Voiced labiodental fricative
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2010) |
| Voiced labiodental fricative | |
|---|---|
| v | |
| IPA Number | 129 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | v |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0076 |
| X-SAMPA | v |
| Braille |  |
The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨v⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is v.
Although this is a familiar sound to most European and Middle Eastern listeners, it is cross-linguistically a fairly uncommon sound, being only a quarter as frequent as [w]. The presence of [v] and absence of [w], is a very distinctive areal feature of European languages and those of adjacent areas of Siberia and Central Asia.[citation needed] Speakers of East Asian languages that lack this sound tend to pronounce it as [b] (Japanese), or [f]/[w] (Cantonese and Mandarin), thus failing to distinguish a number of English minimal pairs.[citation needed]
Features
Features of the voiced labiodental fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | европа | [evˈropʼa] | 'Europe' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Afrikaans | [[[Afrikaans alphabet|wees]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [veə̯s] | 'to be' | See Afrikaans phonology | |
| Albanian | [[[Albanian alphabet|valixhe]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [vaˈlidʒɛ] | 'case' | ||
| Arabic | Siirt[1] | ذهب | [vaˈhab] | 'gold' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | վեց | 'six' | ||
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [ktava] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kta:va] | 'book' | Only in the Urmia dialects. [ʋ] is also predominantly used. Corresponds to [w] in the other varieties. | |
| Bai | Dali | ? | [ŋv˩˧] | 'fish' | |
| Bulgarian | вода | [vɔda] | 'water' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan | Balearic[3] | [[[Catalan orthography|viu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈviw] | 'live' | See Catalan phonology |
| Southern Catalonia[4] | |||||
| Valencian[4] | |||||
| Chechen | вашa / [vaṣa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [vaʃa] | 'brother' | ||
| Chinese | Wu | 饭 | [vɛ] | 'cooked rice' | |
| Czech | [[[Czech alphabet|voda]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [voda] | 'water' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[5] | [[[Danish orthography|véd]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ve̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ] | 'know(s)' | Most often an approximant [ʋ].[6] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | All dialects | [[[Dutch alphabet|wraak]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [vraːk] | 'revenge' | Allophone of /ʋ/ before /r/. See Dutch phonology |
| Most dialects | [[[Dutch alphabet|vreemd]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [vreːmt] | 'strange' | Often devoiced to [f] by speakers from the Netherlands. See Dutch phonology | |
| Standard[7] | |||||
| English | All dialects | [[[English alphabet|valve]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [væɫv] | 'valve' | See English phonology |
| Cockney[8] | [[[English orthography|breathe]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bɹiːv] | 'breathe' | Does not occur word-initially. See th-fronting | |
| African American[9] | |||||
| Ewe[10] | [[[African reference alphabet|evlo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [évló] | 'he is evil' | ||
| Faroese[11] | [veður] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈveːʋuɹ] | 'speech' | Word-initial allophone of /v/, in free variation with an approximant [ʋ].[11] See Faroese phonology | |
| French[12] | [[[French alphabet|valve]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [valv] | 'valve' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[13] | ვიწრო | [ˈvitsʼɾo] | 'narrow' | ||
| German | [[[German alphabet|Wächter]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈvɛçtɐ] | 'guard' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | [[[Greek alphabet|βερνίκι]] verníki] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ve̞rˈnici] | 'varnish' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hebrew | גב | [ɡav] | 'back' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindi[14] | व्रत | [vrət̪] | 'fast' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian | [[[Hungarian alphabet|veszély]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [vɛseːj] | 'danger' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Irish | [[[Irish alphabet|bhaile]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [vaːlə] | 'home' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[15] | [avare] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [aˈvare] | 'miserly' (f. pl.) | See Italian phonology | |
| Judaeo-Spanish | [mueve] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈmwɛvɛ] | 'nine' | ||
| Kabardian | вагъуэ | 'star' | Corresponds to [ʒʷ] in Adyghe | ||
| Macedonian | вода | [vɔda] | 'water' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Maltese | [iva] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [iva] | 'yes' | ||
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[16][17][18][19] | [[[Norwegian alphabet|venn]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [vɛ̝nː] | 'friend' | Allophone of /ʋ/ before a pause and in emphatic speech.[19] See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Auvergnat | [vol] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [vɔl] | 'flight' | See Occitan phonology |
| Limousin | |||||
| Provençal | |||||
| Persian | Iranian Persian | [[[Persian orthography|ورزش]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [varzeʃ] | 'sport' | See Persian phonology |
| Polish[20] | [[[Polish orthography|wór]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'bag' | See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[21] | [[[Portuguese alphabet|vila]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈvilɐ] | 'town' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | [[[Romanian alphabet|val]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [val] | 'wave' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[22] | волосы | [ˈvʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞] | 'hair' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[23] | гроф би / [[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|grof bi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡrô̞v bi] | 'the earl would' | Allophone of /f/ before voiced consonants.[23] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | [[[Slovak alphabet|voda]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'water' | |||
| Spanish[24] | [afgano] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ävˈɣ̞äno̞] | 'Afghan' | Allophone of /f/ before voiced consonants. See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | [[[Swedish alphabet|vägg]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈvɛɡː] | 'wall' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Turkish | [cetvel] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [dʒetvæl] | 'ruler' | Allophone of /ʋ/ after voiceless consonants. See Turkish phonology | |
| Vietnamese[25] | [[[Vietnamese alphabet|và]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [vaː˨˩] | 'and' | In southern dialects, is in free variation with [j]. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | [[[Welsh orthography|fi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [vi] | 'I' | ||
| West Frisian | [weevje] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʋeɪ̯vjə] | 'to weave' | Never occurs in word-initial positions | |
| Yi | ꃶ/[[[Yi script|vu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [vu˧] | 'intestines' | ||
See also
References
- ^ Watson (2002:15)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ a b Wheeler (2002:13)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:62)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:66)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 328.
- ^ McWhorter (2001), pp. 148.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:156)
- ^ a b Árnason (2011:115)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Janet Pierrehumbert, Rami Nair, Volume Editor: Bernard Laks (1996), Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure (Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods) (PDF), European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press, 1996, ISBN 978-1-901471-02-1
{{citation}}:|author=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000:74)
- ^ Strandskogen (1979:28 and 32)
- ^ Skaug (2003:100)
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979:41)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Padgett (2003:42)
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999:67)
- ^ http://www.uclm.es/profesorado/nmoreno/compren/material/2006apuntes_fonetica.pdf; http://plaza.ufl.edu/lmassery/Consonantes%20oclusivasreviewlaurie.doc
- ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
Bibliography
- Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199229317.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Skaug, Ingebjørg (2003) [First published 1996], Norsk språklydlære med øvelser (3rd ed.), Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS, ISBN 82-456-0178-0
- Strandskogen, Åse-Berit (1979), Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, ISBN 82-05-10107-8
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
