Voiced velar fricative
| Voiced velar fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɣ | |||
| IPA Number | 141 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɣ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0263 | ||
| X-SAMPA | G | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
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The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in various spoken languages. It is not found in English today, but did exist in Old English. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɣ⟩, a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, ⟨γ⟩, which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically similar ⟨ɤ⟩, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings[1] use for the voiced velar fricative.
The symbol ⟨ɣ⟩ is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, though that is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: [ɣ̞] or [ɣ˕]. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, [ɰ], though there can be stylistic reasons to not use it in phonetic transcription.
There is also a voiced post-velar fricative (also called pre-uvular) in some languages. For voiced pre-velar fricative (also called post-palatal), see voiced palatal fricative.
Features
Features of the voiced velar fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be trill fricatives.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza | бгъьы | [bɣʲə] | 'leaf' | ||
| Adyghe | чъыгы | tree | |||
| Alekano | [gamó] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɣɑmɤʔ] | 'cucumber' | ||
| Aleut | agiitalix | [aɣiːtalix] | 'with' | ||
| Angor | [ranih |
[ɾɑniɣə] | 'brother' | ||
| Angas | γür | [ɣyr] | 'to pick up' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[2] | غريب | [ˈɣɑriːb] | 'stranger' | May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.[3] See Arabic phonology |
| Some Iraqi dialects[4] | رأس | [ʁ̟ɑʔs] | 'head' | Post-velar.[4] Corresponds to [r] in other dialects.[4] See Arabic phonology | |
| Asturian | gadañu | [ɣaˈd̪ãɲʊ] | 'scythe' | Allophone of /ɡ/ in almost all positions | |
| Azerbaijani | [[[Azeri alphabet|ağac]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɑɣɑd͡ʒ] | 'tree' | ||
| Basque[5] | [[[Basque alphabet|hego]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [heɣo] | 'wing' | Allophone of /ɡ/ | |
| Catalan[6] | [[[Catalan orthography|figuera]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fiˈɣeɾə] | 'fig tree' | Allophone of /ɡ/. See Catalan phonology | |
| Chechen | гӀала / [ġala] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɣaːla] | 'town' | ||
| Czech | bych byl | [bɪɣ bɪl] | 'I would be' | Allophone of /x/. See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Older Standard[7][8] | [talg] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈtˢalˀɣ] | 'tallow' | More often an approximant [ɰ].[7] Depending on the environment, it corresponds to [ʊ̯], [ɪ̯] or [j] in young speakers of contemporary Standard Danish.[8] See Danish phonology |
| Dawsahak | ? | [zoɣ] | 'war' | ||
| Dinka | ɣo | [ɣo] | 'us' | ||
| Dutch | Standard Belgian[9][10] | [[[Dutch orthography|gaan]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɣaːn] | 'to go' | May be post-palatal [ʝ̠] instead.[10] See Dutch phonology |
| Southern accents[10] | |||||
| Georgian[11] | ღარიბი | [ɣɑribi] | 'poor' | May actually be post-velar or uvular | |
| German[12][13] | [[[German orthography|damalige]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈdaːmaːlɪɣə] | 'former' | Intervocalic allophone of /g/ in casual speech.[12][13] See German phonology | |
| Ghari | [cheghe] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tʃeɣe] | 'five' | ||
| Greek | γάλα/gála | [ˈɣɐlɐ] | 'milk' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | વાઘણ | [ʋɑ̤̈ɣəɽ̃] | 'tigress' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| Gweno | [ndeɣe] | 'bird' | |||
| Gwich’in | [videeghàn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [viteːɣân] | 'his/her chest' | ||
| Haitian Creole | [diri] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [diɣi] | 'rice' | ||
| Hän | [dëgëghor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [təkəɣor] | 'I am playing' | ||
| Hebrew | Yemenite | מִגְדָּל | [miɣdɔl] | 'tower' | See Modern Hebrew phonology |
| Hindi[14] | ग़रीब | [ɣ̄əriːb] | 'poor' | Post-velar.[14] See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Iranian Turkic | [[[South Azerbaijani alphabet|oǧul]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [oɣul] | 'son' | ||
