not. Many languages claimed to have a palatal nasal, such as Portuguese, actually have an alveolo-palatal nasal. This is likely true of several of the languages listed here. Some dialects of Irish as well as some non-standard dialects of Malayalam are reported to contrast alveolo-palatal and palatal nasals.[3][4]

There is also a post-palatal nasal (also called pre-velar, fronted velar etc.) in some languages.

Features

Features of the voiced palatal nasal:

Occurrence

Palatal or alveolo-palatal

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
!Kung[5] [example needed] — — Represented by ⟨ny⟩
Albanian [[[Albanian alphabet|një]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɲə] 'one'
Aranda [example needed] — — Alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolo-palatal.[6]
Basque [andereño] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [än̪d̪e̞ɾe̞ɲo̞] 'female teacher'
Burmese[7] ညာ [ɲà] 'right(-hand side)' Contrasts with the voiceless palatal nasal /ɲ̥/.
Catalan[8] [[[Catalan orthography|any]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈaɲ̟] 'year' Alveolo-palatal or palatal.[6] See Catalan phonology
Chinese Wu 女人/gniugnin [ȵy˩˧ȵiȵ˥˨] 'woman' Alveolo-palatal
Czech [[[Czech orthography|kůň]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [kuːɲ] 'horse' May be intermediate between palatal and alveolo-palatal.[4] See Czech phonology
Dinka nyɔt [ɲɔt] 'very'
Dutch[9] [oranje] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [oˈrɑɲə] 'orange' Not all dialects. See Dutch phonology
French[10] [agneau] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [äˈɲo] 'lamb' Alveolo-palatal or palatal.[6] Merging with /nj/. See French phonology
Galician[11] [viño] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈbiɲo] 'wine' See Galician phonology
Greek [[[Greek alphabet|πρωτοχρονιά]]/prōtochroniá] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [pro̞to̞xro̞ˈɲ̟ɐ] 'New Year's Day' Alveolo-palatal.[12] See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian[13] [[[Hungarian orthography|anya]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɒɲɒ] 'mother' Alveolo-palatal with alveolar contact.[6] See Hungarian phonology
Italian Standard [bagno] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈbäɲːo] 'bath' Postalveolo-prepalatal.[14] See Italian phonology
Romanesco dialect [niente] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɲːɛn̪t̪e] 'nothing'
Irish[3] inné [əˈn̠ʲeː] 'yesterday' Irish contrasts alveolo-palatal /n̠ʲ/, palatal/palatovelar /ɲ/, velar /ŋ/ and, in some dialects, palatalized alveolar /nʲ/.[15][16][17][3] See Irish phonology
Japanese[18] 庭/[[[Romanization of Japanese|niwa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [n̠ʲiwᵝa] 'garden' Alveolar or dento-alveolar.[6] See Japanese phonology
Korean [[[Hangul|고니]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: kang for code: ko (help)/[goni] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ko̞n̠ʲi] 'swan' Alveolo-palatal. See Korean phonology
Latvian [mākoņains] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [maːkuɔɲains] 'cloudy' See Latvian phonology
Macedonian [[[Macedonian alphabet|чешање]]/češanje] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈt͡ʃɛʃaɲɛ] 'itching' See Macedonian phonology
Malagasy[6] [example needed] — — Palatal.
Malay [banyak] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bäɲäʔˈ] 'a lot'
Malayalam[19] ഞാന് [ɲäːn] 'I'
Mapudungun[20] [[[Mapudungun alphabet|ñachi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɲɜˈt͡ʃɪ] 'spiced blood'
North Frisian Mooring [fliinj] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈfliːɲ] 'to fly'
Norwegian Northern[21] [[[Norwegian alphabet|mann]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [mɑɲː] 'man' See Norwegian phonology
Southern[21]
Occitan Northern [Polonha] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [puˈluɲo̞] 'Poland' Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolar or dento-alveolo-palatal.[6] See Occitan phonology
Southern
Gascon banh [baɲ] 'bath'
Polish[22] [[[Polish orthography|koń]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [kɔɲ̟]ⓘ 'horse' Alveolo-palatal. May be replaced by a nasal palatal approximant in coda position or before fricatives. See Polish phonology
Portuguese Many dialects[23] [[[Portuguese orthography|Sônia]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈsõ̞n̠ʲɐ] 'Sonia' Possible realization of post-stressed /ni/ plus vowel.
Brazilian[23][24] [[[Portuguese orthography|sonha]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈsõ̞ɲɐ] 'it dreams' Central palatal, not the same that /ʎ/ which is pre-palatal.[25] May instead be approximant[26][11] in Brazil and Africa. See Portuguese phonology
European[27] [arranhar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɐʁɐ̃ˈn̠ʲaɾ] 'to scratch' Dento-alveolo-palatal.[6]
Quechua [[[Quechua alphabet|ñuqa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɲɔqɑ] 'I'
Romanian Transylvanian dialects[28] câine [ˈkɨɲe̞] 'dog' Alveolo-palatal.[28] corresponds to [n] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[29] [[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|seinn]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ʃeiɲ̟] 'sing' Alveolo-palatal. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian питање / [pitanje] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [pǐːt̪äːɲ̟e̞]ⓘ 'question' Alveolo-palatal. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak [pečeň] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈpe̞t͡ʃe̞ɲ̟] 'liver' Alveolar.[6] See Slovak phonology
Spanish[30] [enseñar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ẽ̞nse̞ˈɲär] 'to teach' Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolar or dento-alveolo-palatal.[6] See Spanish phonology
Ukrainian тінь [t̪in̠ʲ] 'shadow' Alveolo-palatal. See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese [[[Vietnamese alphabet|nhà]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɲâː] 'house' "Laminoalveolar".[31] See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian [njonken] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɲoŋkən] 'next to' Phonemically /nj/. See West Frisian phonology
Yi ꑌ/nyi [n̠ʲi˧] 'sit' Alveolo-palatal.
Zulu inyoni [iɲ̟óːni] 'bird' Alveolo-palatal.[6]

