Voiceless palatal plosive
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| Voiceless palatal plosive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| c | |||
| IPA Number | 107 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | c | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0063 | ||
| X-SAMPA | c | ||
| |||
The voiceless palatal stop is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨c⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c.
It is similar to a voiceless postalveolar affricate [tʃ] (as in English chip), and because it is difficult to get the tongue to touch just the hard palate without also touching the back part of the alveolar ridge, [c] is less common than [tʃ].[1] It is common for the symbol ⟨c⟩ to represent [tʃ] or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified, but the distinction between stop and affricate is not contrastive, and therefore of secondary importance.
Features
Features of the voiceless palatal stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian[2] | [[[Albanian alphabet|kuq]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kuc] | 'red' | ||
| Basque | [[[Basque alphabet|ttantta]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [canca] | 'droplet' | ||
| Blackfoot | ᖳᖽᖾᖳᐡ /akikoan | [aˈkicoan] | 'girl' | Allophone of /k/ after front vowels. | |
| Catalan | Majorcan[3] | [[[Catalan orthography|mags]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈmacs] | 'wizards' | Corresponds to /k/ in other varieties. See Catalan phonology |
| Corsican | [[[Corsican alphabet|chjodu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈcoːdu] | 'nail' | Also present in the Gallurese dialect | |
| Czech | [[[Czech orthography|čeština]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈtʃɛʃcɪna] | 'Czech language' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dawsahak | ? | [cɛːˈnɐ] | 'small' | ||
| Dinka | [[[Dinka alphabet|car]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [car] | 'black' | ||
| Ega[4] | [cá] | 'understand' | |||
| Ganda | caayi | [caːji] | 'tea' | ||
| Greek | [[[Greek alphabet|καί]]/kaí] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ce̞] | 'and' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gweno | [ca] | 'to come' | |||
| Hungarian[5] | [[[Hungarian orthography|tyúk]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [cuːk] | 'hen' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | [[[Icelandic alphabet|gjóla]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [couːla] | 'light wind' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Irish | [[[Irish orthography|ceist]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [cɛʃtʲ] | 'question' | See Irish phonology | |
| Khmer | [[[Khmer Script|ចាប]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: kh (help) | [caap] | 'bird' | Contrasts unaspirated and unaspirated forms | |
| Latvian | [[[Latvian alphabet|ķirbis]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈcirbis] | 'pumpkin' | ||
| Low German | Plautdietsch | [[[Latin alphabet|Kjoakj]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [coac] | 'church' | Corresponds to [kʲ] in all other dialects |
| Macedonian | вреќа | [ˈvrɛca] | 'sack' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Norwegian | Northern and central dialects[6] | [[[Norwegian alphabet|fett]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fɛcː] | 'fat' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Limousin | [[[Latin alphabet|tireta]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ciˈʀetɒ] | 'drawer' | |
| Auvergnat | tirador | [ciʀaˈdu] | 'drawer' | ||
| Romanian[7] | [[[Romanian alphabet|chin]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [cin] | 'torture' | Allophone of /k/ before /i/ and /e/. See Romanian phonology. | |
| Romansh | Sursilvan[8] | [[[Latin alphabet|notg]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [nɔc] | 'night' | |
| Sutsilvan[9] | [[[Latin alphabet|tgàn]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [caŋ] | 'dog' | ||
| Surmiran[10] | [[[Latin alphabet|vatgas]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈvɑcɐs] | 'cows' | ||
| Puter[11] | [[[Latin alphabet|zücher]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈtsycər] | 'sugar' | ||
| Vallader[12] | [[[Latin alphabet|müs-chel]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈmyʃcəl] | 'moss' | ||
| Kinyarwanda | [[[Latin alphabet|ikintu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [iciːntu] | 'question' | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | Chakavian dialect | [[[Croatian alphabet|Ćićarija]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [cicaˈɾija] | 'Ćićarija' | |
| Slovak | [[[Latin alphabet|deväť]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɟɛvæc] | 'nine' | ||
| Spanish | Canarian dialect | [[[Spanish alphabet|muchacho]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mu'caco] | 'boy' | |
| Turkish | [[[Turkish alphabet|köy]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [cʰœj] | 'village' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Vietnamese[13] | [[[Vietnamese alphabet|chị]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ci˧ˀ˨ʔ] | 'elder sister' | [t͡ɕɔ]. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | [[[West Frisian language|tjems]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [cɛms] | 'strainer' | ||
| Western Desert Language | kutju | [kucu] | 'one' | ||
See also
References
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:162)
- ^ Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti (1982:10)
- ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005:1)
- ^ Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002:100)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:164)
- ^ Skjekkeland (1997:105–107)
- ^ DEX Online : [1]
- ^ Menzli (1993:92)
- ^ Liver (1999:53–54)
- ^ Liver (1999:56–57)
- ^ Liver (1999:59–60)
- ^ Liver (1999:63–64)
- ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
Bibliography
- Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Liver, Ricarda (1999), Rätoromanisch: Eine Einführung in das Bünderromanische, Gunter Narr Verlag, ISBN 3-8233-4973-2
- Menzli, Gierdi (1993), Cuors da romontsch sursilvan: Lecziuns 1-18, Ligia romontscha, ISBN [[Special:BookSources/3-906680-25-1 |3-906680-25-1 [[Category:Articles with invalid ISBNs]]]]
{{citation}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter R. (1982), Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-1129-6
- Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878
- Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla, Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