| Icelandic | [[[Icelandic orthography|saga]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: ic (help) | [ˈsaːɣaː] | 'saga' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Irish | [[[Irish orthography|dhorn]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ] | 'fist' | See Irish phonology | |
| Istro-Romanian[15] | gură | [ɣurə][stress?] | 'mouth' | Corresponds to [g][in which environments?] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology | |
| Iwaidja | [mulaɣa] | 'hermit crab' | |||
| Japanese[16] | はげ/[[[Romanization of Japanese#Hepburn|hage]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [haɣe] | 'baldness' | Allophone of /ɡ/, especially in fast or casual speech. See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | гын | 'powder' | |||
| Lezgian | гъел | [ɣel] | 'sleigh' | ||
| Limburgish[17][18][19][20] | [gaw] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɣɑ̟β̞] | 'quick' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. | |
| Lithuanian | humoras | [ˈɣʊmɔrɐs̪] | 'humor' | Preferred over [ɦ]. See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Luxembourgish[21] | [Kugel] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkʰuːɣəl] | 'ball' | Also described as uvular [ʁ].[22] Appears only in a few words.[21][22] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | Standard Malay | [[[Malay alphabet|ghaib]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɣai̯b] | 'unseen' | Mostly in loanwords from Arabic. Indonesians tend to replace the sound with /g/. |
| Kelantan dialect | [[[Malay alphabet|ramai]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɣamaː] | 'crowded (with people)' | /r/ in Standard Malay is barely articulated in almost all of the Malay dialects in Malaysia. Usually it is uttered as guttural R at initial and medial position of a word. See Malay phonology | |
| Terengganu dialect | |||||
| Negeri Sembilan dialect | [ɣamai̯] | ||||
| Pahang dialect | [ɣamɛ̃ː] | ||||
| Sarawak dialect | [ɣamɛː] | ||||
| Macedonian | Berovo accent | [[[Macedonian orthography|дувна]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈduɣna] | 'it blew' | Corresponds to etymological /x/ of other dialects, before sonorants. See Maleševo-Pirin dialect and Macedonian phonology |
| Bukovo accent | [[[Macedonian orthography|глава]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɡɣa(v)a] | 'head' | Allophone of /l/ instead of usual [ɫ]. See Prilep-Bitola dialect | |
| Navajo | [’aghá] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʔaɣa] | 'best' | ||
| Ngwe | Mmockngie dialect | [nøɣə̀] | 'sun' | ||
| Northern Qiang | ? | [ɣnəʂ] | 'February' | ||
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[23] | [å ha] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɔ ˈɣɑː] | 'to have' | Possible allophone of /h/ between two back vowels; can be voiceless [x] instead.[23] See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Gascon | [digoc] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [diˈɣuk] | 'said' (3rd pers. sg.) | |
| Pashto | غاتر | [ɣɑtər] | 'mule' | ||
| Polish | [[[Polish alphabet|niechże]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɲeɣʐɛ] | 'let' (imperative particle) | Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | European[24][25] | [[[Portuguese orthography|agora]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [əˈɣɔɾə] | 'now' | Allophone of /ɡ/. See Portuguese phonology |
| Some Brazilian dialects[26] | mármore | [ˈmaɣmuɾi] | 'marble', 'sill' | Allophone of rhotic consonant (voiced equivalent to [x], itself allophone of /ʁ/) between voiced sounds, most often as coda before voiced consonants. | |
| Punjabi | ਗ਼ਰੀਬ | [ɣəɾiːb] | 'poor' | ||
| Ripuarian | Colognian[citation needed] | [noch ein[en]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈnɔɣ‿ən] | 'another one' | Allophone of word-final /x/; occurs only immediately before a word that starts with a vowel.[citation needed] See Colognian phonology |
| Kerkrade dialect[27] | vroage | [ˈvʁoə̯ɣə] | [translation needed] | Occurs only after back vowels.[27] | |
| Romani | γoines | [ɣoines] | 'good' | ||
| Russian | Southern | дорога | [dɐˈro̞ɣa] | 'road' | Corresponds to /ɡ/ in standard |
| Standard | угу | [uɣu] | 'uh-huh' | Usually nasal, /g/ is used when spoken. See Russian phonology | |
| Sardinian | Nuorese dialect | [súghere] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈsuɣɛrɛ] | 'to suck' | Allophone of /ɡ/ |