Post-palatal

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
German Standard[32] [gängig] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɡ̟ɛŋ̟ɪç] 'common' Allophone of /ŋ/ before and after front vowels;[32] the example also illustrates [ɡ̟]. See Standard German phonology
Lithuanian[33] [menkė] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈmʲæŋ̟k̟eː] 'cod' Allophone of /n/ before palatalized velars;[33] typically transcribed with ⟨ŋʲ⟩. See Lithuanian phonology
Mapudungun[34] [example needed] Allophone of /ŋ/ before the front vowels /ɪ, e/.[34]
Polish[35][36] [węgiel] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈvɛŋ̟ɡ̟ɛl] 'coal' Allophone of /n/ before /kʲ, ɡʲ/.[35][36] See Polish phonology
Romanian[37] [anchetă] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [äŋ̟ˈk̟e̞t̪ə] 'inquiry' Allophone of /n/ used before the palatalized allophones of /k, ɡ/.[37] Typically transcribed with ⟨ŋʲ⟩. See Romanian phonology
Uzbek[38] [ming] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [miŋ̟] 'thousand' Word-final allophone of /ŋ/ after front vowels.[38]
Vietnamese [example needed] Final allophone of /ɲ/. See Vietnamese phonology
Yanyuwa[39] [l̪uwaŋ̟u] 'strip of turtle fat' Post-palatal; contrasts with post-velar [ŋ̠].[39]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. xviii.
  2. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 163.
  3. ^ a b c Ní Chasaide (1999).
  4. ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 33.
  5. ^ Doke (1925), p. ?.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Recasens (2013), p. 11.
  7. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.
  8. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  9. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 46.
  10. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  11. ^ a b Mattos e Silva (1991), p. 73.
  12. ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
  13. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
  14. ^ Recasens et al. (1993), p. 222.
  15. ^ Quiggin (1906).
  16. ^ de Bhaldraithe (1966).
  17. ^ Mhac an Fhailigh (1968).
  18. ^ Okada (1991), p. 95.
  19. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  20. ^ Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 88.
  21. ^ a b Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
  22. ^ Jassem (2003), pp. 103–104.
  23. ^ a b Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português, p. 12.
  24. ^ Aragão (2009), p. 168.
  25. ^ Cagliari 1974, p. 77. Citation:Em português, o [ɲ] se aproxima mais do [ŋ] do que do [n]; por isso será classificado como "central" e não como pré-palatal. O [ʎ] em muitas línguas se realiza como "central"; em português, [ʎ] tende a [lj] e se realiza sempre na região prepalatal.
  26. ^ Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels
  27. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  28. ^ a b Pop (1938), p. 30.
  29. ^ Oftedal (1956), p. ?.
  30. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  31. ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 460.
  32. ^ a b Krech et al. (2009), pp. 49, 97.
  33. ^ a b Ambrazas et al. (1997), p. 36.
  34. ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 89.
  35. ^ a b Gussmann (1974), pp. 107, 111, 114.
  36. ^ a b Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000), pp. 35, 41, 86.
  37. ^ a b Sarlin (2014), p. 17.
  38. ^ a b Sjoberg (1963), p. 12.
  39. ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 34–35.

Bibliography

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