| Scottish Gaelic | [[[Scottish Gaelic orthography|laghail]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɫ̪ɤɣal] | 'lawful' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[28] | ових би / [[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|ovih bi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ǒ̞ʋiɣ bi] | 'of these would' | Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.[28] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Sindhi | غم | [ɣəmʊ] | 'sadness' | ||
| Spanish | amigo | [a̠ˈmiɣo̟] | 'friend' | Ranges from close fricative to approximant.[29] Allophone of /ɡ/, see Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | ghali | [ɣali] | 'expensive' | ||
| Swedish | Westrobothnian[30] | [jag] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [jɑ̝ːɣ] | 'I' | Allophone of /ɡ/. Occurs between vowels and in word-final positions. |
| Tajik | ғафс | [ɣafs] | 'thick' | ||
| Tamazight | aɣilas (aghilas) | [aɣilas] | 'leopard' | ||
| Turkish | [[[Turkish alphabet|ağa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [aɣa] | 'agha' | Deleted in most dialects. See Turkish phonology | |
| Tutchone | Northern | [ihghú] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ihɣǔ] | 'tooth' | |
| Southern | [ghra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɣra] | 'baby' | ||
| Urdu | غریب | [ɣəriːb] | 'poor' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Uzbek[31] | ёмғир / [[[Uzbek alphabet|yomgʻir]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪] | 'rain' | Post-velar.[31] | |
| Vietnamese[32] | [[[Vietnamese alphabet|ghế]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɣe˧˥] | 'chair' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | [drage] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈdraːɣə] | 'to carry' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. | |
| Yi | ꊋ/[[[Yi script|we]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɣɤ˧] | 'win' | ||
See also
References
- ^ Such as Booij (1999) and Nowikow (2012).
- ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17 and 19-20.
- ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19–20, 35-36 and 38.
- ^ a b c Watson (2002), p. 16.
- ^ Hualde (1991), pp. 99–100.
- ^ Wheeler (2005), p. 10.
- ^ a b Grønnum (2005:123)
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005:211–212)
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:243)
- ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003:191)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ^ a b Krech et al. (2009:108)
- ^ a b Sylvia Moosmüller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
- ^ a b Kachru (2006), p. 20.
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ^ Okada (1991), p. 95.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:110)
- ^ Peters (2006:119)
- ^ Verhoeven (2007:221)
- ^ a b Trouvain & Gilles (2009), p. 75.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 68.
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979), p. 40.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92.
- ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000), p. 11.
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 228.
- ^ a b Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:17)
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999:67)
- ^ Phonetic studies such as Quilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
- ^ http://runeberg.org/nfaq/0347.html
- ^ a b Sjoberg (1963), p. 13.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
Bibliography
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Booij, Geert (1999), The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
- Hualde, José Ignacio (1991), Basque phonology, New York: Routledge
- Kachru, Yamuna (2006), Hindi, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 90-272-3812-X
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
- Nowikow, Wieczysław (2012) [First published 1992], Fonetyka hiszpańska (3rd ed.), Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, ISBN 978-83-01-16856-8
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Quilis, Antonio (1981), Fonética acústica de la lengua española, Gredos
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997) [1987], Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2nd ed.), Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer, ISBN 90-70246-34-1
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Trouvain, Jürgen; Gilles, Peter (2009), PhonLaf - Phonetic Online Material for Luxembourgish as a Foreign Language 1 (PDF), pp. 74–77
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetik, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
- Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
External links
- Recordings of the voiced and voiceless velar fricatives are also available at IPA Consonants
